FINAL TERM – ANTHRO 1:  Family of procreation – family that you will establish

SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
 Authority Relatiosnhip
o Patriarchal – when the father is the one who
WEEK 12: KINSHIP, DESCENT, MARRIAGE
has authority in the family
AND FAMILY o Matriarchal - when the mother is the one who
These two are universal, however, may pagkakaiba din ito based on has authority in the family
communities and groups. o Egalitarian – there is equal in mother and father
when it comes to decision making
FAMILY
DESCENT (LINEAGES) AND INHERITANCE
 A social group characterized by common residence,
economic cooperation and reproduction. It includes  Socially recognize link between ancestors and
ancestors of both sexes, at least two of whom socially… descendants
o May element ng marriage to consider it as a  Origin or background of a person in terms of family or
family nationality
 Any groups of persons unlike by the ties of marriage, o This is happened within Southeast Asia
blood, adoption, constituting a single household, countries
interacting and communicating with each other in their  Rules people use to:
respective social roles of husband and wife, mother, and o Determines parenthood
father, son and daughter, brother and sister and creating o Identify ancestors
and maintaining a common culture (Burgess and Locke,  Use assesses people to category,
1963:2) groups and rules on…
 The “foundation of the nation”.
 Philippine Family Code (Executive Order No. 209) Forms
o Between husband and wife a. Ambilineal Descent
 Even there is no offspring/anak  Descent from either males or females is
o Between parents and children recognized, but individuals may select only one
line to trace descent.
Functions:
 Choosing one side over the other often has to
 Biological reproduction do with the importance of each family.
o Offspring b. Bilateral Descent
 Primary agent of socialization  Most people in Europe and North America
 To care, protect and nurture trace descent from all biological ancestors
regardless of their gender and side of the family
 Social and economic placement
 All male and female children are members of
 Regulation of social behavior
both their father’s and mother’s families.
Traditional Filipino Family c. Parallel Descent
 Men trace their ancestry through male line and
 Mag-anak women trace theirs through female lines.
 Kinship (pagka-kamaganakan)
 Culturally defined social relations between individuals
who are commonly…
Unilineal Descent
o Consanguineal – blood
o Affinal Forms/ Types Description
o Fictive of Unilineal
Descent
Forms/ Types Description a. Patrilineal In this form of unilineal descent group, people trace
a. Consanguineal Consanguines are a form of kinship that is their connection in the side, ancestors, and living
defined as blood relatives or related by birth. relatives of their father. Some of the culture, the most
These include your parents, siblings, important in their life, is their person’s father’s
grandparents, parent siblings, and cousins. relatives. Between the matrilineal and patrilineal, the
b. Affinal An affinal kinship is a form in which this is latter is the most common.
your in-laws or they are related because of b. Matrilineal In this matrilineal descent group, individuals trace
marriage. Within your family, affine maybe their connection and relatives in the ancestors and
your sister’s husband, wife’s mother, and living relatives of their mother. In this form, the most
father’s sister’s husband. important are their mothers’ relatives, and usually
c. Fictive Fictive kinship refers the individuals who are inherit property from their mothers or mothers’
not biologically related or unrelated to their brothers.
families. Yet, this is a form of kinship
relationship where the people are related in the
same as they do consanguine relatives; one of Non-unilineal Descent
the examples is, the adoption or fostering of
one or more children. Forms/ Types of Description
Non-Unilineal
Descent

a. Cognatic Cognatic descent can be called ambilineal descent,

which has no formal principle or rule about joining
Family Forms the individual either mother or father. Also, it
consists of which individuals can trace their descent
 Minimal – single parent back to their common ancestor through either
 Reconstituted – mixed family o blended female or male links.
 Family of orientation – family when you are growing up b. Bilateral Bilateral is a form of non-unilineal descent where
(kinalakihan) individuals can trace their kinship relationship
 through both genders. Both parents have equal
importance where it produces networks of relatives
known as the kindred which a specific person
recognizes as relatives through both sides of the
family.
MARRIAGE
 a special construct of permanent union between a man
and a woman entered into in accordance with law for
the establish of conjugal and family life (Philippine
Family Code).
 Affinal Relationship
o Rights and Obligations
 Right to cohabit
 Obligations of mutual fidelity
 Right to fix the family dominant
 Duty support
 Right to object the practice of one’s
profession
Forms
 Polygyny is legal; however, the extra-marital is not.
 Monogamous or Polygamous (Polygyny and Polyandry)
 Conjoint Marriage
Preferred Partners
 Exogamy – outside of the social group
 Endogamy – inside the social group
 Homogamy – you and your preferred partner is socio-
culturally same
 Heterogamy - you and your preferred partner is socio-
culturally different
Residence Pattern
 Patrilocal - Residence form in which couples live with
or near the husband’s parents.
 Matrilocal - Residence form in which couples live with
or near the wife’s parents.
 Bilocal - Postmarital Residence in which couples move
between the households of both sets of parents
 Neolocal – Residence form in which a couple
establishes a separate household apart from both the
husband’s and the wife’s parents
o when a family is lumipat ng ibang residence
(Valenzuela – old residence to Davao – new
residence) due to different circumstances, i.e.,
socio-economic status
Fictive Relations
 Compadrag ? / Godparenthood
Forms/ Types Description
a. Polygamy Polygamy refers to how many spouses
are allowed to an individual. This can be
classified in the form of monogamy,
polyandry, and polygyny.
b. Monogamy Distant from other forms, monogamy
refers to having only one spouse
allowed for an individual.
c. Polyandry A rare form of marriage in which
woman is allowed to have multiple
husbands. Anthropologists documented
in fewer instances in multiple societies
they have studied. Moreover, this form
of marriage is allowed, but not
predominant, unlike polygyny.
This form can be advantageous in a
wife’s perspective where it is possible to
help in supporting her children.
e. Polygyny Polygyny is a common form of plural
marriage in which one man is allowed to
have multiple wives. It is defined as a
manifestation of patriarchy where men
force women into the relationship
providing a man with additional sexual
partners.
It is generally believed that men acquire
many benefits from having plural wives,
and in some communities, this form is
allowed and acceptable. It provides the
means of advantages and benefits for
both a husband and wife and to their
children.
f. Endogamy An intermarriage is where an individual
can marry within his or her own social
group. This kind of marriage keeps
affinal relationships within the ethnic
group, race, and class that maintains the
exclusiveness within these groups.
There is a form of endogamy marriage,
called de facto endogamy in which there
are no formal rules, and mostly, people
will marry like themselves.
g. Exogamy An exogamy marriage is
an outmarriage in which an individual
marries outside his or her own social
group.
RECENT LEVELS AND ISSUES
 Transnational families
 LGBT Families
 Domestic Violence
 Solo Parents
 Divorce and Remarriage
 Polygamy
 Child and Parental Authority
FINAL TERM – ANTHRO 1:
SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
WEEK 13: RACE AND ETHNICITY
RACE
• Race is an isolated subdivisions of a species that mainly
defined by height, body shape, facial features, skull form,
teeth, and skin color (Kottak, 2015).
• This is where a group have a assumed their identity based
on the biological aspects (Kottak, 2015).
ETHNICITY
• Ethnicity is an identification based on cultural similarities
within members of the group and differences between the
group and its members (Kottak, 2015).
 • An ethnic group are sharing certain beliefs, values,  Most Japanese define themselves by opposition
habits, norms and customs (Kottak, 2015). to others, whether minority groups in their own
nation or outsiders—anyone who is “not us.”

3. PHENOTYPE AND FLUIDITY: RACE IN BRAZIL

I. WHY HAVE ANTHROPOLOGIST REJECTED THE
 Racial identity is more flexible, more of an
RACE CONCEPT?
achieved status.
RACE: WHAT IS WRONG?  Their system of racial classification is changing
in the context of international identity politics
1. The human population are ambiguous, clear and and rights movements.
biologically distinct groups.
 This concept was gain from the pieces of 4. NATIONALITIES AND IMAGINED
evidence and analyses of genes, i.e., DNA. COMMUNITIES
 Their conventional geographic “racial”  Nationalities – ethnic groups that have, once
groupings differ within only in about 6% of the had, or want their own country.
genes.  According to Benedict Anderson (1991/2006),
these nationalities referred as “imagined
2. The idea of race is a social mechanism forming social communities”
construction.
 This concept of race modeled that posited
natural categories on a hierarchy.
 Race linked specifically to people in the
colonial situation.
 Race became a strategy for dividing, ranking,
and controlling colonized people used colonial
powers, i.e., Adolf Hitler in Jewish on World
War II.

3. Race as an ideology.
 Race became a strategy for dividing, ranking,
and controlling, and controlling colonized
people used by colonial powers.
 Race also used to justify social, economic, and
political inequalities among their people.

4. Racial beliefs and myths.

 The myths fused behavior and physical features
together in the public mind, impeding
comprehension of both biological variation and III. WHAT ARE THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS
cultural behavior, implying that both are OF ETHNICITY?
genetically determined.
POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ETHNICITY

Assimilation Ethnic groups absorbed within

 Racial Myths bear no relationship to reality of dominant culture
human capabilities or behavior. Plural Society Society or region contains
 Present day inequalities between so called economically interdependent ethnic
"racial" groups are not consequences of their groups
biological inheritance but product of social, Multiculturalism Cultural diversity valued; ethnic
economic, educational and political cultures coexist with dominant
circumstances. culture

II. HOW ARE RACE AND ETHNICITY SOCIALLY

CONSTRUCTED IN VARIOUS SOCIETIES? NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF ETHNICITY

RACE AND ETNICITY Prejudice Devaluating a group on assumed

attributes
1. HYPODESCENT: RACE IN UNITED STATES Discrimination Legal policies and practices harm
 In their culture, racial identity acquired at birth De jure ethnic group
as an ascribed status but is not based on Multiculturalism Cultural diversity valued; ethnic
biology or simple ancestry. cultures coexist with dominant
 Hypodescent culture
o children of mixed unions assigned to Discrimination Not legally sanctioned, but practiced
De facto
the same group as their minority
Genocide Deliberate elimination of ethnic
parent. The hypo word means
group through mass murder
“lower” or “inferior.”
Ethnocide Cultural practices attacked by
dominant culture or colonial power
2. NOT US: RACE IN JAPAN Ethnic expulsion Forcing ethnic group(s) out of a
 Japan is commonly viewed as a nation that is country or religion
homogeneous in race, ethnicity, language, and
culture.
 cultivating machines, and for their
manure.
o Irrigation - Agriculturists can
schedule their planting in advance,
because they control water.
o Terracing - Agricultural technique
the Ifugao has mastered.

d. PASTORALISM
 Pastoralists are people whose activities focus
on such domesticated animals and they live in
symbiosis with their herds.
o focused on animals; lahat ng
pamilya nakakakain

e. INDUSTRIALISM
 Also known as industrial production.
o way of producing raw materials;
o ang pagkakaiba from the different
strategies is machineries
o even in communism it can apply
industrialism which uses machines
 Factory production – machines
 Capitalism - trading and connection
with other culture/countries
 Socialist production

II. WHAT IS AN ECONOMY, AND WHAT IS

ECONOMIZING BEHAVIOR?

ECONOMY

 The process of producing, distributing, and consuming

products and services within a society or a specific
FINAL TERM – ANTHRO 1:
region.
SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY  It encompasses all the organizations, businesses,
individuals, and assets involved in creating and
WEEK 14: RACE AND ETHNICITY delivering goods and services.
 Some economies are built on subsistence, where
I. HOW DO PEOPLE MAKE A LIVING IN DIFFERENT individuals create primarily to meet their own needs,
TYPES OF SOCIETY? while others are market-oriented, where commodities and
services are produced for trade and sale on the market.
5 ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES
o Subsistence and market oriented
a. FORAGING o Economy is system and can be considered as
 An economy way of life based on hunting and process.
gathering.
 Making a way of living until about 12,000
years ago. ECONOMIZING BEHAVIOR
 People rely on nature to make their living.
 Allocation of scarce means (resources) among alternative
b. HORTICULTURE ends.
 Form of Cultivation, also known as shifting  refers to the choices and behaviors that people do in order
cultivation (farmers shift back and forth to distribute limited resources in a way that optimizes
between plot) their utility or satisfaction.
 Can support large permanent villages. o maintain our resources; refers to decisions and
 HORTICULTURALISTS allocations; sinusulit to maximize their
o Earliest cultivators who used simple satisfaction;
tools such as hoes and digging sticks o Factors of production is the ingredient in mode
to grow their crops and typically, of production where in the;
they rely on "slash-and-burn o Mode of production is the way how you process
techniques". the products.

c. AGRICULTURE
 more on focused on planting; focus is skilled III. WHAT PRINCIPLES REGULATE THE EXCHANGE OF
farming GOODS AND SERVICES IN VARIOUS SOCIETIES?
 Compared with horticulture, its common use:
o Domesticated Animals - PRINCIPLES
Agriculturists used animals as means
of production (for transport), as  The Market Principle
 - The Market Principles are one of those that can - it can be negative if
regulate the exchange of goods, the service in each namamayani ang self-interests
society. The Market Principle maximizes every how to make it avoid?
product that enters the market, the Law of Supply i. Using silent trade –
and Demand and Bargaining are included in the hindi nagkikita where
Market Principle. this is one place na
o nakabase ito sa supply and demand doon lang sila
where it refers in the prices in the nagbibigayan and it
market can be signaled by
sound)
 Bargaining ii. alienation – your
- The bargaining power of buyers is the concept that worth of lacking of
customers can apply pressure to vendors in order to belongingness; there
lower product prices, increase product quality, or is no balance
provide better customer care.

 Redistribution
- Redistribution operates when goods, services, or
their equivalent move from the local level to a
center.
o presence of corruption;
o example is Cherokee in pennsylvania

 Reciprocity
- Reciprocity is exchange between social equals, who
are normally related by kinship, marriage, or
another close personal tie

Reciprocity

- A continuum running from generalized

reciprocity (closely related/deferred return)
to negative reciprocity (strangers/immediate
return).

Three Degrees of Reciprocity Continuum

a. generalized reciprocity
- someone gives to another
person and expects nothing
concretes or immediate in
return (more on relations)
- purest form of reciprocity
- nagbigay ka pero hindi ka
nageexpect na nasa iisang
household

b. balanced reciprocity
- Midpoint on reciprocity
continuum, between
generalized and negative
reciprocity.
- nageexpect na hindi ganon
kabilis na labas sa isang
household
- use this to maintain of
connection and trust, sense of
debt of gratitude

c. negative reciprocity
- Potentially hostile exchanges
among strangers.
- nanggantihan
 FINAL TERM – ANTHRO 1: SOCIO- ECONOMIC EXAMPLES TYPE OF
SOCIO-CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY POLITICAL TYPE REGULATION
TYPE
WEEK 14: POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Band - foraging - Inuit, San - Local

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
Tribes - horticulture, - Yanomami, - Local, temporary
According to Morton Fried, political organization comprises those pastoralism Kapaku, regional
portions of social organization that specifically relate to the Masai
individuals or groups that manage the affairs of public policy or
seek to control the appointment or activities of those individuals or Chiefdom - productive - Qashqai - Permanent
horticulture - Polynesia regional
groups. - pastoral - Cherokee
nomadism
TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION - agriculture

POLITICAL State - agriculture - Ancient - Permanent

ORGANIZATION - industrialism Mesopotamia Regional
Band - small, kin-based group (all its members -
are related by kinship or marriage) contemporary
United Sates
Tribes - have economies based on horticulture and
and Canada
pastoralism
- living in villages and organized into kin
groups based on common descent (clan and POLITICAL SYSTEM AND CORRELATION
lineages)
a. Bands
- have no formal government and no
 The San - they have leaders
reliable means of enforcing political
 The Inuit - Lacked formal law, but each bands
decisions
have headmens and shamans
 There was no notion of private ownership and
Chiefdom - kin based, but have different access to territory
resources (some people have more wealth,
prestige, and power than others did) b. Tribes
- permanent political structure  Yanomami - The Village Head
o Yung political organization nila is  Kapauku - The "Big" Man
monopolized means lead by
chiefs c. Chiefdom
 Polynesia - Administer a clear-cut and
State - form of sociopolitical organization based
on a formal government structure and permanent regional political system
socio-economic stratification  Regulation is carried out by the chief or
his/her assistants, who occupy political
offices
o There is formal law. The state is
sophisticated mas malawak ang
kanilang pinanghahawakan.

d. State
 Population Control: fixing of boundaries,
establishment of citizenship categories, and
censusing.
 Judiciary: laws, legal procedure, and judges
 Enforcement: permanent military and police
forces
 Fiscal Support: taxation
o There is no kinship, need ng
formality.

SOCIAL CONTROL
It refers to the mechanisms, strategies, and institutions
that societies use to regulate individuals' behavior and maintain
order.

o Makikita sa political system.

 This is a mechanism or strategy or rule
ECONOMIC BASSIS AND POLITICAL
implemented by a group or in a society.
REGULATIONS IN BANDS, TRIBES. CHIEFDOMS,  There are sanctions. Sanctions is one
AND STATES of a good example of social control.
 There is legal implemented as
o Bands, tribes and chiefdom is hereditary or may descent.
this is formal law.
o Magkaiba ang state sa bansa.
  Informal: shame and gossip
which is being controlled.
o Rules in religion.

HEGEMONY

Antonio Gramsci (1971) developed the concept of

hegemony for a stratified social order in which subordinates
comply with domination by internalizing their rulers’ values and
accepting the “naturalness” of domination.

o Antonion Gramsci (1971) developed the concept of

hegemon which means superpower of state
 depende sa power, wealth and prestige
o Power has two types:
a. soft – ideological, cultural (example is hallyu
or KPOP) and;
b. hard - it depends on military strength,
economic resources like China (international
relations)
o Hegemony for a stratified social order in which
subordinates commonly with domination by internal.
o Izing rulers’ rules
o There is control and influence.

RESISTANCE

This is the opposing force or actions against that control.

Highly visible acts of collective mobilization against an oppressor,
usually in the form of mass protests, or studies of highly visible
counter-cultural groups (Ortner, 1995, p. 175).