GEC 108 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
LESSON 1: MEANING & RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
BSMLS – 2D I 1ST SEMESTER I A.Y. 2023-2024
INSTRUCTOR: PROF. LORETA CADATAL
TRANSCRIBED BY: ALVARO, BACUYAG, H. BALISI, DATINGALING, GUILLERMO, KALEY, PADDAYUMAN, URSULUM
HISTORY
 HISTORIA— Refers to a Greek word which means
learning learning by inquiry (undergone critics,
analysis, etc.)
 History is referred usually for accounts of
phenomena especially human affairs in
chronological orders.
 Theories constructed by historians in investigating
history:
FACTUAL Relies more on primary sources
HISTORY (official records, artifacts).
SPECULATIVE Arises when there are limited
HISTORY evidences or gaps, leading "What
might have occurred".
 History deals with the study of past events.
 Geschichte (which has happened)— German word
for history; derived from Geschehen (meaning to
happen).
WHY STUDY HISTORY?
 The past aids an individual in understanding who
he is.
 The past aids a nation understand its realities.
 Allows us to see beyond textbooks, seeing the past
through new lenses
 Philippine history is in and of itself very interesting.
THE LIMITATION OF HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE
WHY HISTORICAL KNOWLEDGE IS LIMITED?
1. Incompleteness of records.
2. The whole history of the past (history-as-actuality)
can be known to historians only through the
surviving record of it (history-as-record).
 History-as-actuality
- Actual events or experiences that happened in the
past.
 History-as-record
- Surviving part of the recorded part, of the
remembered part, of the observed past of the whole.
- Portion of history that has been documented or
preserved, written text, artifacts, diaries, etc.
** Relationship of history as actuality & history as a
record.
 History-as-record
- Fragments that are still helpful to see the history
as actuality but limitations are undeniable since not
all detailed events were recorded.
- Central role of records to which historians will
access and understand the past.
- Acts as a foundation for historians: limitation in the
actual recording and preserving of history.
3. History is a subjective process of the re-creation
of historians. He restores the total past of mankind
in terms of his own experience.
- Known people are the crafts being recorded that
time (example: Bonifacio brothers)
- They still must be objective.
AIM OF HISTORIAN
VERSIMILITUDE— Historians aim of searching for truth,
authenticity & plausibility.
- From the Latin word, “verisimilis” = like the truth
- Very = “true”
- Similis = “like”
HOW IS HISTORY WRITTEN?
HISTORICAL METHOD & HISTORIOGRAPHY
 HISTORICAL METHOD— Process of critically
examining & analyzing the records & survivals of
the past.
- Techniques & methodologies employed by
historians to construct historical narratives.
 HISTORIOGRAPHY— The imaginative
reconstruction of the past; the writing of history; the
way historical narratives has been constructed and
interpreted over time.
NOTE: Historians must be sure that his records really
come from past and are in fact what they seem to be
and that his imagination is directed toward re-creation
not creation.
STEPS OF HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
1. The selection of the subject analysis
- Chooses a specific subject topic/event/period to
study; stems from a research question; to ensure
focus and be manageable.
2. Collection of probable sources of information of
the subject.
- Interviews (appropriate group of people)
- Secondary sources
- Studies/ Journal articles
3. The examination of those sources for
genuineness (either in full or part).
How to assess the reliability or authenticity of
sources?
- Credibility of author.
- Date (updated or not?)
4. The extraction of those credible particulars
from sources proved genuine.
1
 GEC 108 - READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
LESSON 1: MEANING & RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
BSMLS – 2D I 1ST SEMESTER I A.Y. 2023-2024
INSTRUCTOR: PROF. LORETA CADATAL
TRANSCRIBED BY: ALVARO, BACUYAG, H. BALISI, DATINGALING, GUILLERMO, KALEY, PADDAYUMAN, URSULUM

5. Cross-referencing/corroboration  SPECULATIVE HISTORY— This theory involves

- Collect many references to look at the consistency hypotheses, educated guesses, gaps in historical
of sources. records.
- Peer-reviewed references.

6. Contextualization.
- Appropriate references are included, and
background information such as social, political,
environmental, geographical context.

7. Interpretation & Synthesis.

8. Presentation & Communication.
- Present the results of historical analysis
- After you researched, what then?

ACTIVITY

 PRIMARY SOURCES— These are original, first-

hand account of an event or period that are usually
written or made during or close to the event or
period.
 EXTERNAL CRITICISM— Refers to historical
criticism which determines the authenticity of the
source.
 HISTORICAL METHOD— The process of critically
examining & analyzing the records & survivals of
the past.
 MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI— First governor in
the Philippines. The Hispanic period started in the
Philippines in 1500's.
 MANUEL L. QUEZON— Won the first Philippine
National Presidential Election.
 SEARGENT FERNANDO LA MADRID— Filipino
soldier who led the Cavite Mutiny of 1872.
- Cavite Mutiny led to the event/ execution of
GomBurZa.
 JOSE P. LAUREL— Filipino president appointed
by the Japanese during the Japanese occupation of
the Philippines.
 EMILIO JACINTO— Wrote the Kartilla which is
considered the bible of the Katipunan Movement.
 BATHALA— The supreme being of the ancient
Filipino who the believed, had created the universe.
 BIGAY-KAYA— The gift required to give to the
girl’s parent before marriage.
 EDSA (EPIFANIO DE LOS SANTOS AVENUE)
REVOLUTION— The revolution where Filipinos
protested in the streets using prayers & flowers,
instead of knives & guns.
 GREGORIA DE JESUS— The first woman
member of the Katipunan (July 1893); Wife of
Bonifacio.
 INTRAMUROS— walled city
- The walls are built as a protection from invasions
or attacks.
 PROCLAMATION NO. 1081— Also known as the
Martial law Act.
 EMILIO AGUINALDO— First Philippine president.
 APOLINARIO MABINI— The chief advisor of Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo.