READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY  Historiography is the written record of what is known of human

lives and societies in the past and how historians have attempted
to understand them.
 Herodotus – Father of History PRIMARY SOURCES
 From Greek word historia, meaning "inquiry where in the
knowledge acquired by investigation. It is the study of the past  provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples
events. include interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A
 History is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the primary source gives you direct access to the subject of your
memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and research.
interpretation of these events. Examples:
 Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical
sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and  Letters
material artifacts, and ecological markers.  Diaries
 "History is a narration of the events which have happened among  Original Photographs
mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as  Government Records
well as of other great changes which have affected the political  Autobiographies
and social condition of the human race." (Anderson, 1976)  Artifacts
 Some speeches, etc.
Why do we need study history?
 To learn more historical facts SECONDARY SOURCES
 To know more about the roots of our current culture
 To learn about how different factors shape society e.g. religion,  provide second-hand information and commentary from other
tradition, greed, the interaction of different culture etc. researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and
 To learn about human nature in general by looking at trends that academic books. A secondary source describes, interprets, or
repeat through history. synthesizes primary sources.
 To learn about the mistakes of those who have gone before us. Examples:
Archaeologists  Newspaper articles
 Textbooks
 study, analyses, and recovers recent and prehistoric human past
 Biographies
through observable physical material remains of the past in a
 TV Documentaries
quest to enable a wider and comprehensive understanding of
 Non-original Photographs
human culture.
 Encyclopedias
 The discipline of archeology is a branch of anthropology. The
 Dictionaries
material remains include artifacts, architecture, biofacts
(ecofacts), and landscapes. ANTIQUARIANS - establish facts

Anthropologists  A historian does not use all the known facts.

 scientifically studies humans and their customs, beliefs, and
relationships.
 take a broad approach to understanding the many different
aspects of the human experience, which we call HOLISM.
 They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human
groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what
was important to them.
Chemist
 scientist who researches chemical substances, performs
experiments with the properties of chemical substances,
measures the effects of chemical compounds in various
situations, and studies inter-chemical reactions.
Linguists
 study the many ways people communicate across the globe.
 interested in how language is linked to how we see the world
and how we relate to each other. This can mean looking at how
language works in all its different forms, and how it changes
over time.
 For linguistic anthropologists, language and communication
are keys to how we make society and culture.
Oral Historians
 Persons echoing the past as well as the present.
 have documented the stories of struggles for justice around the
world, and at times have participated in those struggles.
 At the same time, as a field oral history has excluded Indigenous
people and practices from the legitimacy.
Historiography (history of historical writing)
 study of the way history has been and is written - the history
of historical writing.
 When you study 'historiography' you do not study the events of
the past directly, but the changing interpretations
those events in the works of individual historians.
 Facts are selected and omitted to support argument/opinion.
 Many facts are omitted.
 A dishonest historian can distort our understanding of History.
 Prejudice in history writing means to shape historical
understanding to promote a political ideology.
 Historical writings becomes propaganda, a way to
indoctrinate readers.
 Its purpose is not to tell the truth but to shape public opinion to
support its ideology.
 ERGO - From this you can see that because historians control
what we know about the past they can greatly influence our
decisions about the future.
Four issues in studying history:
1. The need to recognize bias and prejudice.
2. The nature of the problems faced by facts and evidence.
3. How to define and reach historical truth.
4. The responsibilities of being Historian.
Historians
 Study history, experts in history
 Verify and collect documents from past events
 ARCHIVIST – preserve, collect, study archives
THREE (3) ROLES OF HISTORIANS
1. Sourcing – primary and secondary
2. Corroboration – “corroborate” evidence vs. evidence; compare
and contrast; evidence which confirms or supports a statement,
theory, or finding; confirmation.
3. Contextualization – content & setting (when and where);
profound information about history.
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Xiao Chua
 Academic television personality
 It’s Xiao Time
 Focused more on Andres Bonifacio
 Tackled more on ancient Filipino beliefs
 Focuses on pre-colonial period
 History consultant
Ambeth R. Ocampo
 public historian, journalist, author, cultural admin.
 Columnist, Philippine Daily Inquirer
 Founder of MAKAMISA (After Mass)
 Looking Back (1990)
 Makamisa: the search for Rizal’s Third Novel (1992)
Teodoro M. Kalaw
 Nationalist scholar, legislator, journalist, educator, and historian
 Secretary of Manuel L. Quezon
 Father of Philippine Literary System
 Activist during American Colonization
Dr. Zeus Salazar
 Father of Pantayong Pananaw
Pantayong Pananaw
 Method of acknowledging history and development of the nation
based on the internal interconnectedness
 Programmatic DISCOURSE developed as a response to the
westernized perspective of the study of Philippine history and
historiography
 “pananaw” means perspective
 pan is for, tayo is us
CHRISTIAN FORMATION
Christian Formation - work of God’s Holy Spirit in the lives of his
people, slowly growing them into the image and character of Jesus. God
does this work by renewing our minds, reordering our loves, and
redirecting our lives toward the end of glorifying God.
 The holistic work of God in a believer’s life whereby spiritual
change renders the individual continually closer to the image and
actions of Jesus Christ.
 "a process of being conformed to the image of Christ for the sake
of others" (Mulholland 2003).
 "Christian formation refers to the process of shaping our spirit
and giving it a definite character" (Willard 2006).
Sanctification - Growth into the image of Jesus Christ is a process; it is
a gift from the Spirit of God at work in us.
The Model
Christ-centered, Gospel-driven, practice-based model of Christian
formation.
 The Purpose—The purpose of Christian formation is to become
more like Jesus Christ (Col. 1:28, Eph. 3:14-19)
 The Power—The power for Christian formation is the gospel of
Jesus Christ (Rom. 1:16, 1 Cor. 1:18)
 The Practices—The practices of Christian formation are the
means of grace (2 Tim. 1:13, Matt. 28:18-20)
CORE OF CHRISTIAN FORMATION
 Person’s Growth in Christ
 Christlikeness Maturity
 Discipline as a follower of God
INTRODUCTION TO THE BIBLE
 The word 'Bible' comes from the port of Byblos in Lebanon.
Byblos was known to be an important place for the shipment of
papyrus.
OLD TESTAMENT
 first section of the Bible.
 Consists of 39 books.
 Also similar to the Hebrews Bible "Tanakh".
 It took at least thousands of years from 1400-400 BC.
 The first five books of the Bible are known as the Law or
'Torah' or 'Pentateuch'. It contains the creation and the
giving of ten commandments.
 As related in the books of those names, they wanted a king after
the death of Moses and the historical books are the one who give
accounts to the kingdom.
 The wisdom books supply us with the instructive story of Job,
an exploration on the meaning of human suffering, the beauty
and inspiration of a prayer and hymn book—the Psalms, and the
down to earth practical wisdom of Proverbs.
 The prophets speak to the nation and interpret God’s dealings
with His people.
 The minor prophets are called minor not because they are
unimportant but because they are briefer books. They are also
known as “The Twelve.”
NEW TESTAMENT
 27 New Testament books.
 It took the New Testament shorter time to be written than the
Old Testament that took only over 50 years.
PETER AND PAUL
 Peter is a prominent figure in the four Gospels, a
major player in the expansion of the early church as seen in the
Book of Acts. He is also credited with writing two New
Testament books and is most probably the source for Mark’s
gospel.
 Paul was not one of Jesus’ direct disciples. In fact he
was a vicious persecutor of the church at first. He is credited
with writing almost half of all the books of the New Testament,
far more than anyone else.
JOHN
 Credited with writing five of the New Testament books and
perhaps the closest friend of Jesus, John was the one Jesus asked
when on the cross to take care of his mother. His Gospel gives
us the most reflective, personal and intimate account we have of
Jesus.
THE NEW TESTAMENT CONSISTS OF: GOSPELS,
HISTORY; PAUL’S LETTERS
 There are four Gospels or narrative accounts of the life of Christ.
They cover much overlapping material, but each has a particular
perspective.
 The Acts of the Apostles is a historical account written by the
same Luke who wrote a Gospel tracing the highlights in the
history of the early Christian church from the time that Jesus
ascended into heaven until the time of Paul’s imprisonment in
Rome around the year 60 AD.
 Paul’s Letters were written to various churches and individuals,
in many cases these were to address problems that had arisen in
churches that he had founded.
 Sculptures depicted Biblical people and events.
 Pilgrimages are preserved to to recall Biblical events in their
original settings.
 Stained Glass was used to tell the stories of the Bible.
 Drama in church services in Medieval Europe told the stories of
the Bible.

WHY WE STUDY THE BIBLE

 Daily Bible reading maintains our connection with God through
his written word.
 It reminds us of His character, promises, our dependence on
Him, and our future together.
 Reading the Bible deepens and expands our understanding of
Bible passages and helps us through hard concepts and gives
insight into the context of the Bible.
 gives us courage
 shows us God's character
 protects us from twisting the truth
 helps us to renew our minds so we can know God's will