Rica Mae R.

Pilar

BSCE-1C

1. Drawing instruments and their uses.

 Drawing Sheet – is a white paper on which an object is drawn which is available
in various sizes.
 Drawing Board – it is an object on which the drawing sheet is placed. It is made
up of wood and available in the rectangular cross-section.
 Drawing Pencils – one of the basic instruments for those who are in line with
graphics or traditional drawing. These are wooden, hexagonal cylinder.
 Drawing Templates
 French Curves – these are used to draw curves to find the section of the curve that
matches the shape of the figure.
 Mini Drafter – it is used for drawing vertical lines, inclined lines, parallel lines,
angles, perpendicular lines, etc. It is generally consists of two scales that are
perpendicular to each other and are calibrated in ‘mm’.
 Eraser – an instrument that is used to clean or erase unnecessary marks or correct
wrong drawings. These are many kinds of erasers.
 Protractor – a semi-circular plastic apparatus with prints of measures up to 180
degrees. This is used to measure angles.
 Compass – this instrument is used to draw arcs and circles. It has two movable
arms: one used to place the center of the circle, and the other, which has a lead, is
used to make arcs and circles.
 Pencil Sharpeners – traditional pencils tend to have duller marks overtime. Precise
drawing needs sharper lines, thus, the use of sharpeners.
 Set Squares – these are two triangular templates made of plastic which are used to
make precise angles and parallel or perpendicular lines.
 T-square – made from hardwood, it consists of two parts namely the stock and the
blade joined together at right angles to each other by means of screws.
 Paper Holders or Clips – the clips are used to hold the drawing sheet on the
drawing board properly.
 Divider- this looks like a compass, but the difference is the two legs of divider are
provided with needles. This is used to divide a line or curve into equal parts. It is
also used to check the measurements.
 Clinograph- is an instrument used to draw parallel lines to the inclined lines. It
contains one adjustable wing or strip which can be adjusted to required angle. So,
it can be termed as adjustable set square.
2. Types of lines and letters
Lines:
 Straight Line – may be drawn in different directions and are given three
names, (i) Horizontal lines (ii) Vertical Lines (ii) Oblique or slanting lines
 Curved Lines – it is an object similar to line but not straight.
 Visible/object Lines – dark, heavy lines, used to represent the outline or
contour of the object being drawn.
 Hidden Lines – light, narrow, short, dashed lines, shows the outline of a
feature that cannot be seen in a particular view. Used to help clarify a
feature, but can be omitted if they clutter a drawing.
 Section Lines – thin lines usually drawn at a 45 degree angle. Indicates the
material that has been cut through in a sectional view.
 Center Lines- thin line consisting of alternating long and short dashes,
used to represent the center of round or cylindrical features, or the
symmetry of a feature.
 Dimension Line – thin lines capped on the ends with arrowheads and
broken along their length to provide a space for the dimension numeral,
they indicate length.
 Extension Lines – thin lines used to establish the extent of dimensions.
Can also be used to show extension of a surface to a theoretical
intersection.
 Leader Lines – thin lines used to connect a specific note to a feature, also
used to direct dimensions, symbols, item number and part numbers on
drawing.
 Arrowheads – used to terminate dimension lines and leader lines and on
cutting plane lines and viewing plane lines.
 Cutting Plane Lines – thick broken line that is terminated with short 90
degree arrowheads. Shows where a part is mentally cut in half to better see
the interior detail.
 Break Lines – used to break out sections for clarity or for shortening a
part. Three types of break lines are short breaks, long breaks, cylindrical
breaks.
 Phantom Lines – thin lines made up of long dashes alternating with pairs
of short dashes.

Letters
  Double Stroke Lettering- the line width is greater than that of single stroke
lettering. It is further divided into a) Double Stroke Vertical Gothic
Lettering, b) Double Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering.
 Single Stroke Lettering – thickness in single stroke lettering is obtained by
a single stroke of pencil or ink pen. It is further divided into a) Single
Stroke Inclined Gothic Lettering, b) Single Stroke Vertical Gothic
Lettering.

3. Types of Scales
 Full Scale – when an engineering drawing is prepared to the actual size of the
object, the scale is termed as full-sized scale and the drawing is known as full-size
drawing.
 Enlarging Scale – when a very small object such as components of a wristwatch,
is enlarged in some regular proportion to accommodate its drawing. When the
drawing is prepared larger than the actual size, the scale is said to be enlarging
scale.
 Reducing scale – drawing is prepared smaller than actual size of the object.
 Plain Scale – a line divided into a suitable number of equal parts or units, used to
measure up to two consecutive units.
 Diagonal Scale – is used when the measurements are required in three consecutive
units, more accurate than a plain scale’s measurement.
 Vernier Scale – used to measure three consecutive units of metric scale. It is also
used to indicate the distance in a unit and its two immediate subdivisions.
 Comparable Scale – is a pair of scales having a common representative fraction
but graduated to read measurements in different unit systems.
 Scale of chords – in absence of protractor , this may be used to measure the angle
or to set the required angle.