THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SOCIETY
GROUP
 It can pertain to SOCIAL AGGREGATE or
collection of people who just who can in one
place at the same time.
 They may have physical proximity and
performing similar activities but do not interact
with each other unless an accident happens.
However, a possible interaction/ connection
may just be short-lived.
 The ‘group’ may be used to refer to SOCIAL
CATERGORY – individuals classified together
because they share a certain characteristics
such as singing during national anthem, being
educated being poor and homeless, being man,
or woman.
 These people do not assemble in one place, do
not interact with one another and may or may
not attach any significance to the common
characteristics,
 A SOCIAL GROUP is more than either a social
aggregate or social category. It is defined as a
collection of people who share some
characteristics, interact with one another, and
have some feeling of unity.
4 ways to identify social groups
1. Members of a group have shared identity
2. Members of a social group interact regularly
3. Social groups have a social structure
4. Social groups depend on consensus
GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY
 PRIMARY GROUP –a small, warm association
based ongoing, personal, intimate relationships.
These are fundamental in forming the social
nature and ideas of the individual.
 SECONDARY GROUP –a ‘cool’ impersonal
association whose members’ relationships are
limited and instrumental. Others described it as
formal, large and impersonal. It is formed to
serve instrumental needs – to achieve specific
goals. Members are valued for what they can do
for the group, not for who they are as
individuals.
SUMMARY
PRIMARY GROUPS
 Frequent face-to-face interaction
 Diffuse relationships (involving numerous
interest/activities)
 Relationships valued in themselves
 High level of intimacy
 Small number of persons; members
irreplaceable
SECONDARY GROUPS
 Occasional face-to-face interaction
 Limited relationship (interaction limited to the
ask at hand)
 Relationships are instrumental
 Low level of intimacy
 Group size flexible; members replaceable.
ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION
IN-GROUP vs OUT-GROUP
 In-group is a group to which people feel that
they belong; it commands their loyalty and
respect while;
 Out-group is, by contrast, a group one feels
opposed to or in competition with.
 In-group members usually regard themselves
superior to members of out-group thus, each
consider as ‘we’ or ‘us’ feeling. The very
existence of the in-group entails that there is an
out-group which is perceived as ‘they’ or
‘them’.
REFERENCE GROUP/PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUP
 One chooses reference group whose members
are identical to themselves. Some simply select
from among this kind of group because they
aspire to be apart of it.
 Reference groups are groups that individuals
compare themselves regularly.
 Reference group is not always a social group.
 When a group serves a negative impression to
one individual, it is likewise a reference group
as they do not want to be identified with nor be
a part of it like ‘punks’ and ‘metal head’.
FUNCTIONS OF REFERENCE GROUP
 NORMATIVE – regards a group to set and
enforce standards of behaviour and belief. This
is possible when young women regard
superthin models as reference group which may
contribute to unrealistic ideas of what is normal
and to eating disorders.
 COMPARATIVE – the group provides standards
by which we can measure ourselves. An
individual’s self-esteem – and aspirations-
depend in part on whom he or she uses as a
comparative reference group.
ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
SPECIAL OR INTEREST GROUP
 groups which are organized to meet the special
interest of the members
TASK GROUP
 groups assigned to accomplished jobs which
cannot be done by one person
INFLUENCE OR PRESSURE GROUPS
 groups organized to support or influence social
actions
NETWORKS
 A new type of human group was born in 1990s
which is called electronic community.
 It is a group which contains people who come
into occasional contact but lack of sense of
boundaries and belonging.
 SOCIAL NETWORK – a series of social
relationships that link a person directly to
others, and through them, indirectly to still
more people. It can center on virtually any
activity, from sharing job information to
exchanging news and gossips.
KINSHIP. MARRIAGE. & FAMILY
Kinship Ties and Social Networks
 The relations based on blood may be close or
distant. The bond of blood which binds people
together in a group is called kinship
 According to the Dictionary of Anthropology,
kinship system involves socially recognized
relationships based on supposed and actual
genealogical bonds. These relationships are
products of social interactions and are
recognized by society.
The Filipino Concept of Kinship
 There is no generic Filipino term for kinship as
each language group in the country created its
terminology, but the term kamag-
anak or magkakamag-anak, from the Tagalog-
based language, is widely used.
BASIS OF KINSHIP
Kinship by Blood or Consanguineous Kinship
 The bond of blood is called consanguineous
kinship. The consanguineous kin is related
through blood. The relationship between the
parents and their kids, and that among siblings,
is consanguineous kinship.
 Thus, son and daughter, brother and sister,
uncle and aunt, nephew and niece, and cousins
are consanguineous kin, that is, related through
blood. With this connection, it can be pointed
out that blood bond may be actual as well as
supposed.
MARRIAGE (AFFINAL)
 The bond of marriage is called affinal kinship.
Once a man marries another, he establishes a
relationship not only with his wife but also with
the family of the woman including that of his
family members. It is clear that other
relationships are created after the marriage.
The husband now becomes a brother-in-law
and a son-in-law and the wife becomes a sister-
in-law and a daughter-in-law. This established
relationship is called affinal kin.
DEGREE OF KINSHIP
Kinship relationship may be classified into
primary, secondary, and tertiary
1. PRIMARY KIN
a. Husband and wife
b. Father and son
c. Father and daughter
d. Mother and son
e. mother and daughter
f. Brother and sister
2. SECONDARY KIN. They are the primary kin of primary
kin or related through primary kin. In other words, they
are not our primary kin, but primary kin of our primary
kin.
3. TERTIARY KIN. They are the secondary kin of our
primary kin or primary kin of our secondary kin.
RELATIONSHIP According TO DESCENT
 Lineage or line of descent is important in
determining membership in a particular kinship.
1. PATRILINEAL DESCENT. A lineage w/c is traced
through males.
2. MATRILINEAL DESCENT. A lineage w/c is traced
through females.
3. BILATERAL DESCENT. A method of tracing the
lineage of children equally through ancestors of
both mother & father.
RELATIONSHIP According TO authority
1. PATRIARCHAL. A group in w/c the father or
eldest male is recognized as the head of the
family, kinship group, or tribe
2. MATRIARCHAL. A group in w/c the mother or
eldest female is recognized as the head of the
family, kinship group, or tribe
3. EQUALITARIAN. Equal sharing of practical
responsibilities and decision making by men and
women.
RELATIONSHIP According TO place of residence
1. PATRILOCAL. relating to a pattern of marriage in
which the couple settles in the husband's home
or community.
2. MATRILOCAL. denoting a custom in marriage
whereby the husband goes to live with the
wife's community.
3. BILOCAL.  is the societal postmarital residence
in which couples, upon marriage, live with or
near either the husband's parents or the wife's
parents.
4. NEOLOCAL. is a type of post-marital residence in
which a newly married couple resides
separately from both the husband's natal
household and the wife's natal household.
5. AVUNCULOCAL. one in which a married couple
traditionally lives with the man's mother's
eldest brother, which most often occurs in
matrilineal societies. 
MARRIAGE
Legal union of one man and one woman as
husband and wife. It is the legal status,
condition, or relation of one man and one
woman united in law for life, for the discharge
to each other and the community of the duties
legally incumbent on those whose association is
founded on the distinction of sex.
- Black Law Dictionary
A special contract of permanent union between
a man and a woman entered into in accordance
with law for the establishment of conjugal and
family life.
- Article 1 of the Family Code of the Philippines.
BASIC FORMS OF MARRIAGE
 MONOGAMY. Is the marriage of one man and
one woman.
 POLYGAMY. Is a plural marriage or having
several husbands or wives at the same time.
 POLYGYNY. Is the marriage of one man to two
or more woman at the same time. This is
popular in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa.
 POLYANDRY. Is the marriage of one woman to
two or more men. This type of marriage is
rather rare and preferred in societies such as
Tebetans, the Toda of India, and the
Marquesians of Polynesian Island.
 Group Marriage. Is the marriage of 2 or more
men to 2 or more woman. This form of
marriage requires a minimum of 4 individuals
but are really rare and common only in societies
that allow polygamy or plural marriage.