MEANING AND RELEVANCE

OF HISTORY
 WHAT IS HISTORY?
It’s from the Greek word
“HISTORIA” which means to search
or look into. As the time past by
there are some changes into its
meaning. The word history now
means “the past of mankind”.
MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
The equivalent Latin word is
“Scientia” came to used more
regularly to designate non-
chronological systematic accounts of
natural phenomena; and the word
“History” was reserved usually for
accounts of phenomena (especially
human affairs) in chronological order.
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 Significance of History
1. We could determine and understand the contribution of our ancestor
in the foundation of our humanity, origin, and inherent culture.
2. We could understand the task in the present and future if we study
the history.
3. History can be used to examine and forecast the things in the
environment and society.
4. History is an eye opener to understand our culture, language and
society.
5. The stories of past about people and things in the world we live
provide valuable lessons to us.

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 3

 Branches of Social Sciences that could help studying
history
SOCIOLOGY ARCHAEDLOGY LINGUISTICS
the systematic study of the the scientific study of the study of human speech CARTOGRAPHY
development, structure, material remains (such as including the units, nature,
interaction, and collective tools, pottery, jewelry, stone structure, and modification the science or art of
behavior of organized walls, and monuments) of of language making maps
groups of human beings. past human life and
activities
ANTHROPOLOGY GEOGRAPHY CHEMISTRY and
the study of human beings the study of the features and BIOLOGY
and their ancestors through systems of the earth's surface. It would be a great help in studying the
time and space and in including continents, history of validation it the fragments is
relation to physical mountains, seas, weather, and in humans and not animals.
character, environmental plant life, and of the ways in
and social relations, and which countries and people
culture organize life within an area

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 4

 By means of Historical
method and
Historiography the Historian endeavors to
reconstruct as much of the past of mankind.

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 5

 What is historical method?
It is the process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survivals of the past.

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 6

 What is historiography?
According to Vann (2017) Historiography is the
writing of history based on critical examination of
sources. It is the selection of particular details from
the authentic materials and the synthesis of those
details into a narrative that stands the test of critical
examination.

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 7

 Historians
are people with some advanced training in the
discipline of history. They gather and weigh different
kinds of evidence, including primary sources,
material artifacts and secondary sources.

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY 8

DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY SOURCES

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 Secondary sources 
is a work that interprets or analyzes an historical
event or phenomenon.  It is generally at least one
step removed from the event is often based on
primary sources. 
Examples include:  scholarly or popular books and
articles, reference books, and textbooks.

DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES 10

 What is a Primary Source?
• include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in an event.
 They can be firsthand testimony or evidence created during the time period
that you are studying.
• may include diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs, newspaper
articles, government documents, poems, novels, plays, and music.  The
collection and analysis of primary sources is central to historical research.
Note about primary sources: While there are many digital primary resources
available, it is very important to remember that the majority of primary sources
have not yet been digitized.

DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES 11

 Primary sources 
were either created during the time period being
studied or were created at a later date by a
participant in the events being studied (as in the case
of memoirs).  They reflect the individual viewpoint
of a participant or observer.  Primary sources enable
the researcher to get as close as possible to what
actually happened during an historical event or time
period.
DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES 12
 What is a Secondary Source?
• Analyze a scholarly question and often use primary sources as
evidence.
• Include books and articles about a topic.  They may include lists of
sources, i.e. bibliographies, that may lead you to other primary or
secondary sources.
• Databases help you identify articles in scholarly journals or books on a
particular topic.

DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES 13

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

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 EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL
CRITICISM IN HISTORY
✣It is necessary to know whether the document or relic is in reality
what it claims to be, or what it claims to be, or what it has been
esteemed to be. That’s why historians criticizes a given document first.
✣It is important to determine where and when it originated, who was
the author, and where does the information on derived from. It is also
important to weigh the relation of testimony to the truth. One must
decide whether the statements made are trustworthy, and if not
absolutely certain, whether they are probable. The degree of probability
or possibility must be determined. (Archive.org 2017)

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 15
 External Criticism in History
• Lower criticism in which it deals with the authorship
and its authenticity
• Mainly studies the outside form of the document
(forms and appearances)
• Examines and questions if the document is
fabricated, forged, fake or merely hoax

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 16
 REASONS OF FORGED OR MISLEADING
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
1. The documents are sometimes used to support a false claim or title
‐ There might be some documents that shows biases towards certain topic
in history. Historians must know the difference between claims and
evidence.
‐ Evidence is the concrete facts used to support a claim. Claims are,
almost by definition, controversial, in the sense that not everyone
agrees with them. Once you know what the claim is, you are in a better
position to see what the facts .

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 17
 REASONS OF FORGED OR MISLEADING
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS

2. The documents are counterfeited for sale.
‐ A counterfeit document can be defined as one wherein
made in imitation of something else with intent to made an
imitation of a genuine article (document) without authorization
and permission of the real author with the objective of gaining
profit from it.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 18
 REASONS OF FORGED OR MISLEADING
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
3. Fabrication due to less mercenary considerations like political
propaganda
‐ Creation of such stories with the help of some people that are
primarily concerned with making money at the expense of ethics in
which it disseminates or promote particular ideas that supports their
agreed political point of view.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 19
 REASONS OF FORGED OR MISLEADING
HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
4. Some historical “facts” are based on some practical jokes
For example:
The origin of the celebration of “April Fools Day” is unclear,
though some speculated it dates back to 1582, when France
made the move from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian
calendar. The change by Pope Gregory XIII moved the start of
the new year from the end of March to January 1, making
“fools” of those still using the original calendar.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 20
 The tradition of a “fools day” is marked
around the world.
Today, April Fools' Day is embraced by young
and old alike, with the corporate world getting
into the fun, too.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 21
 TEST OF AUTHENTICITY IN
HISTORY
IMPORTANCE: To distinguish a hoax or a misinterpretation from a
genuine document.
1. Date of the document
- Examines if the document corresponds with the author’s
chronology
2. Anachronistic
‐ Determines if the document or relic belongs to a specific
period of time

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 22
 TEST OF AUTHENTICITY IN
HISTORY
3. Anachronistic Style or Composition
Examines signs of age by the means of handwriting, signature,
seal, letter head, or watermark

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 23
 TEST OF AUTHENTICITY IN
HISTORY
Anachronistic styles determiner:
- Idiom
- Orthography
- Punctuation
- Spelling
4. Isography
a line drawn on a map to indicate areas having common
linguistic characteristics

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 24
TECHNIQUES USED BY EXPERTS TO DETERMINE
AUTHENTICITY

• PALEOGRAPHY
Study of ancient wring systems and the deciphering and dating
of historical manuscripts.
• DIPLOMATICS
The science of deciphering old official documents, as characters,
of determining its authenticity, age, and the likes.

EXTERNAL CRITICISM 25
INTERNAL CRITICISM AND
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY
SOURCES

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 MODES OF HISTORICAL CRITICISM

EXTERNAL INTERNAL
CRITICISM CRITICISM

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INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
 WHAT IS INTERNAL CRITICISM?
- often called the higher criticism and deals with the
process by which the trustworthiness of the
document is studied
- criticism/ evaluation deals with credibility

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INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
 Is it credible and truthful?

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INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
 EYEWITNESS OR SECONDHAND
ACCOUNT?

WHY WAS IT WRITTEN?

?
Meaning
PRIMARY
SOURCES LITERAL MEANING?

in Context

INTERNAL CONSISTENCY?

CONNOTATIONS?

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INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
 Internal Criticism
Corroboration of historical
facts
• Independent testimonies
of two or more witnesses
INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
Ability and willingness
Identifying the author to tell the truth
• Nearness to the event
• Reliability • Competence of
• Mental processes witness
• Personal attitudes • Degree of attention
• Conscious or
unconscious telling of
falsehoods
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 National Archives
- the National Archives of the Philippines is the
home of about 60 million documents from the
centuries of Spanish rule in the Philippines, the
American and Japanese occupations, as well as
the years of the Republic.

- the final repository for the voluminous notarized

documents of the country

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INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
 National Museum
- the National Museum is a trust of the
government, is an educational, scientific
and cultural institution that acquires,
documents, exhibits and fosters scholarly
study and public appreciation of works of
art, specimens, and cultural and historical
artifacts representative of our unique to
the cultural heritage of the Filipino people
and the natural history of the Philippines.

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INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
 National Library
- the National library of the Philippines was established as
the Museo- Biblioteca de Filipinas through the royal
decree of August 12, 1887- provided for the “the
consolidation of all libraries belonging to any branch of
the Philippine Government for the creation of the
Philippine Library’, and for the maintenance of the
same, and other purposes

- to carry out the provision of this law, a Library Board

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INTERNAL CRITICISM AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCESL
DIFFERENT KIND OF PRIMARY
SOURCES

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 KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES
1. Letters, diaries, journals, wills, bibles, report cards
2. Business records such as correspondence, ledgers, minutes,
speeches, invoices
3. Poems, songs, hymns
4. Photographs, paintings, films, advertisements, and other
artwork
5. Tools, machines, furniture, clothing, and other artifacts from
a particular era

DIFFERENT KIND OF PRIMARY SOURCES 36

 KINDS OF PRIMARY SOURCES
6. Government records such as court proceedings, treaties and
trade agreements.
7. Newspapers and magazines of the period
8. Oral history interviews and genealogical information
9. Memorabilia such as buttons, banners, flyers
10. Other objects such as gravestones.

DIFFERENT KIND OF PRIMARY SOURCES 37

 PREPARED BY:

KATE IVEE HANS ALEXZA JOSEPHINE ANGELLA

BELANDRES ASUMEN CABADDU BENTOR

Meaning and Distinction of primary Internal criticism and External criticism and
Relevance of history, and secondary Repositories of different kinds of
and different kinds of sources, and different primary sources, and primary sources
primary sources kinds of primary different kinds of
sources 38 primary sources
 references

https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Negrito
https://it-it.facebook.com/notes/jubangnon-ka-kung/malaya-na-nga-ba-ta
yo/590653124288612/
https://s.docworkspace.com/d/AGANkz2Oj_03ooKW-5SnFA
https://kso.page.link/wps
https://askinglot.com/what-is-internal-and-external-criticism-of-
historical-sources
https://www.lib.uci.edu/examples-primary-sources

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Thank you for listening!