READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

I. MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY

History
From Greek word, historia, which means inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation.
A chronological record of significant events such as those affecting a nation or institution often
including an explanation of their causes.
Study of relevant past

The discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people), based on
a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes.
Herodotus is considered as the Father of History.
He was a Greek writer who invented the field of study known today as `history.
He was called `The Father of History’ by the Roman writer and orator Cicero for his famous work The
Histories.

Elements of History
*People
*Place
*Time
*Event/Circumstances
Periods of History
Prehistoric: events occurring before the invention of writing system.
Historic: events occurring after the invention of the writing system

SOURCES OF HISTORY
Primary Sources
Are the eyewitness accounts or the first-hand evidence related to the time or even a person is
investigating.
This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual
materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.

In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or primary research' are original research
experiments, studies, or observations written about by the researchers themselves.
Secondary Sources
Is second-hand commentary including anything that investigates, comments on, brings together, or
reviews those primary sources and other secondary sources.

Discipline Primary Source Examples Secondary Source Examples

Archeology Fossils and Artifacts Stories being passed by the
Statement of people who interviewer to his audiences
found the fossils and artifacts
History Letters History books
Photographs Journal Articles
Diaries Documentaries
Art and Literature Novels Art criticism article
Paintings Literature criticism article
Poems Art history textbook
Communications Speeches Journal articles on
& Journalism Investigative Journalism communication theories
Newspapers & magazines Book on Journalism practices
Public speaking manual

Political Science Laws Article by a legal scholar

Court documents American government
Public opinion surveys textbook
Encyclopedia of political
theory

Science & Social Science

Research studies Reviews of other studies

Lab tests Systematic reviews
Mental Health surveys Textbooks

When examining a source, the historian must conduct:

External Criticism and Internal Criticisms
External Criticism
The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining the physical characteristics
consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced as evidence.
Internal Criticism
It is the examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence.
The content of the sources and examines the circumstance of its production.
It could be done by looking at the author, its context, agenda, the purpose behind its creation.

DISCRIMINATION IN THE VALIDITY OF HISTORY

1. Lack of supporting documents and evidences that will support early writings.
2. Personal and political beliefs and cultural affiliation of the person writing the history.
3. Others got their historical documents burned or destroyed in the events of war or colonization.

Historiography:
The study of historical writing
The study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline
The writing of history

PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING HISTORY

1. Scarcity of written materials, especially in the local level.
2. Problems of translation regarding documents written in other languages.
3. Biases and prejudices on the part of foreign writers.
4. Lack of representative materials for the whole country.
5. Lack of historians.

REASONS FOR INTERPRETING PHILIPPINE HISTORY FROM A NATIONALIST

FILIPINO POINT OF VIEW
1. Only Filipino can truly express his/her love for the Philippines and desire for the unity of the people.
2. The Filipino point of view would be more inclined ones, thereby contributing to a certain degree of
national pride.
3. Filipinos are more familiar with the historical roots of their problems.
4. It could be noted that Filipino know their history, culture and identity better than foreign historians
do.
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS IN THE STUDY OF HISTORY
1. Cyclical View
*History repeat itself
*All human events occur in cycles
*Its famous proponents were Herodotus and Spengler.
2. Providential View
*History is determined by God and being the author of everything.
*It consists of recordings the death struggle between good and evil
*History, therefore, is God’s grand design
*No interpretation is needed because everything is willed by God.
3. Progressive View
*Mankind is getting better and better through the ages
*Mankind is responsible for the advancement of civilization.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY

1. History helps us develop a better understanding of the world.
2. History helps us understand ourselves.
3. History helps us learn to understand other people and culture.
4. History teaches a working understanding of change.
5. History gives us the tools we need to be decent citizens.
6. History makes us better decision makers.
7. History bridges the gap between the present and the past and helps in projecting the future.
8. History promotes nationalism, patriotism, civic consciousness and responsible citizenry.
9. History helps in interpreting conditions of a given space and time.
10. History helps us to learn from the past experiences of other people and prevents us from repeating
the same mistakes.

GLOSSARY
Fossils
Remains or traces of ancient life that have been preserved by natural processes, from spectacular
skeletons to tiny seashells.
Artifacts
An object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.
History
Study of relevant past events
REFLECTION

Formulate your own definition of history.

ASSIGNMENT

1. With the use of primary sources, Share the History of Your Name.
2. With the use of Venn Diagram, compare and contrast primary and secondary sources.
3. Bato sa Buhangin was used in the film, GOYO: Ang Batang Heneral as one of its soundtracks. What
is the meaning of the metaphor - bato sa buhangin?
4. What feelings does the song evoke? Can the song be related to our search for Filipino identity?
Psalm 37:23-24 “The LORD makes firm the steps of the one who delights in him; though he may stumble, he will
not fall, for the LORD upholds him with his hand.”
II. CONTENTS AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES
Reasons for interpreting Philippine history from a nationalist Filipino point of view;
Only Filipino can truly express his/her love for the Philippines and desire for the unity of the people.
The Filipino point of view would be more inclined ones, thereby contributing to a certain degree of
national pride.
Filipinos are more familiar with the historical roots of their problems.

Facts and Figures about the Philippines

Official Name: Republic of the Philippines
Area: 300,000 square kilometers
Capital: Manila City
Currency: Philippine Peso
National Language: Filipino
Population: 109,581,078 people at midyear according to UN data
Situated in Southeast Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean
Composed of 7,641 islands according to the latest data by the National Mapping and Resource
Information Authority
Divided into three geographical regions: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
The three largest islands: Luzon, Mindanao and Samar
Northernmost island: Mavulis Island or Y’ami Island
Southernmost island: Saluag Island
17 regions, 81 provinces, 146 cities, 1488 municipalities, 42,405 barangays
NCR (National Capital Region) is composed of 17 cities and 1 municipality
Climate: Tropical
Lies in the Typhoon Belt
Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire
Known as the “Hub of Asia” Also called as the Pearl of the Orient
Predominantly Christian country in Asia
Home to the endemic butanding, tarsier, pilandok, Philippine Eagle, rafflesia Mount Mayon, Mount
Taal, Chocolate Hills, Ifugao’s Rice Terraces, Boracay and Palawan.
Famous for colorful and majestic festivals
Known for being hospitable, hardworking, resilient, respectful, family oriented and Godfearing
Some of the negative Filipino traits include: Mañana Habit, Filipino Time, Ningas Cogon, Bahala Na
Mentality, Utak Talangka and Padrino System

ORIGIN OF THE NAME “Philippines”

Chinese Traders, Chau Ju-Kua, (Sung Dynasty) referred the islands of Mindoro as Ma-yi which means
Land of gold.
Ferdinand Magellan named the islands as Isla de San Lazarus (Archipelago of San Lazarus).
Philippines came from the word Filipinas which was given by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos to Prince King
Philip II which later became the King of Spain.
Fr. Juan Delgado called Manila as “Pearl of the Orient”
Maniolas/Minolas was the name given by Claudius Ptolemy, a Greek cartographer, in his ancient map.
Pearl of the Orient Seas given by Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Giovanni Batista Ramuso published Filipinas on the map in Venice in 1554
Philippine Islands was the name given by the Americans
Republic of the Philippines became the official name of the Philippines after gaining its complete
independence from the Americans.

FILIPINO IDENTITY
Problem of nationhood
American cultural imperialism thwarting nation-building and destroys historical continuity and the
Filipino sense of a collective becoming.

Nationalism
The absence of vigorous nationalist sentiment root of all sorts of social problems, in terms of language,
sense of belonging to the nation symbols and ceremonies.

The Filipino Way

lack of enthusiasm for celebrating the nation state a sense of national community.
Ex. Pac Man or Ms Universe victories, overseas Filipino workers, little traditions
Unobliging public space
anarchic domain of pragmatic or impersonal relations where one tends only to one’s own political and
economic interests

Changing middle stratum

People stick to their identity-confirming inner circles and hold on tenaciously to their career, emigration.
Civil society
Caused oriented groups and NGOs vitality of civic consciousness misplaced focus playthings of power
holders and their divide and rule tactics, oligarchs.

Public realm
Field of contest of political and economic interests, does not inspire feeling of belonging, citizenship,
responsibility.
Austronesian roots)
Cult of face value, opportunity, corruption personality-oriented system, nepotism, hot-headedness and
long-lasting resentment, Filipino tolerance

Individual-centeredness
Public interest, moral myopia, introduction of values education improve the quality of public life
seamlessly connected with the class roots in family and person centered morals.

School, History and Identity

School curriculum approach to history and government is crammed with such ahistorical and
irresponsible statement, unconnected episodes political chronology.

National Transcendence
Nationhood, moral recovery and underdevelopment of nationalism, foster a sense of self.
Split history
Cultural leadership imagined community social imagination haves and have-nots.
Ruling class
Enlightened ones.
Southeast Asian Social Imagination
Social life rooted in the immediate experience of a hierarchically ordered social arrangement based on
essential inequality.
Mental isolation
Investigative journalism, vacuum of broader awareness, we amongst ourselves point of view, Philippine
being in the world.

Authenticity
Filipino - Roman Catholic, English speaking Malay with a Spanish name and a predilection for Chinese
food, present day Filipino is the historic outcome of international exchanges and inputs eroded
indigenous roots dressing up the Filipino in foreign attire.
THE PRE-SPANISH CULTURE
Ancient Filipinos wore the kanggan sleeves and lower part was the Bahag.
The color of the jacket Indicates the rank of the wearer.
Red was wore by the chief and black for ordinary people.
Women wore, the baro or camisa a jacket with sleeves and the lower part the saya by tagalogs and
patadyong by Visayans.

Tattoos
For men, tattoos were signs of valor and many attributes.
For women, it enhanced beauty.
The most tattooed were the ancient Bisayans, who were called Pintados and the Visayas as Islas de los
Pintados.

HOUSES
The houses of the Filipinos were made from bamboo, palm, wood and stone.
For Igorots and the Kalingas of northern Luzon and the Bagobos of Mindanao their houses were built on
trees.
The Badjaos or Sea Gypsies of Sulu made their houses on boats.

SOCIAL CLASSES
The society in the Pre-Spanish Philippines were divided into three classes the nobles, the freemen and
the slaves.
Nobles consist of the chief and their families and enjoyed the rights.
The freemen were called mahadlika dependents who had earn their freedom.
The lowest were known as slaves or alipin acquired low status by captivity in war or failing to pay his
debts.
Types of Dependents (Tagalogs)
Aliping namamahay
Slaves that had property, lived in their houses and could without their master’s consent, and could not be
sold.
Aliping sagigilid
Slaves who owned no property, lived in their master’s houses, could not marry without their master’s
consent, and could be sold anytime.

Types of Dependents (Bisayans)

Tumataban
Worked in their master’s house when told to do so.
Tumarampuk
Worked one day for his master.
Ayuey
Worked three days for his lord.
WOMENS’ POSITION IN THE SOCIETY
Can occupy a high position and Laws and custom were equal with men.
Could own and inherit property
Could engage in trade and industry
Could inherit the chieftaincy and rule barangays
Occupied the prestigious position of babaylan

PERSONAL HABITS
Were clean and neat
Bath regularly
Took good care of their hair by using gogo and anointing perfumed oils.
Rinse their mouths and cleaned their teeth.
Used betel nut as toothbrush and salt and water as toothpaste.
Regularly cleaned their homes.
MARRIAGE CUSTOMS
The man was required to give a dowry or “Bigay-kaya” was the type of dowry of a piece of land or gold.
A gift called “panghimuyat”was another payment for raising the future bride during her infancy period,
to be paid by the groom’s parent also.
The freeman was different in that the rice ceremony was omitted without benefit of clergy.
Simple as “Will you marry me?” If the woman agreed they were considered married.

THE BARANGAY AS A SEACRAFT

GOVERNMENT
*The word BARANGAY refers to a Malay word a community and a type of sea craft headed by a Datu.
*The unit consist from 30 to 100 families.
*The chieftain was to govern his subjects to promote welfare and interest.
*The powers the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary.

LAWS
The Laws of the barangay were often made by the chief and were handed down from generation to
generation.
Code of Kalantiaw was the example of the laws including the Muslim Laws.
Dealt various subjects such as inheritance, divorced, partnership, crime and punishment, property,
family relations etc.

JUDICIAL PROCESS
Trial by Ordeal
River ordeal, suspects plunge into the river with spears and who rises first is guilty.
Boiling water ordeal, suspects pick a stone in a pot of boiling water and he whose arm or hand is burned
the most is guilty.
Candle ordeal, suspects are given lighted candles of the same sizes and the owner of the candle that died
out first is guilty.
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Ancient Filipinos believed in anitos that for worship and in life after death.
Bathalang Maykapal is equivalent to the Spanish name Dios.
Had other gods like the Idiyanale god of death, Sidapa god of rainbow, Balangaw a war god,
Mandaragan a fire god, Agni the god of underworld and others.

BABAYLAN
*Viasayas, Babaylan or Katalonan in Tagalog, is the person in the barangay.
*The function is to hold rituals and offerings to the spirit.
*It could be a male, female or asog/bayugin.

SUPERSTITION
Early Filipinos believed in Aswang (witch)
Dwende (tiny creatures like humans)
Kapre (tall and apelike usually found on trees.
Mangkukulam (an old lady capable of harming others using a doll and a pin).
Tikbalang (half-man and half-horse creature)
Tiyanak (a baby that sucks blood on human.
Believed in magical power of anting-anting, and the use of gayuma or love potion.

ECONOMY
*Domestic trade of different barangays from different regions and islands were made possible using
boats.
*Foreign trade was carried on with countries like Borneo, China, Japan, Cambodia, Java and Siam
(Thailand).
*Other means of livelihood were shipbuilding, weaving, poultry raising, mining, and lumbering.
LANGUAGE AND WRITING
The Philippines has more than one dialects and eight of these was considered to be the major languages.
The tagalog, Ilocano, Pampangan, Bicolano, Waray and others.
Had a syllabry derived from Sanskrit and Arabic influences, the alphabet consist of 17 characters.
3 were vowels and some were consonants.

LITERATURE
Literature of early Filipinos were composed of oral and written literature.
Consist of maxims (sabi), Bugtong (riddles), Boat song (talindaw), Victory songs (tagumpay), Lullaby
(uyayi) Wedding song (ihiman), War song (kumintang) etc.
Written literature are Biag ni Lam-Ang (Ilocano epic), Indarapatra at Sulayman and Bidasari (Muslim
Epics), and Handiong (Bicolanos).

AMUSEMENTS
The Filipinos are born musicians for easily learned tunes by ear.
Have an instrument the kudyapi a small guitar, the timbal a cymbal, gansa a sort of gong, bamboo flute,
long drum (colibao), bamboo harp (subing), xylophone (agong) and others.
Cockfighting, carabao races, running, sungka and other forms of sport and games played by the early
Filipinos.

FOREIGN INFLUENCES IN THE CULTURE OF FILIPINOS

Chinese – Gongs, Entrepreneurship, arrangement of marriage and cuisine.
Arabs – Islam, Calendar, Laws and Arts
Japanese – Weapons, Metallurgy, jewelry, hygiene and patriotism.
India – Gods and goddesses, bahala na attitude, sarong, putong
Laguna Copper Plate Inscription
Discovered in Laguna and the scripts was deciphered by experts.
Showed a public transaction and legal agreement about the debt payment.
822 in the Hindu calendar about 900 AD.
This discovery was pushes back the history of the country to 900 or more than 600 AD earlier than the
year 1521 accounts of Antonio Pigafetta.

Line 1: Hail! In the Saka-year 822; the month of March-April; according to the astronomer: the 4th day
of the dark half of the moon; on
Line 2: Monday. At that time, Lady Angkatan together with her relative, Bukah by name,
Line 3: the child of His Honor Namwran, was given, as a special favor, a document of full acquittal, by
the Chief and Commander of Tundun,
Line 4: the former Leader of Pailah, Jayadewah. To the effect that His Honor Namwran, through the
Honorable Scribe
Line 5: was totally cleared of a debt to the amount of 1 kati and 8 suwarna (weight of gold), in the
presence of His Honor the Leader of Puliran,
Line 6: Kasumuran; His Honor the Leader of Pailah, namely: Ganasakti; (and) His Honor the Leader
Line 7: of Binwangan, namely: Bisruta. And (His Honor Namwran) with his whole family, on orders by
the Chief of Dewata,
Line 8: representing the Chief of Mdang, because of his loyalty as a subject (slave?) of the Chief,
therefore all the descendants
Line 9: of His Honor Namwran have been cleared of the whole debt that His Honor owed the Chief of
Dewata. This (document) is (issued) in case
Line 10: there is someone, whosoever, sometime in the future, who will state that the debt is not yet
acquitted of His Honor...
THE CODE OF KALANTIAW
The Code of Kalantiaw was a law or orders were promulgated by the chieftains and the council of
elders.
1433 the third chieftain of Panay, Datu Kalantiaw the, descendant of Datu Sumakwel issue orders for the
guidance of his people.

Some Documents of the Code of Kalantiaw

I. Ye shall not kill; neither shall you steal; neither shall ye do hurt to the aged.
II. Ye shall obey. He who does not obey shall received one hundred lashes.
III. He who does not comply shall swim three hours or beaten with sharp thorns.

THE CODE OF KALANTIAW

The code was a set of rules contained in an epic Maragtas which was allegedly written by Datu
Kalantiaw.
The document was sold to National Library and was regarded as an important precolonial document.
Jose Marco donated five manuscripts to the Philippine Library, includes works which was written by
Friar Jose Marie Pavon.
In 1968, an American historian William Henry Scott debunked the authenticity of the code due to lack
of evidence.
Mt. Apo is the highest mountain in the world in the Philippines but historians differ on the data.
Agoncillo – Mount Apo is 9,600 feet high
Alip – Mount Apo is 9,699 feet high
Google – Mount Apo is 2,954 kilometers high

DID YOU KNOW?

PANACOT
Panacot or Scarborough Shoal can be seen in 1734 – 1744 &1760 Murillo Map considered
as the most important map of the Philippines.
Panacot or Scarborough Shoal does not appear in any of the ancient Chinese maps.
The U.N. arbitration court is dismissing China’s territorial claims saying it has no historic title to the
vast maritime region.

KINGDOM OF NAMAYAN
An ancient kingdom established in the 11th century, settlement in Santa Ana was the oldest
along the Pasig River.
Kingdoms in Namayan were known by the names of the cities Makati, Pasay, Mandaluyong, Quiapo,
Sampaloc, San Miguel, Sta. Mesa, Paco, Malate, Pandacan, San Juan del Monte and Taytay. This was
the present Metro Manila.

MANILA
Came from the word nilà, referring to a flowering mangrove
tree that grew on the delta of the Pasig River and shores of Manila Bay.
Founded on June 24, 1571, by Miguel López de Legazpi.
It is believe the city was already there before the Spaniards came known as Maynilad.
GLOSSARY

Babaylan – a male or female who can see the future and heal the sick.
Barangay – came from the Malay word Balangay meaning boat or consist of 30 to 100 families in one
area.
Code of Kalantiaw – It is written code made by Datu Kalantiaw which includes the Muslim code of
law.
Laguna Copper Plate – Consist of written about a debt and acquittal related to the King of Tondo in
822 AD.
William Henry Scott - an American Historian didn’t believe that the code of Kalantiaw exist.

REFLECTION

ASSIGNMENT

1. What makes the Philippines a unique nation?

2. Is it still possible for the Filipinos to have sense of national identity? Justify your answer.
3. What particular part of Philippine history you like the most? Why?
4. If you’re the historian? How would you get the accurate information about the history of your
country?
Psalm 37:23-24 “The LORD makes firm the steps of the one who delights in him; though he may stumble, he
will not fall, for the LORD upholds him with his hand.”
III. CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
*Site of the First Mass
*Cavite Mutiny
*Retraction of Rizal
*Cry of Balintawak or Pugadlawin

MAGELLAN’S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST

Ferdinand Magellan sailed to the East Indies & Malacca in the Malay Peninsula in 1506 & returned to
Portugal in 1512.
The idea of a passage to the west around South American.
King Charles I of Spain gave the go signal to discover the route to the East into Moluccas.
5 ships of Magellan were the Trinidad, Conception, Victoria, Santiago and San Antonio.

Enrique
A Malay slave believe to be a native of Spice Islands.
Served as a translator and guide for the expedition for Magellan’s voyage.

REDISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES

San Lucar Spain on Sept 20, 1519 after 2 months they reached Pernambuco
Brazil to Rio de Janeiro and Rio de Plata in Feb, 1520.
Reaches San Julian at the southern tip of South America where mutiny occurs.
The Ladrones Islands (Marianas Islands) and named it Island of Thieves and reached the island of
Guam.
Sighted the mountains of Samar this is the rediscovery of the Philippines in March 17, 1521.

VOYAGE TO THE ARCHIPELAGO

Landed at Homonhon so that the sick men could be taken care of and proceed to Limasawa and
befriended with Raha Kulambu.
March 31, 1521 was the first Mass in the country with Father Pedro de Valderrama and planted the
wooden cross and named it Archipelago de San Lazarus.
Sailed to Cebu and welcomed by Raha Humabon and became Carlos and his wife became Juana about
800 became Catholics.
Magellan presented the image of the infant Jesus to Juana.

Raha Sula asked Magellan to defeat his rival named Lapu Lapu because of the quarrel between them.
Magellan was killed during the fight with Lapu Lapu.

SITE OF FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
Around 1491 when he was born at Vicenza, Republic of Venice or was know now as Italy and died at
the aged of 39-40 around 1531.
He studied astronomy geography and cartography from the Republic of Venice.

Travelled with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and his crew on their First Voyage around
the World.
He was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522 with Sebastian Del Elcano on the Victoria and
the Trinidad was captured by the Portuguese in the Moluccas trying to sail back and only 18 of them
survived from 250.
OTHER EXPEDITIONS TO THE EAST
Magellan’s Expedition was the greatest single voyage ever known to man.
Spain became supreme in building the colonial empire & others followed suit.
Proved conclusively that the earth was round and led to other Spanish expeditions to the Orient.
The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521 (Eastern Sunday) by Father
Pedro de Valderrama Located at the Southern Leyte a popularly known as the birthplace of the Church
in the Philippines.
Holy First Mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.

CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN LIMASAWA AND MASAO, BUTUAN

Masao
1872 A monument to commemorate the site of First mass on the Philippines was erected in Butuan.
1953 The people in Butuan asked the Philippine Historical Committee to rehabilitate the monument or
place a marker on the site.
The marble slab stating it was the site of first mass was removed.
For Gregorio Zaide identified Masao in Butuan as the location of the first mass.
The basis Zaide’s claim is the diary of Antonio Pigafetta, chronicle of Magellan’s Voyage.

Limasawa
Jaime de Veyra stated that the first mass was celebrated in Limawasa not in Butuan.
Historian Pablo Pastells stating by the footnote to Francisco Colin’s Labor
Evangelica that Magellan did not go to Butuan but from Limasawa to Cebu.
Francisco Albo pilot of Magellan’s flagship does not mention the first mass but he writes that they
erected a cross on a mountain which overlooked the three islands the west and the southwest.
In the authentic account of Pigafetta, the port was not in Butuan but an island named Masawa.

EVIDENCE FOR LIMASAWA

1. The evidence of Albo’s Log-Book 2. The Evidence of Pigafetta’s testimony regarding the route
3. The evidence of Pigafetta’s map 4. The two native kings 5. Summary of the evidence of Albo and
Pigafetta. 6. Confirmatory evidence from the Magellan’s expedition.

EVIDENCE FOR MASAO

1. The name of the place 2. The route from Homonhon 3. The latitude position 4. The geographical
features
5. The bonfire 6. The balanghai 7. House 8. Abundance of gold 9. Developed settlement

THE CHRONICLES OF ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

The impression of the Far East including their experiences in the Visayas.
In the account, their fleet reached he called the Ladrones Islands or the (Islands of Thieves).
“These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fishbone at the end. They are poor, but
ingenious, and great thieves and for the sake of that we called these three Islands the Ladrones.”
The Ladrones Islands is known as the Marianas Islands.
They able to reach the Island of Zamal, now Samar.
The fleet went to Humunu Island (Homonhon) and found what Pigafetta referred to as Watering Place of
Good Signs.
Pigafetta wrote they found the first signs of gold in the island.
They named the island archipelago of St. Lazarus.
DID YOU KNOW?
MAGELLAN’S CROSS
Cruz de Magallanes is a Christian cross planted by Ferdinand Magellan on March 17, 1521.
The cross is housed in a chapel next to the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño in front of Cebu City.
The cross describes the original cross encased inside the is tingalo as expressed famous historian Geo
Zayas.
Believe that the cross possesses miraculous powers.

RISE OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM

Opening of the Suez Canal in the 2 nd half of the 19th century to shortening travel from Spain to the
Philippines.
Sending books, periodicals from Europe encourage Filipinos to go to Europe for study.

Propaganda – a political method of asking for reforms through peaceful means.

Liberation of the Philippines was done by Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre.
A Governor-General in the year 1869
Has set a liberal and democratic philosophy.
Has abolished censorship of the press.
1868, revolution took place in Spain against the autocracy reign of Queen Isabella II it last from 1868-
1870.
Secularization Controversy
Secularization sought to appoint secular priest to administer parish churches.
Two Kinds of Priests:
Regular Priests
Secular Priests
Fr. Pedro Pelaez Lead the Filipino seculars.
Parishes under Filipino Priests were taken over by friars
Fr. Pelaez appealed to Queen Isabela II.
Fr. Pelaez died because of Earthquake.
Rafael de Izquierdo an autocrat reverses all of De la Torre’s reforms.
th
Cavite Mutiny started on the 20 of January 1872 was caused by Forced Labor and the Tribute.

Mutineers led by La Madrid and led the arrest of Fr. Gomez, Burgos, Zamora and others and without
evidence were executed in Bagumbayan.

THE CAVITE MUTINY

Cavite Mutiny started on the 20th of January 1872 was caused by Forced
Labor and the Tribute.
Mutineers led by La Madrid and led the arrest of Fr. Gomez, Burgos, Zamora
and others and without evidence were executed in Bagumbayan.

Mutiny
A rebellion against the authority comes from the old verb mutine means revolt.
Uprising in the military personnel of fort San Felipe the Spanish arsenal in Cavite on January 20, 1872.
Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would be elevate to a national uprising.
Mutiny was unsuccessful, and Spanish soldiers executed many participants.
THE MARTYRDOM OF THE THREE PRIESTS
GOMBURZA
The collective name of three martyred priests.
Tagged as the master minds of the Cavite mutiny.
They were Filipino priests charged with treason and sedition.
Spanish clergy connected the priests as part of the conspiracy of the secular priests who desire to have
their own parishes.

FATHER MARIANO GOMEZ

A Chinese-Filipino in Cavite mid-70s.
Held the most senior position of the three archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite.
A truly nationalistic and accepted the death penalty calmly as though penance for being a pro-Filipino.

FATHER JOSE BURGOS

A Spanish descent born in the Philippines.
He was a parish priest of Manila Cathedral known to be close to the liberal Gov. Carlos Dela Torre.
A 35 years old at the time when he was active outspoken in advocating Filipinization of the clergy.

FATHER JACINTO ZAMORA

A 37 years old, also a Spanish born in the Philippines.
He was the parish priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any
arrogance or authoritative behavior from the Spaniards coming from Spain.

SPANISH ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

Jose Montero Vidal
A Spanish historian and his account centered on how the event was an attempt in overthrowing the
Spanish government in the Philippines.
The account was criticized as biased.
The idea of attains their independence. It was towards this goal that they
started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain section of a
native clergy.
Governor Rafael Iziquerdo
Implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement towards secularization of parishes.
He highlighted to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new Hari in the
person of Father Burgos and Zamora.

According to Governor Rafael Iziquerdo

Native clergy attracted supporters by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight would not fail
because they had God’s support and rewards such as employment, wealth and ranks in the army.
It has not been cleared determined if they planned to established a monarchy or a Republic, because the
Indios have no word to describe this form of government.
Who's head in the Filipino would be called Hari?
It turns out that the head selected would Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.

SPANISH ACCOUNTS ON THE CAVITE MUTINY

The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the Filipino workers of Cavite arsenal.
Exemption of paying of tribute and being employed in Polo Servicios (forced labor).
Presence of the native clergy, against the Spanish friars conspired and support of the rebels.
A big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers and residence of manila and Cavite.
To liquidate high ranking Spanish officers and friars.
January 20, 1872 district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin Loreto, came with some
fireworks display.
Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence of the attack.
Sargent La Madrid attacked Spanish officers at the site and seized the arsenal.
Izquierdo ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces to quell the rebellion and was easily crushed.
Father Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were tried by the court-martial sentence to be executed.
Other were implicated Joaquin Pardo De Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose Basa and Pio Valunzuela.
Other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the practice of law, and sentence to life imprisonment at
the Marianas Island.

February 17, 1872 GOMBURZA were executed by Garrote in public to serve as

a threat to the Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again.
It was witness by young Jose Rizal.

DE TAVERA’S ACCOUNT ON THE CAVITE MUTINY

Pardo De Tavera
A Filipino scholar and a researcher.
Wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite.

The incident was merely a mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of Cavite arsenal to the
dissatisfaction arising from the policies of Izquierdo like the abolition of privileges and prohibition of
the founding the school of arts and trade.
Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of their country.
The Friars feared that their power in the colony would soon be complete a thing of the past.

Edmund Plauchut
A French writer Complemented Tavera’s account and analyzed the motivation of the 1872 Cavite
Mutiny.
The arrival in Manila of Gen. Izquierdo put a sudden end of reforms such a policy must really end in a
strong desire on the past of the other to repress cruelly.

THE ACCOUNTS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY

Friars used the Cavite Mutiny as a part of a larger conspiracy to cement their dominance.
They showcased the Mutiny as a part of a greater conspiracy in the
Philippines by Filipinos to overthrow the Spanish government in the country.
It resulted in the martyrdom of GOMBURZA and paved way to the revolution culminating in 1898.

RIZAL’S REACTION ON GOMBURZA’S EXECUTION

Dr. Jose Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo, to their memory.
I dedicated my work to you as victims of evil which I undertake to combat.

DID YOU KNOW?

CAVITE
The name "Cavite" comes from the Hispanicize kawit or kalawit, Tagalog word for hook", in refers to
the small hook shaped peninsula jutting out to Manila Bay.
It is a place for Chinese junks that came to trade with the settlements around Manila Bay.
It was formerly known as "Tangway.
GLOSSARY

Limasawa – got its name? Rajah Kolambu, the Rajah of the Island has 5 wives that is why the place was  called
Limasawa which means lima asawa (5 wives).

Masao - is a barangay in the city of Butuan.

Propaganda - is communication that is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, which may
not be objective and may be presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis.

REFLECTION

ASSIGNMENT

1. Why do you think that Limasawa was the first Mass was held instead of Masao, Butuan? What is your
analysis about this?
2. What do you think about the accounts on the Cavite Mutiny in 1872 as the first Mutiny against the
Spanish authorities? What is your analysis about this?

Psalm 37:23-24 “The LORD makes firm the steps of the one who delights in him; though he may stumble, he
will not fall, for the LORD upholds him with his hand.”