LINE

• A line is a straight path between two points in a

space.

• Theoretically a line is of indefinite length.

• The term line is generally used to designate a

straight line unless otherwise specified.
Different Types of Lines
• Object lines:- are used to represent points, lines
and planes.

-They should be drawn heavier

than reference lines.

-Hidden lines are drawn thinner

than visible lines.
• Projection lines:- Lines that are used in
constructing the solution to
a problem

- Should be precisely drawn

with a 4H pencil

- Need not be erased after the

problem is solved.
• Principal lines:- Lines that lie in or parallel to at
least one of the principal
projection plane.

• The principal projection planes are:-

Frontal
Horizontal and
Profile
• Horizontal lines:- lines that are parallel to
the horizontal projection
plane an appear true
length in the top view.
• Frontal lines:- lines that are parallel to the
frontal projection plane and
appear true length in front
view.
• Profile lines:- lines that are parallel to the
profile projection plane and
appear true length in the side
views.
• An inclined line:- is a principal line that is
parallel to one principal plane
but is inclined to the other
two.

- Such lines are widely used in

descriptive geometry and are
designated according to the
planes to which they are
parallel.
• Oblique line:- are lines that are neither parallel
nor perpendicular to a principal projection plane.

- When an oblique line is projected

to the principal planes, it appears
as a Foreshortened in each view,
in general case of a line.
• None of the lines of sight for the principal views
is perpendicular to oblique line.

• In order to find the true length of an oblique line,

an additional view must be constructed with the
line of sight perpendicular t o the oblique line.
• True length of a line:- when the line of sight is
normal/ perpendicular to the line, the line is
shown in true length.

• In orthographic projection a view of a line can

not be longer than the line itself.

• Any line of sight not normal/ perpendicular to the

line result in a view that is shorter than true
length.
• Location of a point on a line:- If a point is located
on a line in the top view, the point can be found
on front view by projecting directly a line
perpendicular to F-H folding line.

• If a point is on a line( space), the views of the

point appear on the corresponding views of the
line.
• Any two successive views of a point must lie on
a projection line perpendicular to the folding line
between the two views.
• Points dividing a line segment in a given ratio
will divide any view of the line in the same ratio.

• If actual length of the segment are desired, the

true length view is necessary.
• Intersecting lines:- are lines that contain a
common point; have point of intersecting that
lies on both lines.

• In order for a point to be common to the two

lines, the views of the point must lie on a single
projection line perpendicular to the folding line
between two adjacent views.
• Parallelism of lines:- If two lines are parallel, they
will appear parallel in all views in which they are
seen, except where both appear as points.

• Parallelism of lines in space can not be

determined if only one view is given; two or more
views are required.
Bearing and Slope of a line
• Bearing is a term used to describe the direction
on course of a line on the earth’s surface.

• The bearing of a line is the angular relationship

of the top view of the line respect to due north or
south, expressed in degrees.
• North is assumed to be directed toward the top
of the drawing unless specifically given
otherwise.

• In this method, it is customary to make the

specified angles less than 90 deg., selecting
north or south accordingly as the base direction.
• Bearing of a line specifies the direction of its top
view and is in no way affected by the angle
between the line and the horizontal plane.

• Another method of specifying the direction of the

top view of a line is azimuth bearing.
• The azimuth bearing of line is the clockwise
departure in degrees of the top view of the line
from a base direction, usually north.

• The azimuth bearing has greatest use in

navigation, civil engineering and when bearing
data are computerized.
• The slope of a line may be defined as the angle
in degrees that the line makes with the
horizontal plane.

• The angle must be measured in that particular

view which shows both the horizontal plane in
edge view and the line in true length.
Examples
PLANES
• Representati on of planes
• Points and Lines in Planes
• Principal lines in plane
• Locus
• Space analysis
• Pictorial intersections
• Exercise
• A flat plane is a surface such that a straight line
connecting any two points in that surface lies
wholly within the surface

• Any two lines in a plane must either intersect or

be parallel.
 • Representati on of planes
A flat plane may also be represented by:-
1-two parallel lines,
2- three points not in a straight line, or
3- a point and a line.
 • Points and Lines in planes

NB. If a line is to be in a plane, then any point on

that line is in the plane.
A line may also be located in a plane by
drawing the line through a known point in the
plane and parallel to a line in the plane.