Introduction To Freehand Drawing
- Are regular or irregular
Two Types of Freehand Drawing
Artist’s Drawings
- Are generally freehand drawings that is
drawings made without the use of
drawing instruments or straight
edges
Technical Men and Industrial Workers -
Are also freehand drawing but are shown
in a special type of drawing called
orthographic projection
Object
- Is shown in three orthographic views
top, front and side views
Pencil Techniques
Horizontal Lines
- Are drawn from left to right
Vertical Lines
- Are sketched from top downward
Inclined Lines
- Are also sketched from left to right
Short Lines
- Are drawn with finger movement
Long Lines
- Are made with arm movement - May
be drawn in segments with very small
spaces or gaps between
segments
Perpendicular Lines
- Are lines which make an angle of 90
degrees with each other
Horizontal and Vertical Lines
- Can be drawn perpendicular to one
another
Parallel Lines
- Are lines which never meet even if
they are prolonged or extended to
any desired length
- May be vertical, horizontal or
inclined
Curved Lines or Curves
Regular Curve
- Is either a circle, an arc or an ellipse
Irregular Curve
- Are those which have no define
direction
Drawing Pencil
Three Different Shapes of Pencil Points
Conical Pointed
- Can make different thickness of lines
varying the pressure of the pencil
against the surface
Chisel Pointed
- Make wide lines depending on the
width of the point
Elliptical Pointed
- Helpful for shading larger sections
Accented Outline Drawing
Outline Drawing
- Is generally a perspective
representation of an object in outline
form that is without shading or
coloring
Visible Edges or Outlines of The Object
- Are shown by means of
medium-heavy lines
Heavy Accents
- Are usually indicated on outlines or
edges near the observer’s eyes
Shaded Drawing
Shading
- Is not accending
- Is the process of making the visible
surfaces of an object drawn in
outline from, appear in a variety of
tones or values
Light Values
- Represent the surfaces receiving the
 greatest amount of light sides parallel and equal
Dark Values Rectangle
- Represent the surfaces receiving the - Is sometimes called oblong and not
least amount of light an oval
Light Source Oval
- Is assumed to be coming from the - Is egg-shaped
upper left-hand corner of the Square
drawing paper - Also has four right angles and all of
The Rays of Light its sides are equal and parallel
- Are imagined to be inclining at an Rhombus
angle of 45 degrees - Has four sides but its angles are not
Shadow right angles
- Is an image cast by an object on Trapezoid
another surface - Is a quadrilateral with two opposite
- Is darker than a shade sides parallel
Sketching Geometrical Figures - Its other two sides are not parallel
and unequal in length
Geometrical Figures Trapezium
- Include points and angles - Is also a quadrilateral but has no
- Are imaginary or invisible equal sides and angles
Geometrically Speaking Four Kinds of Triangle
- A line is the movement of a point and
the latter only indicates position Art or Right Triangle
Drafting - Has an angle of 90 degrees
- A pointed mark made by a pencil or Equilateral Triangle
drawing pen is assumed to be a - Has equal sides and angles
point and an extension or Isosceles Triangle
prolongation of the pencil or pen - Has two sides equal
point as a line Scalene Triangle
Point - Has none of its side equal
- Represent a corner or the Eclipse
intersection of two edges of an - Is also a plane figure bounded by a
object curved line but without a common
Line center
- Represent an edge or the - It has major diameter and a minor
intersection of two plane surfaces of diameter
the same object - The sum of the distances from any
Quadrilateral point on its curve to its two foci are
- Is a plane figure with four sides - Are equal
the trapezoid, square, rectangle, and - A circle can be seen below or above
parallelogram the eye level
Parallelogram Cone
- Is a quadrilateral with two opposite - Is a geometrical solid with a circular
 base Common Polygon
Vertex - Pentagon (5 sides)
- Sides tapering to a point - Hexagon (6 sides)
Frustum - Octagon (8 sides)
- The bottom portion of a cone if it is - Decagon (10 sides)
cut parallel to its base Designing
Upper Part
- Is smaller cone Designing
Truncated - Is the process of planning and
- The resulting cone if the cutting creating a structure or an ornament
plane is oblique or inclined that will serve its purpose
Pyramid Two Types of Design
- Is a solid figure the base of which is
either square, triangular, rectangular Structural Design
or polygonal in shape - Is the proper choice of materials and
- Can be cut to form a frustum or methods of construction in such way
truncated pyramid Decorative Design
Prism - Is the surface enrichment or
- Is also a solid figure with a base decorative of a structural design
either square, rectangular or Elements of Structural Design
polygonal in shape
Square Prism Materials
- A square-shaped base - Determine the texture or character of
Cube the surface of an object or structure
- Five sides of a square prism are Construction
equal in size with its base - Includes the proper selection and use
Cylinder of tools and equipment needed Finish
- Has a circular base and its sides are - Is the finishing touches applied to the
either vertical or inclined structured and it determines the value
- May be truncated and color of the structure’s
Upright Cylinder surfaces
- A cylinder with vertical sides Function
Oblique - Means the usefulness, practicability
- A cylinder with an inclined sides or utility of a structure
Sphere Functional Object
- Is a solid bounded by a uniformly - Must be comfortable
curved surface any point in which is Appendages
equally distant from a common - Are producing parts of the main
center within structural design
Regular Polygon - These parts should harmonize in
- Is a plane figure with five or more shape with the whole structure
sides - They are added to the structure for a
- All the sides and angle are equal definite purpose and are not a mere
 decoration square it is a good structural shape Value
Elements of Decorative Design - This term sometimes called shade,
tone, notam, or dark-and-light is the
Lines lightness or darkness of a color of an
- Is imaginary but in design or in the object
visual arts it is visible Black and White
Psychologists say that various lines - Are the extremes of value
have different effects on human behavior Black
as follows: - Is the absence of light
White
Vertical Lines - Is the presence of light
- May suggest strength, dignity or Texture
uprightness - Refers to the kind or quality of a
Horizontal Lines surface
- May suggest quietness and balance - Can be shown by line-shading
Inclined Lines techniques
- May suggest instability, support or Surface
action - May be fine or rough, hot or cold, hard
Regular Curved Lines or soft, rugged or smooth, shiny or
- Suggest monotony and uniformity dull, and so on
Irregular Curved Lines Rough Textures
- Suggest femininity, grace or variety - May suggest strength or poor quality
Heavy Lines Fine Textures
- Suggest boldness or nearness - May suggest delicacy or good
Light Lines quality
- Suggest distance, fineness, Color
delicateness - The most interesting
Broken Lines - The quality of light
- Suggest disorder or power as in the Light
symbol of lightning - Is composed of light waves of
Form varying lengths, each length
- A line joined end-to-end produces a representing a color
form Color Quality
- In design it determines the structural - The power to absorb and reflect light
shape of an object waves
Curved Lines Psychologists
- May produced a circle or an irregular - Color Affects Our Emotions And
shaped object Feelings
Square Blue
- Is not a good structural shape but is a - To some people may mean a
good decorative shape condition of tiredness or melancholy
Circle Red
- Suggests monotony but unlike the - May mean courage, death or fire
Yellow combination of neutral and a color
- May suggest cowardice, light or Monochromatic Harmony
ripeness - Is the combination of hue with its
Orage tints and shades
- May mean ripeness and sweetness The tints of a Color
Green - Means its lighter values
- Can mean jealousy and freshness Shades of a Color
Violet - Are its darker values
- Suggest royalty, reverence or Analogous or Neighboring Harmony - Is
distance the combination of any colors
Three Secondary Colors neighboring or adjacent on the color
- Orange (Red plus Yellow) chart
- Green (Blue plus Yellow) Complementary Harmony
- Violet (Blue plus Red) - Is the combination of two opposite
Intermediate Color colors in the chart
- Any equal mixture of a primary and Double Complementary Harmony - Is
secondary color the combination of two adjacent
Six Intermediate Color colors and their opposite colors on the
- Yellow-Green chart
- Yellow-Orange Triadic Harmony or Triad
- Red-Orange - Is the combination of any three
- Red-Violet colors which form an equilateral
- Blue-Green triangle on the chart
- Blue-Violet Neutral-and-a-color Harmony
White, Gray and Black - Combined harmoniously with any
- Are not considered as colors hue on the chart
- They are neutrals Decorative Design
The properties, quantities or dimensions - Is the surface enrichment of the
of any color: structural design
- Its function is to decorate a structure
Hue with a desired ornamentation
- Is the name of color Four Kinds of Decorative Design
Intensity
- Is the brightness or dullness of color Naturalistic
Value - Resembles an actual or real object in
- Is the darkness or lightness of a shape in color
color Conventional
Color Harmonies - Has some resemblance t the real
- The various color combinations - object but some details are omitted
They are often called, from it
monochromatic or one-hue Canal Method
harmony, analogous, - Is one way to conventionalize a
complementary, triadic and a naturalistic design
 - In this method the parts of the
design are separated from each
other by “canals”
Geometrical
- Has slight resemblance to the real
object, but consists of geometric
shapes
Abstract
- Is not recognizable as representing
any known object
- Is easier to create
Principles of Design
- Are also the principles of art
- Aesthetic laws
- Laws of the beautiful
- Principles arrangement
The Major Principles
Balance
- Is synonymous to symmetry,
equilibrium and equal weights
Human Face
- Is not bisymmetrical in shape
because it is not perfect
- It is better described as an obvious
formal balance
Informal Balance
- This type of balance is also called
asymmetrical, occult free balance
Harmony
- Is synonymous with unity and order
Rhythm
- Is synonymous with repetition or
related movement
Border Pattern
- Repetition in one direction
All-over Pattern
- Repititionin two direction
Hieroglyphics or Hieroglyphs
- Were written on papyrus curved in
stone on tomb and temple walls and
used to decorate many objects of
cu;tic and daily life use
Regular Repetition
- Common methods of attaining
rhythm or repetition
Emphasis
- Is synonymous with center of
interest, contrast and dominance
and subordination
Proportion
- Refers to scale,ratio and space
relationships
- Should also be consider when
mounting and framing pictures when
determining the margins in a book or
drawing layout
Variety
- Means variation
Novelty or Newness
- Makes people adopt the objects in
which it is embodied
Modern Painters
- Emphasize novelty in their abstract
work
- They create representation of things in
figure not used by other
Lettering
- Considered the written language of
industry, is so important in drawing
that it cannot be dispended with the
study of drafting
Topographical Draftsman
- Uses not only gothic letters but
roman letters as well
Commercial Artist
- Uses all types of lettering
Architectural Draftsman
- Generally use the single-stroke
gothic alphabet and numbers
Phoenicians
- Created the foundations for the
modern English alphabet and other
alphabets
Boustrophedon
- Is a writing in which alternate lines of
writing are reversed with letters also
written in reverse, mirror-style
- This is in contrast to modern
European languages, where lines
always begin on the same side,
usually the left
Carolinian Letters
- Were invented during the reign of
Charlemagne
- They are sometimes called small
letters
Style of Letters

Modern Roman
- Easy to read and is generally used in
printing newspapers
Gothic
- Commonly Used in posters
Old English
- Cumbersome and is mostly used
today in diploma
Script
- Also common in wedding invitations
Italic
- Commonly used in the headings of
the newspaper