HISTORY

LESSON#1: MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF THE HISTORY

HISTORY:

 Derived from the Greek word "Historia" which means "inquiry or knowledge
acquired by investigation.
 Is the STUDY OF PAST EVENTS
VICTOR HUGO –

 "what is history? An echo of the past in the future; a reflex from the
future on the past"
MERRIAM WEBSTER (2018)- "A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS
(such as those affecting a nation or institution) often INCLUDING AN EXPLANATION OF THEIR
CAUSES.
HISTORIOGRAPHY: refers to how, what, and why history is written
 PREHISTORY refers to the period where information of the past were recorded in
materials other than written document which may not be understood by a
historian.
 HISTORY covers information derived from largely written records of past experiences.

 PREHISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES cover the events until 21 April 900 the date
indicated on the LCI.
 LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION (LCI) the earliest or the first legal written
document recorded in the Philippines

WHY STUDY HISTORY?

According to PETER N. STEARNS IN 1998 WITH THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL
ASSOCIATION here are the reasons why we study the history
1. History Helps us understand people and societies
2. History Helps us understand change and how the society we live in came to be
3. History contributes to moral understanding
4. History provides identity
5. Studying history is essential for good citizenship

According to STERN this are the following skills that the students will learn in studying history
 The ability to assess evidence
 The ability to assess conflicting interpretations
 Experience in assessing past examples of change
HISTORICAL SOURCES

 The Historian’s most important research tools.

  ---- An OBJECT OR TESTIMONY FROM THE PAST THAT CONTAINS IMPORTANT
HISTORICAL INFORMATION.
CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES

 Those are original records or contemporary accounts of certain event by a people

who have actually participated, experienced or witnessed it.
 mostly accounts of eyewitnesses. As proposed above, they are generally
preferred.
Examples:
 Testimonies
 Government Records
 Interviews
 Literature Pieces
 Photographs
SECONDARY SOURCES

 It explains a certain event of the past through evaluation and interpretation of the
records created during a historical period.
 HISTORICAL RESOURCES which studied a certain historical subject.
Examples:
 Journal Articles
 Political Commentary
 Textbooks
 Criticism of Art Works
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CRITICISIM

 HISTORICAL METHOD
refers to the process of probing primary sources that will be used in writing history.
Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez (1946)
SOURCE CRITICISM ASKS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
 When was the source, written or unwritten, produced?
 Where was it produced?
 By whom was it produced?
 From what pre-existing material was it produced?
 In what original form was it produced?
 What is the evidential value of its contents?
 EXTERNAL CRITICISM
The first five questions are considered to be part of external criticism. Historians determine
the authenticity of sources by examining the date, locale, creator, analysis and integrity
of the historical sources.
 INTERNAL CRITICISM
The LAST QUESTION IS TREATED AS INTERNAL CRITICISM AS IT HELPS
 THE HISTORIANS DETERMINE THE CREDIBILITY OF THE SOURCE. It studies
the content of the source to know its truthfulness.
NEUMAN (2013)

 explained the difference between external and internal criticism

CODE OF KALANTIAW: One of the disputed documents which may illustrate the application
of external and internal criticism
 The Code was introduced as written by Datu Kalantiaw of Negros in 1433.
However, in a study presented by William Henry Scott, it was found out to be a hoax
– a forgery written by Jose E. Marco in 1913.
 A primary source is more reliable than a secondary source, which is more reliable than a
tertiary source, and so on.
KINDS AND REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES

 Primary Sources may be published or unpublished documents and may also be unwritten.
 PUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
Those that are INTENDED FOR PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION or use such as newspapers,
magazines, books, reports etc.
 UNPUBLISHED DOCUMENTS
These DOCUMENTS ARE CONFIDENTIAL AND ARE RESTRICTED FROM
PUBLIC use such as personal letters, diaries, journals, etc.

 UNWRITTEN SOURCES
These may INCLUDES ORAL TRADITIONS, ORAL HISTORIES, ARTWORKS AND
ARTIFACTS.
WHERE DO PRIMARY SOURCES OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY ARE PLACED
National Archives of the Philippines (NAP)

 National Archives of the Philippines (NAP) was established to store, preserve, conserve,
and make available to the public the records that have been selected for permanent
reservation.
National Library of the Philippines (NLP)
  The National Library of the Philippines (NLP) is the REPOSITORY OF THE
PRINTED AND RECORDED CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE COUNTRY.
- It was established by a royal decree on 12 August 1887 and named as the Museo-
Biblioteca de Filipinas.
National Museum of the Philippines (NM)