SOCIAL INSTITUTION:

FAMILY
Presented to: Ma’am Asma Asad

Subject: Sociology II
 Content:

 Definition
 Difference between Family and
Household
 Types of Family and Marriage
 Functions of Family
 Functions of Family in context to
sociological perspectives
 Changes in Family
 Family in Pakistan
 Future of family as an Institution
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 Presented by: Group A

 Jaweria (11)
 Nabila (35)
 Makhdoom( 51)
 Sami tahir (27)
 Mahnoor (19)
 Shafiq (03)
 Usama (43)

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What is Family?
• A family is a group of people
who are related by kinship ties
relations of blood and marriage
civil partnership or adoption.

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What is household ?
A house hold is either one person living alone or group
of people who live at same address and share living
arrangements. Most families can live in a household but
not all households are families. For example; students
sharing house together make up a house hold thought
they are not a family.

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Difference between household and family?

Family and household do not mean the same. They cannot be used interchangeably.

Family:
Family means the people who
are related to each other by
kinship ties, blood relations,
marriage and adoption.
Household:
It is a group of people
living together in the same
house or apartment and
they may or may not be
related to each other.

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Types of Family
(i) By size and structure
1; Nuclear family
Married couple
Unmarried couple
2; Joint Family:
The members belong to three generations husband wife + married and
unmarried children , married and unmarried grand children.
 By marriage.
 Exogamy ; partner outside a defined group
 Endogamy ; partners belong to the same group

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3; Single parent family

 Father, children
 Mother , children
 Step family
 Previous children ,

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By residence
 Patrilocal ; husband wife live with parents of husband
 Matrilocal; husband and wife live with parents of wife
 Neolocal ; husband and wife live separately in an independent
house

By authority
 Patriarchal; father is dominant
 Matriarchal ; mother is dominant

By clan or ancestry
 Patrilineal; descent relation is traced in father and grandfather
 Matrilineal; ancestral relationship determined through mother
 Bilineal ; relationship traced through both father and mother

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The Symmetrical family

 Thesymmetrical family is one in

which the roles of husband and wife
are alike and equal.
 Thereare shared tasks between
them rather than a clear division.
 Bothpartners are likely to be wage
earners.

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 Lesbian and gay family
 In narrow sense, the "term lesbian and gay family refers
to same sex couples and their adopted children."
• In broader sense, the term can denote social networks
that include lesbian or gay individual and/or same sex
couples having their adopted children.

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 Definition of marriage

 According to encyclopedia Britannica marriage

is a physical legal and moral union between
man and women in complete community life
for the establishment of a family

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 Marriage
According to Horton and Hunt:
“Marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two or
more persons establish a family.”

CHARACTERISTICS OF MARRIAGE:
• Marriage is a permanent bond between husband and wife.
• It is designed to fulfill the social, psychological, biological and
religious aims.
• Marriage is a specific relationship between two individuals of
opposite sex and based on mutual rights and obligations.
• Marriage requires social approval. Without which marriage is
not valid.
• Marriage regulates sex relationship according to prescribed
customs and laws.
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Types of marriages

On the basis of number of mates

1. Monogamy 1. Endogamous
 serial-monogamy 2. Exogamous
 Non-serial monogamy
2. Polygamy
 Polygyny
 Polyandry

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 Monogamy and its types:
 Monogamy: "the marriage of one man and woman
at a time. It is found in all over the world."
 Types of monogamy:
• Serial monogamy : In serial monogamous marriage
the possibility of remarriage exist in case of
divorce or death.
• Non-serial monogamy: In this type, the question
of remarriage does not arise by either of couple.
Here a spouse has the same single spouse
throughout his life.

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 Polygamy and its types
 Polygamy: marriage to more than one partner at the
same time includes polygyny and polyandry
 Types of polygamy
• Polygyny: It is a type of marriage are husband have two
or more wives at a time. It is found in Islamic countries
like Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
• Polyandry: in this type one wife and two or more
husband at a time found in tribes and toda.

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Types of polyandry

 Fraternal ;
 if all men are brothers children belong to elder
brother

 Non fraternal ;if all men are not brother

anyone can be chosen as father virtual bow and arrow

 Endogamy; marriage with in a group

 Exogamy ; marriage outside a group

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 A few other types of
marriage
 Cross cousin marriage ; it is the form of marriage
which occur between the cousins whose parents are brother and
sister.

 Parallel cousin marriage ; when marriage take

place between the children of either two sister or two brothers. It is
mostly found Muslims.

 Levirate ; when a women marries her husband brothers after

the death of her husband.

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 Contd...
• Varna endogamy: It is another type of endogamous
marriage. In the traditional Indian society, we
found the existence of four varnas such as brahmin,
Kshatriya, Vaisya and Sudra.
• In this, the choice of mate is restricted to ones own
verna
• Tribal endogamy: In which the choice of mate is
restricted to ones own tribal group.Like caste tribe
is also an endogamous unit.

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 Exogamy:
"it refers marriage outside ones own group."
Types of exogamy:
• Gotra exogamy: Gotra refers to clan . Member of
Gotra or clan are supposed to have close blood
relation among themselves. One can marry outside
its own Gotra.
• Pravara exogamy: pravara means siblings.
One has to marry outside its own pravara. Marriage
within pravara is forbidden.

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 A few other types are:
• Cross-cousin marriage: When marriage take
place within blood relations. It is practised in
Rajhastan and Mahrashtra.
• Parallel cousin marriage: When marriage take
place between the children of either two sister or
two brothers.it is mostly found in Muslims.
• Levirate:
It is known as Devar Vivah. When a Woman
marries her husband's brother after the death of her
husband.

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Functions of family

• Sexual Regulation & Reproduction

• Socialization
 Gender roles
• Provision of social status
• Economic support
• Psychological/Emotional Support

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 Sexual Regulation & Reproduction
 The family regulates sexual relations and activities between
individuals.
 This regulation is important for:
• Kinship organization
• Limiting sexual competition in family
• Social order
 The family offers a socially legitimate sexual outlet for adults.
 This outlet gives way to reproduction within specific boundaries,
which is a necessary part of ensuring the survival of society.
 Incest taboos prohibit sexual contact or marriage between
certain relatives.
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 Socialization- Education
 Socialization is; the process of learning to behave in a way that is
acceptable to society.
 Family is the very first and integral institution of society that is responsible for;
• Children’s socialization.
• Teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive.
• Providing children with the initial learning experiences they need.
• Child rearing and enabling them to become a contributing member of society
• Teaching young children the ways of thinking and behaving that follow social
and cultural norms, values, beliefs, and attitudes. Parents teach their children
manners and civility.

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Gender roles
 Gender roles are an important part of the socialization
of a being:
• Instrumental roles
• Expressive roles
 Men tend to assume the instrumental roles(financial
support and establishment of family status).
 Women tend to assume the expressive roles(emotional
support and physical care for children).

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 Provision of social status
 Families confer social status, social identity (race, ethnicity ,religion , social class) and
reputation on their members.
 These statuses include the ascribed statuses. such as:
• race/ethnicity
• nationality
• social class
• religious affiliation
 Social placement is the family’s class position and the opportunities (or lack thereof)
resulting from that position. For examples; quality health care, higher education, etc.

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 Economic Support

 Family provides individual with food, clothing,

shelter and other essential material resources
 Families provide financial assistance and security
for it’s members in their initial stages of life.
 The availability of material resources for the
individual is dependent upon the social standing,
class or status of society

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Emotional & psychological support
 Families acts as a safety blanket for children and
provides emotional and psychological support to the
child.
 Family provides love, comfort, help in difficult
circumstances and emotional security.
 This emotional support makes an individual a stable and
constructive part of the society.
 If family fails to play its role properly, the outcome can
be destructive,

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Sociological perspective on family
function
There are three perspective which we can apply on family
function.

• Structural functionalist perspective

• Conflict perspective
• Symbolic perspective
Family

 Family is a socially recognized group

(usually joined by blood, marriage,
cohabitation, or adoption) that forms an
emotional connection among its members
and that serves as an economic unit of
society.
  
 (i.e., wife, husband, partner, mom, dad,
brother, sister, etc.)
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 Family is a key social
institution in all societies, which makes it a
cultural universal. Similarly, values and
norms surrounding marriage are found all
over the world in every culture, so marriage
and family are both cultural universals.

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Functionalist perspective

 Functionalist perspective views families

as groups that perform vital roles for
society—both internally (for the family
itself) and externally (for society as a
whole).
 Families provide for one another’s
physical, emotional, and social well-
being. Parents care for and socialize
child.

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Contd…
 Later in life, adult children often care for
elderly parents. While interactionism
helps us understand the symbolic,
 Subjective experience and meaning of
belonging to a “family,” functionalism
illuminates the many purposes of families
and their roles in the maintenance of a
balanced.

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Contd…

 Example:
 Just like in organism in the human body
functionalist believe that the family
society to function.
 Society, according to functionalist is
made up of sub system that depend on
each other and help society to work the
family is the basic building block of
society which helps to maintain social
order and social cohesion.
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Conflict theory

 According to conflict theorists, the family

works toward the continuance of social
inequality within a society by maintaining
and reinforcing the status .

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Contd…

 Because inheritance, education and social

capital are transmitted through the family
structure, wealthy families are able to
keep their privileged social position for
their members, while individuals from
poor families are denied similar status.
 Conflict theorists have also seen the
family as a social arrangement benefiting
men more than women, allowing men to
maintain a position of power. 
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Contd…

 The traditional family is also an

inequitable structure for women and
children. For example, more than 60
percent of all mothers with children
under six are in the paid workforce. Even
though these women spend as much (or
more) time at paid jobs as their husbands,
they also do more of the housework and
child care.

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Contd…

 Examples:
 Relationships between men and women
within a family is one of exploitation and
oppression, and is used for analyzing
power and authority within the family.
Divisions between the sexes in marriage
are similar to those divisions between the
Bourgeois and the Proletariats Feminists
think similarly. Women would have no
economic support without men.
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The Symbolic Interactionist
Perspective
 Symbolic interactionist view the family as
a site of social reproduction where
meanings are negotiated and maintained
by family members.

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Contd…

 Symbolic interactionist explore the

changing meanings attached to family.
Symbolic interactionist argue that shared
activities help to build emotional bonds,
and that marriage and family
relationships are based on negotiated
meanings.
  

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Contd…

 Examples:
 Interactionist theory "is based on the idea
that human beings, as they interact with
one another, give meanings to
themselves, others, and the world around
them, and use those meanings as a basis
for making decisions and taking action in
their everyday lives" Interactionist believe
that society and culture and our own
identities are produced from the bottom
up: from patterns of interaction and
behavior over time. 42
Has family lost its Functions?

The Case for the view the Family has lost its Functions:
Structural Differentiation

 Some Functions have been transferred to other more

Specialized Institutions

Such As: Education, National Health Service

The Case Against the view the Family has lost its Functions:

Such As: Welfare, Education or Recreation are not often

carried out.

For Example: Children were Frequently Neglected, Male

Persons often cared more about their animals than their Wives
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 CHANGES IN FAMILIES
 Has the family lost it’s function?
 Emergence of privatized nuclear family
 Emergence of symmetrical family
 Changes in position of children in the family
 Decline in average family size
 Rising divorce rate
 Remarriage and the growth of the reconstituted family
 Growth of the lone-parent family
 Decline in merit and growing incidence and acceptance of
cohabitation
 More births outside marriage
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Has the family lost it’s
function ?
 Parsons argue that with the process of
industrialization , many of the functions
once performed by the family in pre-
industrial society have been removed
from the family , and transferred to other
instructions , such as the welfare state
and the education system. Parsons calls
this process
 Structural differentiation.

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 Changes function of the
family
 Traditional function of the
family
1. The reproduction &
nurturing of children
2. Family was the major
institution; mostly children
ascribed parents
occupations, Generally
followed their parent’s
footstep
3. Before 20th century children
dependent on family
4. Primary and secondary
socialization were
performed by family and
close community
 How they have changed
1. Reproduction before and after
marriage couples have sexual
relation before and after marriage
2. 19th century; function divided
other institution skills are learned
at workplace achieved occupations
3. Nuclear family; family and welfare
services support
4. Family , Education and media help
in socialization
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 Emergence of Privatized Nuclear family
 Privatized Nuclear Family:
“Privatized Nuclear Family is a self-Reliant and home-centered family unit
that is separated and Isolated from its Extended Kin”
Three stages of family life
Young and Willmott, in The Symmetrical Family (1973), argue that the
British family has passed through three main historical stages as industrial
society develops.
Stage 1: Patriarchal pre-industrial family
Stage 2: Early industrial extended family; 1750 -1900 traditional family was
torn.
Stage 3: Symmetrical family
Causes
 Industrialization
 Geographical Mobility of Labor
 Kinship Ties Weaker
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Emergence of Symmetrical family

 Symmetrical Family:
All the responsibilities divided between
two partners
family changes from segregated to
integrated conjugal role.
Causes;
Maybe due to the workload of both
partners.
Improved women status and right
Number of working women increased
women independence and authority

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Changing Position of Children in the Family
 Philip Aries Showed that:
• In Medieval Times

• In 19th Century
• In 20th-21st Century

Medieval • 20th-21st
Causes Times Century

 Less Working Hours

 Increasing Affluence
 Welfare States Providing Benefits
 Growing parental fear for children
 Children’s legal rights

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The Decline in Average Family size

 Average Family
1. Six Children Per Family
 Causes
1. Contraception
2. Compulsory Education of Children
3. Equality of Women and Men

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The Growth of the Lone-Parent Family
 Lone-Parent Family
Lone-Parent with dependent Children
Causes
 Economic independence of Women
 Changing social attitude
 Reproductive Technology is Available

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 The Declining of Marriage and the
acceptance of Cohabitation
Cohabitation:
Couples live and have a family without
marriage
Causes
 Women Economic Independency
 Growing Divorce Rate
 Changing social attitude
 Higher expectations of marriage

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 The Rising Divorce Rate
 Divorce Rate:
Divorce is the legal termination of a marriage
Causes
• Changing in Society
• Changing in Law
• Financially independence
of women
• Growing Secularization

Effect of Divorce
 Remarriage
 Reconstituted Family

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The decline in marriage and growing

“
incidence and acceptance of
cohabitation

Cohabitation; couple lives and have a family without

marriage
Causes
 changing role of women
”
 Growing divorce rate
 Higher expectation of marriage
 Growing women economic independence

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Remarriage and the growth of
the reconstituted family
 Marriage after divorced or death of
a partner
 Reconstituted family with foster
parents , step children ,step
brother and step sister arising from
previous relationship of one or both
partners

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 More birth outside marriage

 Increase in divorce rate

 Decline in the marriage rate
 Increase in cohabitation

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 Family in Pakistan
In Pakistan, family is a group of people who
are legally bonded and have blood relations,
interacting and communicating with each
other in their respective social roles of
husband and wife, mother and father, son
and daughter, brother and sister, and
creating and maintaining a common culture.

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 Remarriage and growth of
reconstituted family

Marriage after divorced or death of a partner

Reconstituted family with stepparent ,stepchildren ,
stepbrother and stepsister arising from previous
relationship of both partners
Types of family in Pakistan
1. Nuclear family
2. Extended family
 A) Nuclear extended family
 B) Patrilineal extended family
 Patrilocal family
 Stem family
 Single parent family
 Blended family

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 Marriages
• When a male and female ties in a relationship by following the ways set by
society(in Islam e.g Nikah patterns) to live with each other.
• This process is called marriage and they are called ‘married’.
 “Marriage is a culturally approved social relationships for sexual
relationship and child rearing”.

TYPES OF MARRIAGES IN CONTEXT TO PAKISTAN

Marriage may be either of

two types
1. Monogamous
2. Polygamous
It has further two
types:
A) Polyandry
B) Polygyany(polygamy) 60
 Functions of family:
 Socialization: The child learns socialization from family. The
realization of ‘self’ among children also takes place through
their interaction in the family.
 Care for old dependents: Is also one of the main duty of
family both in normal and abnormal circumstances.
 Economic Unit: The member of family get food, Shelter and
clothing etc. through it.
 Education: Formal,informal,religious or secular education of
children is in face the responsibility of family.

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 Emotional support .family is the main unit for
emotional strength. Parents provides enough
affection and love to their children that prevents
them from many social evils.
 Social status. Social status is determined by
family
 Social control. Family enhances social control
e.g. children seeks norms and values from family
which help to prevent from social evils

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 Changes in family
 In Primitive society council of elders have great influence
and authority.
 Urbanization and industrialization have changed the
structures and functions of a traditional family
 Family is now a nuclear family.
 Kinship ties have become weak. now the role of family is
limited.
 Now members of family believe in and struggle for
achieved status .
 Both husband and wife are engaged in the job . The
traditional role of mother has been changed.
 Divorce rate has been changed

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 Future of family in
Pakistan
 As family is an integral part of anyone’s life.
 In country like Pakistan, people are highly associated and provide
support to its member in every matter of life.
 being an agent of socialization and social order we cannot disagree from
the worth of family.
 we see that illicit relation of any kind are strongly prohibited in Islam.
 majority of this country is Muslim, we cannot deny the importance of
marriage and family also.
 In short, family system has great importance in our lives and without it
survival of society is impossible.

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Future of the Family

• Families are becoming much more diverse.

• Family is the link between the individual and
society.

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 Future of the Family

 In general the family as an institution is being effected by

the following phenomenon's:
• Modernization
• Globalization
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
 The power and control exercised by families over
individual has been decreased.
 Trends and pattern of family system are changing rapidly
and is moving away from the traditional patterns.
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Objectives and Functions of family in
Future
Irrespective of the changing patterns of family, we cannot
deny it’s importance.

Preservation and Continuation of the Human Race

 Socialization
 Psycho-Emotional Stability, Love and Kindness
 Social and Economic Security

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THANK YOU

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