Readings in Philippine History: Edward Benrick D. Salonga, Mpa 2020

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READINGS IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
EDWARD BENRICK D. SALONGA, MPA

2020
Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

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MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO READINGS
IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Learning Outcome
1. To discuss the meaning and relevance of the study of history; and

2. To evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and
provenance.

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MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY
Meaning
The English word ‘History’ is derived from the Greek noun ‘Historia’.
‘History’ or ‘Historia’ simply means ‘inquiry’ or ‘research’.
Merriam Webster defined history as a chronological record of significant

events (such as those affecting a nation or institution) often including an
explanation of their causes.
“History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind,

including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great
changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race.”
—John J. Anderson. 1876. A Manual of General History
“History is a record of unchanging past.”

- Aristotle
"History is all the remains that have come down to us from the past, studied
with all the critical and interpretative power that the present can bring to the task."
- Frederick Jackson Turner
“History deals with the past, not with the future. We use history to avoid the
mistakes of the past, not to recreate the very same events. You cannot.”
― Teodoro A. Agoncillo, Talking History: Conversations with Teodoro A.
Agoncillo
"History is not the past . . . History is the distillation of evidence surviving

from the past. Where there is no evidence there is no history."
- Oscar Handlin, Truth in History
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“History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another.”
- Jacob Burckhardt
“History is a connected account of the course of events or progress of

ideas.”
- Rapson
Historiography- refers to the writing of history based on the critical

examination of sources and the selection of particulars from the authentic
materials. It also includes the synthesis of particulars into a narrative that will stand
the test of critical methods (Merriam Webster).
Philippine Historiography as mentioned by Candelaria and Alporha in

2018, underwent several changes since the pre- colonial period until the present.

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Below are some of the Filipino historians with their different views on Philippine
historiography:
a. Gregorio F. Zaide, Fr. Horacio Dela Costa and Fr. Jose Arcilla-
Philippine History in clerical point of view.
b. Teodoro Agoncillo- nationalist point of view of Filipino history

(nationalist historiography); said that Philippine History started in 1872.
c. Samuel K. Tan- Philippine history is a collective interplay of events;

history is not just the work of a particular group of people in a particular
place; opposed the Manila- centered history.
d. Reynaldo C. Ileto- history from below; “Pasyon at Rebolusyon”.
e. Renato Constantino- “history is the achievement of man not the

individual but the collective”; history from below; masses as real movers
of history.
f. Zeus A. Salazar- ”pantayong pananaw”; use of Filipino language as

medium of instruction in teaching history
Elements of History
1. The Historian/ Author
Refers to the person writing/ documenting the events/ history.
2. Place
The location where the history was written.
3. Period
It refers to the context of the time when the history was written.
4. Sources
Defined as objects that have been left in the past and that exist either as
relic or as testimonies of witnesses to the past.
Relevance

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“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know

profoundly the past, so that we may be in complete openness with the men who
made that history and to intimate communism with their thoughts, their deeds, and
their noble lives.”
Senator Claro M. Recto
History is pre- requisite to nationalism. One cannot truly love his country
without loving its history. If one loves a person, he will be much interested and will
love to know the history of the person he loves.
We study history to know and understand the events that took place in the
country. These events are both success stories and mistakes. We are studying the
success stories for them to serve as an inspiration to further to move forward as a
nation. On the other hand, we intend to understand our mistakes to learn from
them and to be careful not to commit them again.
HISTORICAL SOURCES
Most historical source material can be grouped into four basic categories:
documents, numerical records, oral statements, and relics.
Documents are written or printed materials that have been produced in one
form or another sometime in the past.
Numerical records include any type of numerical data in printed or

handwritten form.
Oral statements include any form of statement made orally by someone.
Relics are any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provide
some information about the past.
DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES
A primary source is one prepared by an individual who was a participant in,

or a direct witness to, the event that is being described. A secondary source is a
document prepared by an individual who was not a direct witness to an event, but
who obtained his or her description of the event from someone else.
Primary Sources

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These are contemporary accounts of an event, written by someone

who experienced or witnessed the event in question. These original
documents (i.e., they are not about another document or account) are often
diaries, letters, memoirs, journals, speeches, manuscripts, interviews and
other such unpublished works. They may also include published pieces
such as newspaper or magazine articles (as long as they are written soon
after the fact and not as historical accounts), photographs, audio or video
recordings, research reports in the natural or social sciences, or original
literary or theatrical works.
Secondary Sources
The function of these is to interpret primary sources, and so can be

described as at least one step removed from the event or phenomenon
under review. Secondary source materials, then, interpret, assign value to,
conjecture upon, and draw conclusions about the events reported in primary
sources. These are usually in the form of published works such as journal
articles or books, but may include radio or television documentaries, or
conference proceedings.
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISMS
External criticism refers to the genuineness of the documents a

researcher uses in a historical study.
Garraghan divides external criticism into six inquiries:
1. When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?

2. Where was it produced (localization)?
3. By whom it was produced (authorship)?
4. From what pre- existing material was it produced (analysis)?
5. In what original form was it produced (integrity)?
6. What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?
Internal criticism refers to the accuracy of the contents of a document.

Whereas external criticism has to do with the authenticity of a document, internal
criticism has to do with what the document says.

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Questions of External and Internal Criticisms
In doing external and internal criticisms, the following shall be considered:
a. Genealogy of the Document
Is the source an original, a copy of the original or a copy of a copy?
b. Genesis of a Document
What kind of institution or individual produced a source, with what

authority, under what circumstances?
c. The Originality of the Document
How is the document rooted from other sources?
d. Interpretation of the Document
How did the author frame the intent and meaning of a composed
material?
e. Authorial Authority
With what authority does the author of a source speak?
f. Competence of the Observer
What was the psychological state of the author of the source?

To what extent was the author’s report selective?
What prejudices would have informed the account?
Under what outside influences was the source created?
Could the observer have understood what he/she saw?
Was the observer technically or socially qualified to understand what
he saw?

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g. The Trustworthiness of the Observer
How does the author conceal or suppress knowledge to advance one’s

agenda?
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Primary sources can be located on the following:
National Archives of the Philippines (NAP)
Repository of public documents- notaries, birth

certificates, government correspondences and
records, maps to name few. In the case of the
Philippines, the earliest public document it has is
traceable to the time of the early Spanish conquest in
the 1560s. When the Spaniards surrendered the
Philippines to the Americans by virtue of the Treaty of
NAP Logo
Paris in December 1898 (effective the following year),
Spanish government records were subsequently turned
over to the U.S. Military Governor in Intramuros. As time goes by, the
holdings of the National Archives reached more than ten of millions. (Our
government records under Aguinaldo administration- called the Philippine
Revolutionary Records- have separate repository at the National Library of
the Philippines.)
The National Archives survived the destruction during World War II,
termites and silverfishes, earthquakes, floods, and fire. The government
effort in maintaining these national treasures continues.
(www.nap.gov.ph)
National Library of the Philippines (NLP)
The official national library of the country. Its

collections consists of more than 210, 000 books;
over 880,000 manuscripts, all part of the Filipiniana
Division; more than 170,000 newspaper issues
from Metro Manila and across the Philippines;
some 66,000 theses and dissertations; 104,000
government publications; 3,800 maps and 53,000
photographs.
Photo NLP Logo
Accounted in its collections include valuable
Rizaliana pieces, four incunabula, the original manuscript of Lupang
Hinirang (National Anthem), several sets of The Philippine Islands, 1493-

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1898, a collection of rare Filipiniana books previously owned by the

Compana General de Tabacos de Filipinas, and the documents of five
Philippine Presidents. The most prized possessions of the National Library,
which include Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo and Mi Ultimo
adios, three of his unfinished novels and the Philippine Declaration of
Independence, are kept in a special double- combination vault at the rare
documents section of the Filipiniana Division’s reading room.
(www.nlp.gov.ph)
National Museum of the Philippines
It is the government institution in the

Philippines that serves as an educational, scientific
and cultural institution in preserving the various
permanent national collections featuring the
ethnographic, anthropological, archaeological and
visual artistry of the Philippines.
National Museum Logo
Since 1998, the National Museum has been
the regulatory and enforcement agency of the
National Government in the restoring and safeguarding of important cultural
properties, sites and reservations throughout the Philippines.
University of the Philippines- Diliman Library
Situated at Gonzales Hall of the UP- Diliman campus, primary

documents of historical significance during the Spanish and Japanese
Period can be seen in the library of the UP- Diliman.
Local Studies Centers
Described and dedicated for the enrichment and study of one

locality‟s history, culture and related studies. Some of the local studies
centers in the country are: Cebuano Studies Center (University of San
Carlos, Cebu City), Cavite Studies Center (De La Salle University
Dasmariñas), Bahay-saliksikan ng Bulacan (Bulacan State University),
Center for Tarlaqueño Studies (Tarlac State University), Cordillera Studies
Center (University of the Philippines Baguio), Juan D. Nepomuceno Center
for Kapampangan Studies (Holy Angel University), Tayabas Studies and
Creative Writing Center (Tayabas, Quezon), and Sta. Rosa Studies Center
(City of Sta. Rosa, Laguna).
According to Foronda in 1991, local studies centers in the Philippines

have the following functions:

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1. these serve as clearing house in-charge of collecting, organizing,

disseminating and preserving local studies materials of their
particular locality;
2. these local studies centers are responsible for conducting,
publishing and promoting local historical researches;
3. these are responsible for promoting historical events and creating
historical activities; and
4. these local studies centers are encouraged to establish and
sustain linkage and networking with other centers, historical
bodies, and government bodies both here and abroad (Foronda,
1991 as cited by Jimenez, 2006, p. 7).
Online Sites
Some of the Spanish era primary sources can be accessed at the

websites of the following libraries: Archivo Nacional Historico, Archivo
General de Indians, and Portal de Archivos Espanoles (PARES). American
period documents can be accessed on the other hand at the websites of the
following: Library of Congress, HathITrust Digital Library, Arhive.org and
University of Michigan Library.
Groups in social media sites such as Facebook also upload

photographs and documents which are considered to be primary sources.
TECHNICAL TOOLS IN EXAMINING SOURCES
1. Paleography
It is the study of handwriting. This includes the forms and the

processes of writing.
2. Diplomatics
Used primarily for textual analysis; writing styles maybe determined

by its specific time/period wherein there is a set of writing conventions and
formulas.
3. Archaeology
The scientific study of the material remains of past human life and
activities. These include human artifacts from the very earliest stone tools
to the man-made objects that are buried or thrown away in the present
day.

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4. Statistics
It is the branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis,

interpretation and presentation of masses of numerical data.
5. Linguistics
The study of the structure and development of language in general

or of particular languages.
6. Genealogy
The study of family relationships. It includes family history and even

tracing of family lineages.
7. Prosopography
The use of biographical material to construct group narratives.
8. Sigillography
Science and art of identifying and decoding seals. This tool in

examining sources is used to authenticate archival documents.
9. Heraldry
Study of coats of arms. Coats of arms are special design in the

form of a shield that a family, government institution or any organization
use as a symbol of their identity.
10. Numismatics
The study of coins.

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Name:_____________________ Date:________________
Year and Section:_____________ Score:_______________
CHAPTER 1 EXERCISES
TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Write T is the statement is correct and F if the statement is false.
__________ 1. Some secondary sources give conjectures.

__________ 2. The National Library of the Philippines is the government
institution in the Philippines that serves as an educational, scientific and cultural
institution in preserving the various permanent national collections.
__________ 3. External criticism refers to the genuineness of the documents.
__________ 4. Internal criticism refers to the authenticity of the documents.
__________ 5. Primary sources are contemporary accounts of an event.
__________ 6. The National Archives of the Philippines has 210,000 book
collections.
__________ 7. Local studies center are dedicated for the enrichment and study
of one locality‟s history, culture and related studies.
__________ 8. Asking the real author of a particular primary document is a
question of internal criticism.
__________ 9. National Museum is the regulatory and enforcement agency of
the government in preserving of important cultural properties.
__________ 10. History is generally about the past, present and future.
__________ 11. Numismatics is the study of coat of arms.
__________ 12. Genealogy is the study of family relationships.
__________ 13. Oral statements include any form of statement made orally by
someone.
__________ 14. Genealogy of a Document refers to what kind of institution or
individual produced a source.
__________ 15. There are four major elements of history.
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY SOURCE
Direction: Identify the following sources as primary or secondary.
___________ 1. Diary of Ninoy Aquino

___________ 2. Oral Statements of Mae Delos Santos, survivor of Mt. Pinatubo
eruption.
___________ 3. Memoir of Juan Ponce Enrile
___________ 4. 2010 TV Documentary about the imposition of Martial Law in the
Philippines.
___________ 5. First class relic of San Lorenzo Ruis de Manila.

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___________ 6. Photograph of the execution of Rizal in Bagumbayan.

___________ 7. Appointment paper of Emilio Jacinto signed by Andres
Bonifacio.
___________ 8. The History Textbook authored by Teodoro Agoncillo.
___________ 9. 2017 News Article featuring the Bataan Death March.
__________ 10. Research on the Philippine Revolution published in the journal
of social sciences.

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Name: _________________ Date: _____________

Year and Section:_________
CRITICISM INSTRUMENT FOR PRIMARY DOCUMENTS

(Please attach a copy of the primary document produced)
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
Title of Primary
Source:_________________________________________________
Type of Primary Source:

________________________________________________________________
When written?
________________________________________________________________
Where written?
________________________________________________________________
How did it survive?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Who was the real author?
________________________________________________________________
INTERNAL CRITICISM
Is the author an eyewitness or secondhand account holder?

________________________________
Why was it written?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
Does the content have literal meaning or connotation? Explain.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO PHILIPPINE OR LOCAL HISTORY

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MODULE 2
ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY SOURCES
Learning Outcomes
1. Analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of

primary sources;
2. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in
understanding Philippine history; and
3. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources.

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CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
After doing external and internal criticisms of the historical sources and
when the authenticity and credibility is already established, we can now analyze
these sources to understand them more and for us to make historical claims and
positions.
Context Analysis
This analysis considers the following: the historical context of the source
(time and place it was written and the situation at the time; the author’s
background, intent (to the extent discernable), and authority on the subject; and
the source’s relevance and meaning today.
Content Analysis
This analysis on the other hand, applies appropriate techniques depending

on the type of source (written, oral, visual). In the process students will be asked,
for example, to identify the author’s main argument or thesis, compare points of
view, identify biases, and evaluate the author’s claim based on the evidences
presented or other available evidence at the time.
In doing both analyses, the student should also be able to give his over-all
assessment of the primary source. This may include discussion of the
knowledge gained by the reader from the primary source; and a critical
assessment on the historical value/ significance of the source in
understanding the events of Philippine History.

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READING NO. 1 KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN
KARTILLA NG KATIPUNAN
Emilio Jacinto
Mga Aral ng Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.
1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan

ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa

talagang nasang gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa

kapua at ang isukat ang bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang
Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay;

mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di
mahihigtan sa pagkatao.
5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang
may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y

magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang
magdadaan. Value of time
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong

ipaglihim ang dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t

mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng
iaakay ay kasamaan din.
11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang,
kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan;
gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin
ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan.

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12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong
gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at

puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na
kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking
gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may magandang
asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di
nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang
tinubuan.
14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng

mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng
matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng
ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at mga
tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na
ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin,
maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa kasunod nito.
The Katipunan Code of Conduct

[translation by Gregorio Nieva, 1918]
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree
without a shade, if not a poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow creature, and to adjust

one's conduct, acts and words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by
nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain
to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the
field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets.

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10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children,
and if the guide leads to the precipice, those whom he guides will also go
there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful
companion who will share with thee the penalties of life; her (physical)
weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of the
mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and
sisters, that do not unto the wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy
neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is
aquiline, and his color white, not because he is a *priest, a servant of God,
nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is
worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps
his words, is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to
being oppressed, he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be
born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of
Liberty shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its
rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the
same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and the
well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who desires to enter (the Katipunan)
has informed himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform what
will be his duties, he may fill out the application for admission.
Background (Katipunan and Kartilya)
The Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galang na

Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or
simply Katipunan was a Philippine Revolutionary
Society founded by Andres Bonifacio, Teodoro
Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Darilyo Valino, Rulfo Guia,
Dano Belica, Tiburcio Liamson and Gabrino
Manzanero in 1892 at Manila. Its primary aim is to
KKK Flag gain the independence of the Philippines from
Spain through revolution.
The Kartilya ng Katipunan is the guide of KKK members in its rules and
principles. It was initially written by its Supremo, Andres Bonifacio but was later
revised by Emilio Jacinto as the Decalogue of Katipunan.

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READING NO. 2 THE ACT OF DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE

INDEPENDENCE
Declaration of PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE

Translation by Sulpicio Guevara
In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898:
BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counselor and Special

Delegate designated to proclaim and solemnize this Declaration of
Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines, pursuant
to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by the Engregious Dictator Don Emilio
Aguinaldo y Famy,
The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who
could not attend, as well as the representatives of the various towns,
Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired
of bearing the ominous joke of Spanish domination,
Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause
deaths in connivance with and even under the express orders of their
superior officers who at times would order the shooting of those placed
under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in violation of
known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and
because of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those
decreed by General Blanco at the instigation of the Archbishop and friars
interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish ends, which
deportations were carried out through processes more execrable than those
of the Inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trial without
hearing.
Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the

independence and sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by
Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who, continuing the
course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on the
shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of Friendship
with Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle that took place in said
shores to which battle he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako ** of Mactan
who suspected his evil designs, landed on the Island of Bohol by entering
also into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later
taking by force the Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did
not allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the capital, winning likewise
the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession
of the city and the whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an
order of King Philip II, and with these historical precedents and because in
international law the prescription established by law to legalize the vicious
acquisition of private property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such

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revolution can not be put in doubt which was calmed but not complete stifled
by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio
Aguinaldo as President of the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and
accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under
terms, both written and oral, among them being a general amnesty for all
deported and convicted persons; that by reason of the non-fulfillment of
some of the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of Cavite, Don Emilio
Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had
he given the order to rise on the 31st of last month when several towns
anticipating the revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th , such that a Spanish
contingent of 178 men, between Imus Cavite-Viejo, under the command of
major of the Marine Infantry capitulated , the revolutionary movement
spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces of
Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of
them with seaports and such was the success of the victory of our arms,
truly marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial revolutions that
in the first mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and Indang
remained to surrender; in the second all Detachments had been wiped out;
in the third the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of
San Fernando where the greater part of them are concentrated, the
remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town
of Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital and in Calumpit; and in last two remaining
provinces, only in there respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon
be besieged by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac,
Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where
the revolution at the time of the pacification and others even before, so that
the independence of our country and the revindication of our sovereignty is
assured.
And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge
of the Universe, and under the protection of our Powerful and Humanitarian
Nation, The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare
solemnly in the name by authority of the people of these Philippine Islands,
That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have
ceased to have allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties
between them are should be completely severed and annulled; and that,
like other free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make
War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate
commerce, and do all other acts and things which and Independent State
Has right to do,
And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually

bind ourselves to support this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and
with our sacred possession, our Honor.

22
We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the
same, the Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we
reverse as the Supreme Head of this Nation, which today begins to have a
life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the instrument chosen by
God, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this
unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent
verses which he composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating
it from the Yoke of Spanish domination,
And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned
the commission of abuses by its officials, and for the unjust execution of
Rizal and others who were sacrified in order to please the insatiable friars
in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against and extermination of all those
who oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal Code of
these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of
Detachments at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance
of trial and without any spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and likewise, and
for the same ends, eminent Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don
Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent
blood was shed due to the intrigues of these so-called Religious
corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military uprising
at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was
instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding the execution of the
decree- sentence issued by the Council of State in the appeal in the
administrative case interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal
Orders that directed that the parishes under them within the jurisdiction of
this Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those
controlled by them in Mindanao which were to be transferred to the Jesuits,
thus revoking them completely and ordering the return of those parishes, all
of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which
they are sent last month of the year of the issuance of the proper Royal
Degree which, in turn, caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear
land that grow more and more through the iniquitous measures of
oppressions, until the last drop of our chalice of suffering having been
drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to
Santa Mesa and continued its course to the adjoining regions of the
province were the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a one sided
battle against superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for
a period of 3 months, without proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos,
pointed bamboos, and arrows.
Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the
powers necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government,
including the prerogatives of granting pardon and amnesty,

23
And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and
independent as of this day, must used the same flag which up to now is
being used, whose designed and colored are found described in the
attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the
famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact
inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three
principal Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where
the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the gigantic step
made by the son of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization;
the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which declares
themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the
colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United
States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this
Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues
lending us.
And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here

assembled: Don Segundo Arellano, Don Tiburcio del Rosario, Sergio
Matias, Don Agapito Zialcita, Don Flaviano Alonzo, Don Mariano Legazpi,
Don Jose Turiano Santiago y Acosta, Don Aurelio Tolentino, Don Felix
Ferrer, Don Felipe Buencamino, Don Fernando Canon Faustino, Don
Anastacio Pinzun, Don Timoteo Bernabe, Don Flaviano Rodriguez, Don
Gavino (?) Masancay, Don Narciso Mayuga, Don Gregorio Villa, Don Luis
Perez Tagle, Don Canuto Celestino, Don Marcos Jocson, Don Martin de los
Reyes, Don Ciriaco Bausa, Don Manuel Santos, Don Mariano Toribio, Don
Gabriel de los Reyes, Don Hugo Lim, Don Emiliano Lim, Don Faustino
Tinorio(?), Don Rosendo Simon, Don Leon Tanjanque(?), Don Gregorio
Bonifacio, Don Manuel Salafranca, Don Simon Villareal, Don Calixto Lara,
Don Buenaventura Toribio, Don Gabriel Reyes, Don Hugo Lim, Don
Emiliano Lim, Don Fausto Tinorio(?), Don Rosendo Simon, Don Leon
Tanjanque(?), Don Gregorio Bonifacio, Don Manuel Salafranca, Don Simon
Villareal, Don Calixto Lara, Don Buenaventura Toribio, Don Zacarias
Fajardo, Don Florencio Manalo, Don Ramon Gana, Don Marcelino Gomez,
Don Valentin Politan, Don Felix Politan, Don Evaristo Dimalanta, Don
Gregorio Alvarez, Don Sabas de Guzman, Don Esteban Francisco, Don
Guido Yaptinchay, Don Mariano Rianzares Bautista, Don Francisco
Arambulo, Don Antonio Gonzales, Don Juan Antonio Gonzales, Don Juan
Arevalo, Don Ramon Delfino, Don Honorio Tiongco, Don Francisco del
Rosario, Don Epifanio Saguil, Don Ladislao Afable Jose, Don Sixto Roldan,
Don Luis de Lara, Don Marcelo Basa, Don Jose Medina, Don Efipanio
Crisia(?), Don Pastor Lopez de Leon, Don Mariano de los Santos, Don
Santiago Garcia, Don Andres Tria Tirona, Don Estanislao Tria Tirona, Don
Daniel Tria Tirona, Don Andres Tria Tirona, Don Carlos Tria Tirona, Don
Sulpicio P. Antony, Don Epitacio Asuncion, Don Catalino Ramon, Don Juan
Bordador, Don Jose del Rosario, Don Proceso Pulido, Don Jose Maria del

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Rosario, Don Ramon Magcamco(?), Don Antonio Calingo, Don Pedro

Mendiola, Don Estanislao Galinco, Don Numeriano Castillo, Don Federico
Tomacruz, Don Teodoro Yatco, Don Ladislao Diwa(?).
Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their
blood.
In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was

signed by me and by all those here assembled including the only stranger
who attended those proceedings, a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson,
a Colonel of Artillery.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

War Counselor and Special Delegate-Designate
Background (Proclamation of Philippine Independence, June 12, 1898)
The Philippines independence from Spain was

proclaimed by Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, then the president of
the country on June 12, 1898. The declaration of independence
took place at Aguinaldo’s home in Kawit (then Cavite El Viejo),
Cavite following the unfurling for the first time of the Philippine
flag and the playing of Marcha Nacional (now the Philippine
National Anthem) by the band of San Francisco de Malabon.
The Act of Declaration of the Philippine Independence

by solemnly read by its author Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista
the War Counselor and Special Delegate of President
Aguinaldo. It is a 16- page document, as Torres in 2018 pointed out, contained the
country’s “aspirations of freedom from Spanish rule, the sacrifices made, and the
revolution that resulted from it.”

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READING NO. 3 SPEECH OF CORAZON C. AQUINO BEFORE THE JOINT

SESSION OF UNITED STATES CONGRESS
Speech before the Joint session of the United States Congress (1986)
by Corazon Aquino
11th President of the Philippines

Delivered on September 18, 1986 at the United States Capitol, Washington,
D.C., United States of America
Mr. Speaker, Senator Thurmond, Distinguished members of Congress, 3

years ago I left America in grief, to bury my husband Ninoy Aquino. I thought
I had left it also, to lay to rest his restless dream of Philippine freedom.
Today, I have returned as the President of a free people.
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him by that brave and selfless act
of giving honor to a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had
lost faith in its future, founded in a faithless and brazen act of murder. So,
in giving we receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat we snatched our
victory.
For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered their
prayers for freedom. For myself and our children, Ninoy was a loving
husband and father. His loss, three times in our lives was always a deep
and painful one.
Fourteen years ago this month, was the first time we lost him. A President
turned dictator and traitor to his oath, suspended the constitution and shut
down the Congress that was much like this one before which I’m honored
to speak. He detained my husband along with thousands of others -
Senators, publishers, and anyone who had spoken up for the democracy as
its end drew near. But for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved. The
dictator already knew that Ninoy was not a body merely to be imprisoned
but a spirit he must break. For even as the dictatorship demolished one-by-
one; the institutions of democracy, the press, the congress, the
independence of a judiciary, the protection of the Bill of Rights, Ninoy kept
their spirit alive in himself.
The government sought to break him by indignities and terror. They locked
him up in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They
stripped him naked and held a threat of a sudden midnight execution over
his head. Ninoy held up manfully under all of it. I barely did as well. For forty-
three days, the authorities would not tell me what had happened to him.
This was the first time my children and I felt we had lost him.

26
When that didn’t work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder and a
host of other crimes before a military commission. Ninoy challenged its
authority and went on a fast. If he survived it, then he felt God intended him
for another fate. We had lost him again. For nothing would hold him back
from his determination to see his fast through to the end. He stopped only
when it dawned on him that the government would keep his body alive after
the fast had destroyed his brain. And so, with barely any life in his body, he
called off the fast on the 40th day. God meant him for other things, he felt.
He did not know that an early death would still be his fate, that only the
timing was wrong.
At any time during his long ordeal, Ninoy could have made a separate peace
with a dictatorship as so many of his countrymen had done. But the spirit of
democracy that inheres in our race and animates this chamber could not be
allowed to die. He held out in the loneliness of his cell and the frustration of
exile, the democratic alternative to the insatiable greed and mindless cruelty
of the right and the purging holocaust of the left.
And then, we lost him irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The
news came to us in Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of
our lives together. But his death was my country’s resurrection and the
courage and faith by which alone they could be free again. The dictator had
called him a nobody. Yet, two million people threw aside their passivity and
fear and escorted him to his grave. And so began the revolution that has
brought me to democracy’s most famous home, the Congress of the United
States.
The task had fallen on my shoulders, to continue offering the democratic

alternative to our people.
Archibald MacLeish had said that democracy must be defended by arms

when it is attacked by arms, and with truth when it is attacked by lies. He
failed to say how it shall be won.
I held fast to Ninoy’s conviction that it must be by the ways of democracy. I

held out for participation in the 1984 election the dictatorship called, even if
I knew it would be rigged. I was warned by the lawyers of the opposition,
that I ran the grave risk of legitimizing the foregone results of elections that
were clearly going to be fraudulent. But I was not fighting for lawyers but for
the people in whose intelligence, I had implicit faith. By the exercise of
democracy even in a dictatorship, they would be prepared for democracy
when it came. And then also, it was the only way I knew by which we could
measure our power even in the terms dictated by the dictatorship.
The people vindicated me in an election shamefully marked by government

thuggery and fraud. The opposition swept the elections, garnering a clear

27
majority of the votes even if they ended up (thanks to a corrupt Commission

on Elections) with barely a third of the seats in Parliament. Now, I knew our
power.
Last year, in an excess of arrogance, the dictatorship called for its doom in
a snap election. The people obliged. With over a million signatures they
drafted me to challenge the dictatorship. And I, obliged. The rest is the
history that dramatically unfolded on your television screens and across the
front pages of your newspapers.
You saw a nation armed with courage and integrity, stand fast by
democracy against threats and corruption. You saw women poll watchers
break out in tears as armed goons crashed the polling places to steal the
ballots. But just the same, they tied themselves to the ballot boxes. You saw
a people so committed to the ways of democracy that they were prepared
to give their lives for its pale imitation. At the end of the day before another
wave of fraud could distort the results, I announced the people’s victory.
Many of you here today played a part in changing the policy of your country
towards ours. We, the Filipinos thank each of you for what you did. For
balancing America’s strategic interest against human concerns illuminates
the American vision of the world. The co-chairman of the United States
observer team, in his report to the President said, “I was witness to an
extraordinary manifestation of democracy on the part of the Filipino people.
The ultimate result was the election of Mrs. Corazon Aquino as President
and Mr. Salvador Laurel as Vice-President of the Philippines.”
When a subservient parliament announced my opponent’s victory, the

people then turned out in the streets and proclaimed me the President of all
the people. And true to their word, when a handful of military leaders
declared themselves against the dictatorship, the people rallied to their
protection. Surely, the people take care of their own. It is on that faith and
the obligation it entails that I assumed the Presidency.
As I came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it. That is my contract with

my people and my commitment to God. He had willed that the blood drawn
with a lash shall not in my country be paid by blood drawn by the sword but
by the tearful joy of reconciliation. We have swept away absolute power by
a limited revolution that respected the life and freedom of every Filipino.
Now, we are restoring full constitutional government. Again as we restore

democracy by the ways of democracy, so are we completing the
constitutional structures of our new democracy under a constitution that
already gives full respect to the Bill of Rights. A jealously independent
constitutional commission is completing its draft which will be submitted
later this year to a popular referendum. When it is approved, there will be

28
elections for both national and local positions. So, within about a year from
a peaceful but national upheaval that overturned a dictatorship, we shall
have returned to full constitutional government.
Given the polarization and breakdown we inherited, this is no small

achievement. My predecessor set aside democracy to save it from a
communist insurgency that numbered less than five hundred. Unhampered
by respect for human rights he went at it with hammer and tongs. By the
time he fled, that insurgency had grown to more than sixteen thousand. I
think there is a lesson here to be learned about trying to stifle a thing with a
means by which it grows. I don’t think anybody in or outside our country,
concerned for a democratic and open Philippines doubts what must be
done. Through political initiatives and local re-integration programs, we
must seek to bring the insurgents down from the hills and by economic
progress and justice, show them that which the best-intentioned among
them fight. As president among my people, I will not betray the cause of
peace by which I came to power. Yet, equally and again, no friend of Filipino
democracy will challenge this. I will not stand by and allow an insurgent
leadership to spurn our offer of peace and kill our young soldiers and
threaten our new freedom.
Yet, I must explore the path of peace to the utmost. For at its end, whatever
disappointment I meet there is the moral basis for laying down the Olive
branch of peace and taking up the sword of war.
Still, should it come to that, I will not waiver from the course laid down by
your great liberator.
“With malice towards none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as
God gives us to see the right, let us finish the work we are in to bind up the
nation’s wounds. To care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his
widow and for his orphans to do all which may achieve and cherish a just
and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
Like Abraham Lincoln, I understand that force may be necessary before

mercy. Like Lincoln, I don’t relish it. Yet, I will do whatever it takes to defend
the integrity and freedom of my country.
Finally may I turn to that other slavery: our $26 billion foreign debt. I have
said that we shall honor it. Yet, the means by which we shall be able to do
so are kept from us. Many of the conditions imposed on the previous
government that stole this debt, continue to be imposed on us who never
benefited from it.
And no assistance or liberality commensurate with the calamity that was

vested on us have been extended. Yet ours must have been the cheapest
revolution ever. With little help from others, we Filipinos fulfilled the first and

29
most difficult condition of the debt negotiation, the full restoration of

democracy and responsible government. Elsewhere and in other times, a
more stringent world economic conditions, marshal plans and their like were
felt to be necessary companions of returning democracy.
When I met with President Reagan, we began an important dialogue about

cooperation and the strengthening of friendship between our two countries.
That meeting was both a confirmation and a new beginning. I am sure it will
lead to positive results in all areas of common concern. Today, we face the
aspiration of a people who have known so much poverty and massive
unemployment for the past 14 years. And yet offer their lives for the
abstraction of democracy.
Wherever I went in the campaign, slum area or impoverished village. They

came to me with one cry, democracy. Not food although they clearly needed
it but democracy. Not work, although they surely wanted it but democracy.
Not money, for they gave what little they had to my campaign. They didn’t
expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put food into their mouths,
clothes on their back, education in their children and give them work that
will put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing obligation to respond
quickly as the leader of the people so deserving of all these things.
We face a communist insurgency that feeds on economic deterioration even

as we carry a great share of the free world defenses in the Pacific. These
are only two of the many burdens my people carry even as they try to build
a worthy and enduring house for their new democracy. That may serve as
well as a redoubt for freedom in Asia. Yet, no sooner as one stone laid than
two are taken away. Half our export earnings, $2 billion dollars out of $4
billion dollars which is all we can earn in the restrictive market of the world,
must go to pay just the interest on a debt whose benefit the Filipino people
never received.
Still we fought for honor and if only for honor, we shall pay. And yet, should
we have to ring the payments from the sweat of our men’s faces and sink
all the wealth piled by the bondsman’s two-hundred fifty years of unrequited
toil. Yet, to all Americans, as the leader to a proud and free people, I address
this question, “Has there been a greater test of national commitment to the
ideals you hold dear than that my people have gone through? You have
spent many lives and much treasure to bring freedom to many lands that
were reluctant to receive it. And here, you have a people who want it by
themselves and need only the help to preserve it.”
Three years ago I said, Thank you America for the haven from oppression
and the home you gave Ninoy, myself and our children and for the three
happiest years of our lives together. Today I say, join us America as we

30
build a new home for democracy; another haven for the oppressed so it may
stand as a shining testament of our two nations’ commitment to freedom.
Background (Speech of Corazon Aquino)
Corazon C. Aquino is the first female president and the 11th President of the
Philippines. She is the president after the twenty (20) year rule of former president
Ferdinand E. Marcos who was removed from office through the bloodless EDSA
People Power Revolution.
She is the housewife of former Senator Benigno S.

Aquino Jr., the most prominent opposition leader during the
presidency of former president Marcos. She ran for
president against Marcos during the 1985 Snap Elections.
She was believed to won that election characterized by
fraud and anomalies. Marcos was later proclaimed winner
by the Batasang Pambansa based from the COMELEC, He
will later be removed from office because of EDSA People
Power Revolution.
Corazon C. Aquino President Cory Aquino’s speech before the Joint

Session of the US Congress talks about the experiences of
her husband Ninoy Aquino in fighting for democracy in the country; the condition
of the Philippines under Marcos rule; and the restoration of democracy in the
Philippines through the 1986 People Power Revolution. The speech was delivered
on September 18, 1986 at the United States Capitol, Washington, D.C., United
States of America and was numerously applauded by the members of the US
Congress.
READING NO. 4 TESTIMONIES OF THE SURVIVORS OF BATAAN DEATH

MARCH
Excerpt from interview with former American POW Alf R. Larson
You and Your group began the march on April 12, 1942?
“Yes. We began walking the next morning. It was about eighty miles from
where we started to where we ended up. It doesn’t seem very far, but we
were in such awful condition that eighty miles was a heck of a long way to
walk. It took six days to get to San Fernando […] On the first day, I saw two
things I will never forget. A Filipino man had been beheaded. His body lay
on the ground with blood everywhere. His head was short distance away.
Also, there was a dead Filipino woman with her legs spread apart and her
dress pulled up over her. She obviously had been raped and there was a
bamboo stake on her private area […]”

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You didn’t eat a thing for four days and you were already starved when you were
captured.
“That’s right. We weren’t given any water either. There was good water all
around us. Artesian wells flowing everywhere! They would not let us go and
get it. Men went stark raving mad! Soldiers broke ranks and ran towards the
water. They went completely insane because they had to get it. They never
got it! Of course, you know what happened to them.”
Our soldiers were shot before they reached water?
“That’s right.”
Excerpt from interview with former American POW Alfred X. Burgos
“[…] If you should not want to walk anymore—let’s say you were tired—well,
I’ve seen them shoot walking prisoners of war—actually be shot. Or if you
tried to get food which was thrown by the civilians to the walking military,
the Filipino military, that not only endangered you, but the one who was
giving the food or throwing the food to you […] If you could not keep up with
the group in the Death March, rather than slow the Death March, they’d get
rid of you by shooting you […] Oh, they bayoneted people, they shot people,
and if they think that you were delaying the Death March, you’re dead.”
Except from the book “My Hitch in Hell: The Bataan Death March” by former
American POW Lester I. Tenney
“[…] I was talking with Bronge and Cigoi when a Japanese officer came
riding by an horseback. He was waving his samurai sword from side to side,
apparently trying to cut off the head of anyone he could. I was on the outside
of the column when he rode past, and although I ducked the main thrust of
the sword, the end of the blade hit my left shoulder, missing my head and
neck by inches. It left a large gash that had to have stitches if I were to
continue on this march and continue living. As the Japanese office rode off,
Bronge and Cigoi called for a medic to fall back to our position. The medic
sewed up the cut with thread, which was all he had with him and for the next
two miles or so, my two friends carried me so that I would not have to fall
out of line. We all knew that falling out of line meant certain death.” (p. 53)

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Background (Bataan Death March)
There are more than 76,000 USAFFE

soldiers, including 66,000 Filipinos who laid
down their arms in Bataan. These soldiers
marched from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp
O’Donnell, a concentration camp in Capas,
Tarlac (Zaide, ). It was called the infamous
DEATH MARCH that began on April 10, 1942.
The Death March that began on April 10, 1942

has two major points; Mariveles, Bataan to San
Fernando, Pampanga, a distance of over a
Capas National Shrine hundred kilometers. Thousands of soldiers
walked from Mariveles to San Fernando. Many
were sick, hungry and thirsty. They were marched without any food or water, and
were even intentionally prevented from having water when it was available. Food
were thrown by civilians to the soldiers but the moment the Japanese soldiers
caught them getting the food, they will be shot to death. Some Filipino and
American soldiers who just started their ordeal along the way were beaten and
tortured. Those who are physically weak were bayoneted, and beheaded. Some
were stopped, making unmistakable demand for money, rings, watches, fountain
pens, knives, flashlights stripping them of their valuables, except for the clothing
they wore. Those who were slow in giving up their last earthly possessions were
slapped, beaten or even shot to death (Office of the Army Chief Historian,
Philippine Army).

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READING NO. 5 POLITICAL CARTOONS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Cartoon 1
“Uncle Sam to Little Aguinaldo -- See Here Sonny, Whom Are You Going
to Throw Those Rocks At? September 1898. Charles L. Bartholomew, Minneapolis
Journal. (Cartoons of the Spanish-American War by Bart, Minneapolis: Journal
Printing Company, 1899). The cartoon shows President Emilio Aguinaldo’s
condition after Spain gave the control of the Philippines to the United State by
virtue of Treaty of Paris.

34
Cartoon 2
The Editorial cartoon on National Thanksgiving Day, November 26, 1936.

(Photo from Philippines Graphic.). It shows that the Filipino people are grateful to
President Manuel L. Quezon for giving them “the right to live”.
Manuel L. Quezon, is the second president of the Philippines and the first
president of Philippine Commonwealth of the Philippines. Commonwealth was the
government of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 (excluding 1942 to 1945, the
period of Japanese occupation in the Philippines). It was the transitional
government of the country in preparation for its full autonomy and achievement of
independence.

35
Cartoon 3
Women Suffrage. The editorial cartoon depicts the support shown by

Former President Manuel L. Quezon to the Women’s Suffrage Movement.
President Quezon, having signed the Woman's Suffrage Plebiscite Bill on
September 30, 1936, said that, “…it is essential and even imperative that the right
to vote be granted to Filipino women if they are not to be treated as mere slaves”
and that, for women, it was “…their opportunity to wield a very important weapon
to defend their right to secure for themselves and those to follow them their well-
being and happiness.”
The Women’s Suffrage movement in the Philippines started as early as

1906 pioneered by Pura Villanueva Kalaw. Kalaw organized the Associacion
Feminista Ilongga that led to the proposal of the first women suffrage bill in the
Philippine Assembly in 1907. A women’s suffrage plebiscite was held in 1937
winning the “yes” for the female to have the right to participate in elections, of
447,725 over 44,307 “no” votes.

36
Cartoon 4
The cartoon symbolizes the Marcos Rule characterized by political

patronage, crony capitalism and corruption in the government. Ferdinand Marcos
is the 10th President of the Philippines from December 30, 1965 to February 25,
1986. The longest served president of the country so far.

37
Cartoon 5
This political cartoon shows the martial law rule of former President
Ferdinand Marcos characterized by the suspension of writ of habeas corpus. It
also projects the huge role of former Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile, tagged
as the administrator of martial law.
Marcos government is marked by his declaration of Martial Law or

Proclamation 1081 on September 21, 1972. It placed the entire Philippines under
military rule characterized by dissolution of press freedom and other civil rights,
arrest and incarceration of opposition leaders and political activists, human rights
violations and abuses of military men.
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Critical essay about a primary source: students are to discuss the

following:
 Importance of the text;

 the author’s background;
 the context of the document; and
 its contribution to understanding Philippine history.

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Name:_____________________ Date:______________
Year and Section:____________
CONTEXT AND CONTENT ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY SOURCE
Name of Primary Source:____________________________________________

Type of Primary Source:_____________________________________________
Context Analysis
The historical context of the source:

Describe the time and place it was written and the situation at the time.
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Describe the author’s background, intent (to the extent discernable), and authority
on the subject.
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Content Analysis
Identify the author’s main argument or thesis

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Evaluate the author’s claim based on the evidences presented or other

available evidence at the time.
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Over-all assessment of the primary source. This may include

Discussion of the knowledge gained by the reader from the primary source;
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Critical assessment on the historical value/ significance of the source in

understanding the events of Philippine History.
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MODULE 3
CONTROVERSIES AND CONFLICTING VIEWS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Learning Outcomes
1. Demonstrate the ability to formulate arguments in favor or against a

particular issue using primary sources.

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SITE OF THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Some Filipino historians are saying that the site of the first
Catholic mass in the Philippines was in Limasawa. Others would
say that the site was in Masao (also Mazaua) in Butuan. This
claim is based on the accounts of Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of
Magellan’s expedition, in his travel diary.
There are also accounts saying that the first mass in the
country was not the one held on March 31, 1521 in Limasawa
officiated by Father Pedro Valderrama. Long before the coming
of Magellan in the Philippines, according to an account, a mass
was held in Bolinao in 1324 by Odoric of Pordenone, an Italian
and Franciscan friar and missionary explorer. Antonio Pigafetta
As of this writing, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines

(NHCP) recognizes Limasawa as the site of the first mass.
Below is the primary source from Emma Blair and James Robertson, The
Philippine Islands Volume 33 on the site of the first mass. It was written by Antonio
Pigafetta, the chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan.
1. At dawn on Saturday, March sixteen, 1521, we came upon a high land

at a distance of three hundred leguas from the islands of Latroni—an
island named Zamal [i.e., Samar]. The following day, the captain-
general desired to land on another island which was uninhabited and lay
to the right of the abovementioned island, in order to be more secure,
and to get water and have some rest. He had two tents set up on the
shore for the sick and had a sow killed for them.
2. On Monday afternoon, March 18, we saw a boat coming toward us with

nine men in it. Therefore, the captain-general ordered that no one should
move or say a word without his permission. When those men reached
the shore, their chief went immediately to the captain-general, giving
signs of joy because of our arrival. Five of the most ornately adorned of
them remained with us, while the rest went to get some others who were
fishing, and so they all came. The captain-general seeing that they were
reasonable men, ordered food to be set before them, and gave them red
caps, mirrors, combs, bells, ivory, bocasine, and other things. When they
saw the captain’s courtesy, they presented fish, a jar of palm wine, which
they call uraca [i.e., arrack], figs more than one palmo long [i.e.,
bananas], and others which were smaller and more delicate, and two
cocoanuts. They had nothing else then, but made us signs with their
hands that they would bring umay or rice, and cocoanuts and many other
articles of food within four days.

42
3. At noon on Friday, March 22, those men came as they had promised us
in two boats with cocoanuts, sweet oranges, a jar of palm-wine, and a
cock, in order to show us that there were fowls in that district. They
exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing us. We purchased all those
articles from them. Their seignior was an old man who was painted [i.e.,
tattooed]. He wore two gold earrings [schione] in his ears, and the others
many gold armlets on their arms and kerchiefs about their heads. We
stayed there one week, and during that time our captain went ashore
daily to visit the sick, and every morning gave them cocoanut water from
his own hand, which comforted them greatly.
4. On the afternoon of holy Monday, the day of our Lady, March twenty-
five, while we were on the point of weighing anchor, I went to the side of
the ship to fish, and putting my feet upon a yard leading down into the
storeroom, they slipped, for it was rainy, and consequently I fell into the
sea, so that no one saw me. When I was all but under, my left hand
happened to catch hold of the clew-garnet of the mainsail, which was
dangling [ascosa] in the water. I held on tightly, and began to cry out so
lustily that I was rescued by the small boat. I was aided, not, I believe,
indeed, through my merits, but through the mercy of that font of charity
[i.e., of the Virgin]. That same day we shaped our course toward the
west southwest between four small islands, namely, Cenalo,
Hiunanghan, Ibusson, and Abarien.
5. On Thursday morning, March twenty-eight, as we had seen a fire on an

island the night before, we anchored near it. We saw a small boat which
the natives call boloto with eight men in it, approaching the flagship. A
slave belonging to the captain-general, who was a native of Zamatra
[i.e., Sumatra], which was formerly called Traprobana, spoke to them.
They immediately understood him, came alongside the ship, unwilling to
enter but taking a position at some little distance. The captain seeing
that they would not trust us, threw them out a red cap and other things
tied to a bit of wood. They received them very gladly, and went away
quickly to advise their king. About two hours later we saw two balanghai
coming.
6. Early on the morning of Sunday, the last of March, and Easter-day, the
captain-general sent the priest with some men to prepare the place
where mass was to be said; together with the interpreter to tell the king
that we were not going to land in order to dine with him, but to say mass.
Therefore the king sent us two swine that he had had killed. When the
hour for mass arrived, we landed with about fifty men, without our body
armor, but carrying our other arms, and dressed in our best clothes.
Before we reached the shore with our boats, six pieces were discharged
as a sign of peace. We landed; the two kings embraced the captain-
general, and placed him between them. We went in marching order to

43
the place consecrated, which was not far from the shore. Before the
commencement of mass, the captain sprinkled the entire bodies of the
two kings with musk water.” The mass was offered up. The kings went
forward to kiss the cross as we did, but they did not offer the sacrifice.
When the body of our Lord was elevated, they remained on their knees
and worshiped Him with clasped hands. The ships fired all their artillery
at once when the body of Christ was elevated, the signal having been
given from the shore with muskets. After the conclusion of mass, some
of our men took communion.
7. After dinner we all returned clad in our doublets, and that afternoon went
together with the two kings to the summit of the highest mountain there.
When we reached the summit, the captain-general told them that he
esteemed highly having sweated for them, for since the cross was there;
it could not but be of great use to them. On asking them which port was
the best to get food, they replied that there were three, namely, Ceylon,
Zubu, and Calaghann, but that Zubu was the largest and the one with
most trade. They offered of their own accord to give us pilots to show us
the way. The captain-general thanked them, and determined to go there,
for so did his unhappy fate will. After the cross was erected in position,
each of us repeated a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria, and adored the
cross; and the kings did the same.
CAVITE MUTINY
On the night of January 20, 1872, around 200

Filipino soldiers and workers in the Fort of San Felipe,
a Spanish arsenal in Cavite initiated an uprising. The
mutiny was led by Fernando La Madrid, a Spanish
sergeant. These mutineers seized Fort San Felipe and
killed eleven Spanish officers and took control of the
arsenal and fort. The following day, Spanish forces led
by General Felipe Ginovés besieged the fort and
arsenal until the mutineers surrendered. Ginovés then
ordered his troops to fire all those who surrendered,
including La Madrid. Others were imprisoned and
brought to Manila.
GOMBURZA
The said mutiny was used by the Spanish
government and friars to implicate three Filipino priests, Fathers Mariano Gómez,
José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, known as GOMBURZA. They were executed
by garrote at Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872. Their execution were had a
significant effect to people especially to then young Jose Rizal whose brother
Paciano is a close friend to Father Burgos. It is said now that nationalism started
and was awakened after the execution of Gomburza.

44
The issue related to this event in our history is the different interpretations
of the cause of the mutiny. There are two versions on what took place, the Spanish
and Filipino versions.
Spanish Version of Cavite Mutiny
Excerpts from the account of Jose Montero of the Cavite Mutiny

From: Jose Montero y Vidal, “Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of
1872,” Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of
Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), 269-
273.
The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite Arsenal of

exemption from the tribute was, according to some, the cause of the
insurrection. There were, however, other causes.
The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne, the propaganda

carried on by an unbridled press against monarchial principles, attentatory
of the most sacred respects towards the dethroned majesty; the democratic
and republican books and pamphlets; the speeches and preachings of the
apostles of these new ideas in Spain; the outburst of the American publicists
and the criminal policy of the senseless Governor whom the Revolutionary
Government sent to govern the Philippines, and who put into practice these
ideas were the determining circumstances which gave rise, among certain
Filipinos, to the idea of attaining their independence. It was towards this
goal that they started to work, with the powerful assistance of a certain
section of the native clergy, who out of spite toward friars, made common
cause with the enemies of the mother country.
At various times but especially in the beginning of the year 1872, the
authorities received anonymous communications with the information that
a great uprising would break out against the Spaniards, the minute the fleet
at Cavite left for the South, and that all would be assassinated, including the
friars. But nobody gave importance to these notices. The conspiracy had
been going on since the days of La Torre with utmost secrecy. At times, the
principal leaders met either in the house of Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin
Pardo de Tavera, or in that of the native priests, Jacinto Zamora, and these
meetings were usually attended by the curate of Bacoor, the sould of the
movement, whose energetic character and immense wealth enabled him to
exercise a strong influence.
Filipino Version of Cavite Mutiny
Excerpts from the account of Pardo de Tavera of the Cavite Mutiny

45
From: Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, “Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny,” in

Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philipine History,
Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), 274- 280.
This uprising among the soldiers in Cavite was used as a powerful level by
the Spanish residents and by the friars… the Central Government in Madrid
had announced its intention to deprive the friars in these islands of powers
of interventions in matters of civil government and of the direction and
management of the university… it was due to these facts and promises that
the Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement in the affairs of their
country, while the friars, on the other hand, feared that their power in the
colony would soon be complete a thing of the past.
RETRACTION OF RIZAL
One of the controversies in Philippine History is the retraction

of our national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal. According to his alleged
retraction letter, he is saying that he is true son of the Catholic
Church and that he is retracting all his writings that directly
attached the church. In the letter, Rizal also condemn the
Masonry which he considers an enemy of the church and he is
allowing the church to make his retraction letter public to “repair
the scandal” his writings have caused.
The retraction letter was allegedly written and signed by Rizal

Jose Rizal hours before his death on December 30, 1896. The letter was
found by Father Miguel Garcia, an Archdiocesan archivist in
1935.
Retraction Letter of Rizal found by Fr. Garcia in 1935
“ I declare myself a catholic and in this Religion in which I was born and
educated I wish to live and die.
I retract will all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and

conduct has been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic
Church. I believe and confess whatever she teaches and I submit
whatever she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which of the
Church, as a Society prohibited by the Church. The Diocesan prelate may,
as the Superior Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous
manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal which my acts may
have caused and so that God and people may pardon me.”

46
Retraction Letter of Rizal
Testimony of Father Vicente Balaguer
The one who is only considered eyewitness account holder that Rizal
retracted his works and deeds against the Catholic Church is the Jesuit priest,
Father Vicente Balaguer,S.J. It was also Fr. Balaguer who made the claim that he
officiated the marriage of Jose Rizal and Josephine Bracken at 6.15 a.m. on
December 30, minutes before the death of Rizal. According also to Balaguer, Rizal
woke up many times, did the confession four times, attended a Mass, received
communion and prayed the rosary the day before his death.
The Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia
NHCP Commissioner Rene Escalante on August 4, 2016 read a

Professorial Chair Lecture on Rizal Studies entitled “Re-examining the Last 24
Hours of Rizal Using Spy Reports” at De La Salle University. The lecture is based
on the documents of reports of the Spanish spies called “Cuerpo de Vigilancia”.
“Most Illustrious Sir, the agent of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia stationed in Fort
Santiago to report on the events during the [illegible] day in prison of the
accused Jose Rizal, informs me on this date of the following:
“At 7:50 yesterday morning, Jose Rizal entered death row accompanied by
his counsel, Señor Taviel de Andrade, and the Jesuit priest Vilaclara. At the
urgings of the former and moments after entering, he was served a light
breakfast. At approximately 9, the Assistant of the Plaza, Señor Maure,

47
asked Rizal if he wanted anything. He replied that at the moment he only

wanted a prayer book which was brought to him shortly by Father March.
“Señor Andrade left death row at 10 and Rizal spoke for a long while with
the Jesuit fathers, March and Vilaclara, regarding religious matters, it
seems. It appears that these two presented him with a prepared retraction
on his life and deeds that he refused to sign. They argued about the matter
until 12:30 when Rizal ate some poached egg and a little chicken.
Afterwards he asked to leave to write and wrote for a long time by himself.
“At 3 in the afternoon, Father March entered the chapel and Rizal handed
him what he had written. Immediately the chief of the firing squad, Señor
del Fresno and the Assistant of the Plaza, Señor Maure, were informed.
They entered death row and together with Rizal signed the document that
the accused had written. It seems this was the retraction.”
“At 5 this morning of the 30th, the lover of Rizal arrived at the prison
…dressed in mourning. Only the former entered the chapel, followed by a
military chaplain whose name I cannot ascertain. Donning his formal clothes
and aided by a soldier of the artillery, the nuptials of Rizal and the woman
who had been his lover were performed at the point of death (in articulo
mortis). After embracing him she left, flooded with tears.”
CRY OF BALINTAWAK
The Cry of Balintawak of Cry of Pugadlawin signaled the start of the

Philippine Revolution against the Spanish colonial government led by the Supremo
of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio. This is when the historical tearing of cedula
took place, a gesture that symbolizes the separation of the Philippines from the
government of Spain.
The National Historical Institute of the Philippines placed a historical marker

for the location of the “Cry” in Pugadlawin, Quezon City. But there is a controversy
regarding its date and place.
The table below shows the conflicting views concerning the date and place
of the Cry of Balintawak:
Name of personality Date Place

Lt. Olegario Diaz August 25, 1896 Balintawak
(officer of Spanish
Guardia Civil)
Teodoro M. Kalaw Last week of August, Kangkong, Balintawak
1896

48
Santiago Alvarez (son August 24, 1896 Bahay Toro (now in

of General Mariano Quezon City)
Alvarez)
Dr. Pio Valenzuela August 23, 1896 Pugad Lawin
Teodoro Agoncillo
Milagros Guerrero Tandang Sora’s barn
Emmanuel in Gulod, Barangay
Encarnacion Banlat, Quezon City
Ramon Villegas
Different Views on the Date and Site of the First Cry
Accounts of Guillermo Masangkay
From: Guillermo Masangkay, “Cry of Balintawak” in Gregorio Zaide and

Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 8 (Manila:
National Book Store, 1990), 307- 309
“On August 26th, a big meeting was held in Balintawak, at the house of
Apolonio Samson, then cabeza of that barrio of Caloocan. Among those
who attended, I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del
Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela,
Enrique Pacheco and Francisco Carreon. They were all leaders of the
Katipunan and composed the board of directors of the organization.
Delegated from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite and Morong were also
present.
At about nine o’clock in the morning of August 26, the meeting was opened
with Andres Bonifacio presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as secretary. The
purpose was to discuss when the uprising was to take place. Teodoro Plata,
Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela were all opposed to starting the
revolution too early… Andres Bonifacio, sensing that he would lose in the
discussion then, left the session hall and talked to the people, who were
waiting outside for the result of the meeting of the leaders. He told the
people that the leaders were arguing against starting the revolution early,
and appealed to them in a fiery speech in which he said: “You remember
the fate of our countrymen who were shot in Bagumbayan. Should we return
now to the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot us. Our organization has
been discovered and we are all marked men. If we don’t start the uprising,
the Spaniards will get us anyway. What then, do you say?”
“Revolt!” the people shouted as one.
Bonifacio then asked the people to give a pledge that they were to revolt.
He hold them that the sign of slavery of the Filipinos were the cedula tax
charged each citizen. “If it is true that you are ready to revolt… I want to see

49
you destroy your cedulas. It will be as sign that all of us have declared our
severance from the Spaniards.”
Account of Pio Valenzuela
From: Pio Valenzuela, “Cry of Pugadlawin,” in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia

Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 8 (Manila:
National Book Store, 1990), 301- 302.
“The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio

Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario, and myself was Balintawak,
the first five arriving there on August 19, and I, on August 20, 1896. The first
place where some 500 members of the Katipunan met on August 22, 1896,
was the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong. Aside from the
persons mentioned above, among those who were there were Briccio
Pantas, Alejandro Santiago, Ramon Bernardo, Apolonio Samson, and
others. Here, views were only exchanged, and no resolution was debated
or adopted. It was at Pugad Lawin, the house, store- house, and yard of
Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino, where over 1,000 members of the
Katipunan met and carried out considerable debate and discussion on
August 23, 1896. The discussion was on whether or not the revolution
against the Spanish government should be started on August 29, 1896…
After the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula
certificates and shouted “Long live the Philippines! Long live the
Philippines!”
Pio Valenzuela’s different accounts
September 1896, he stated that the meeting of KKK took place from Sunday
to Tuesday or August 23 to 25 at Balintawak.
At 1911, Valenzuela states that Katipunan began meeting on August 22

while the “cry” took place on August 23 at Apolonio Samson’s house in Balintawak.
In his memoirs in 1964 and 1978, states that the Cry took place on August
23 at the house of Juan Ramos at Pugad Lawin. The statement is written as
follows:
“Hindi sa Balintawak nangyari ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik na

kinalalagyan ngayon ng bantayog, kundi sa pook na kilala sa tawag na
Pugadlawin.”
John N. Schumacher, SJ of Ateneo De Manila University stated that “I would

certainly give much less credence to all accounts coming from Pio Valenzuela, and
to the interpretations Agoncillo got from him verbally, since Valenzuela gave so
many versions from the time he surrendered to the Spanish authorities and made

50
various statements not always compatible with one another up to the time when
as an old man he was interviewed by Agoncillo.”
EIGHT RAYS OF THE SUN IN THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
The eight rays of the sun in the Philippine Flag

symbolize the first eight provinces that rose in revolt
against Spanish rule in 1898.
When the revolution started in August, 1896,

then Governor General Ramon Blanco issued a state
of war decree dated August 30, 1896. He subjected the
Philippine Flag
first eight provinces who raised arms against the
Spanish Government, under state of war.
The acts of rebellion of which armed bodies of the people have been guilty
during the last few days at different points of the territory of this province,
seriously disturbing public tranquility, and make it imperative that the most
severe and exemplary measures be taken to suppress at its inception, an
attempt as criminal as futile…
(Art.1). From the date of publication of this proclamation, the provinces of

Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite and
Batangas are declared to be in a state of war.
In the Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence of June 12, 1898,

Bataan was included instead of the province of Tarlac.
…And lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already free and
independent as of this day, must used the same flag which up to now is
being used, whose designed and colored are found described in the
attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the
famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact
inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the three
principal Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where
the revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the gigantic step
made by the son of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization;
the eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan,
Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas - which
declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated;
and the colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the
United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude
towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and
continues lending us…

51
Class Activity
Debate a particular issue/ controversy in Philippine history.
Reaction/ reflection paper on a sponsored activity like lecture, symposium

round table discussion, and the like on a particular issue in Philippine History.

52
MODULE 4
AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Learning Outcomes
1. To effectively communicate the difference between Land Reform and

Agrarian Reform; and
2. To exhibit high sense of knowledge on the basics of Agrarian Reform and
historical development of Agrarian Reform in the Philippines.

53
AGRARIAN REFORM VS LAND REFORM
Agrarian Reform- Ballesteros, et.al. defined it as “the redistribution of lands

regardless of the commodity produced and tenurial arrangement to farmers and
regular farm workers, who are landless covering all public and private agricultural
land.”
The terms ‘land reform’ and ‘agrarian reform’ often overlap but are not
precisely the same. ‘Agrarian reform’ is considered to have a wider meaning than
‘land’ reform. A situation of ‘agrarian’ reform covers not only a wide redistribution
of land but also the provision of infrastructure, services and, sometimes, a whole
program of redistributive and democratic reforms. ‘Land’ reform refers to a
narrower redistribution of land, usually to a limited group of beneficiaries. (Susie
Jacobs, 2010)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE

PHILIPPINES
Pre- colonial Period
Lands were publicly owned prior to the coming of the Spaniards. Tillers
had full access to and ownership of their agricultural products.
Spanish Period
Encomienda System was introduced by the Spaniards wherein pieces of

land were given to the trusted men of the wealthy Spaniards. Majority of lands in
the archipelago during this time were owned by Spanish friars, some were owned
by principalia or local elite. Landlordism also started during this period.
American Period
During the American period, the landlord system in the country was
strengthened. The following were introduced: Torrens Title System (1902),
homesteading (1903), and other provisions for the formal acquisition and
registration of lands. These signaled the start of monopolistic structure of
landholdings.
Presidency of Manuel L. Quezon (1935- 1944)
RA 4054 otherwise known as Rice Tenancy Law was passed during the
Quezon administration. This law legalized 50- 50 shares between landlords and
tenants.

54
Japanese Period
Hukbalahap (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) controlled whole areas

of Central Luzon; landowners who supported the Japanese lost their lands to
peasant farmers while those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor
of the tenants.
Presidency of Manuel A. Roxas (1946- 1948)
RA 34 was passed during the Roxas administration which established 70-

30 sharing between landlords and tenants. Republic Act No. 55 was also passed
under his administration that provided for a more effective safeguard against
arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
Presidency of Elpidio R. Quirino (1948- 1953)
During the Quirino administration, the Land Settlement Development

Corporation (LASEDECO) was created to strengthen the resettlement program.
Presidency of Ramon F. Magsaysay (1953- 1957)
During the incumbency of Magsaysay, RA 1199 or Agricultural Tenancy Act

of 1954, the first land reform law in the Philippines which regulated all forms and
aspects of tenure relations. Magsaysay also created the Land Tenure
Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of
large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600
hectares for corporations.
President Magsaysay also provided basic support services like feeder

roads, irrigation and cooperative to farmers. In particular, Magsaysay provided
small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.
Presidency of Carlos P. Garcia (1957- 1961)
Garcia just continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay.
Presidency of Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961- 1965)
During the tenure of Macapagal, Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA 3844

was passed. This law has the following features: it made the farm workers owners
of the land they cultivate; it abolished tenancy and leasehold system; and it
provided that an area can be touched only if the land is declared subject of land
reform.

55
Presidency of Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965- 1986)
President Marcos in his administration focused on green revolution. It was

also during his time when the Department of Agrarian Reform was created under
RA 6389. Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 2 on September 26, 1972
declaring the country under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and
offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR.
Presidency of Corazon C. Aquino (1986- 1992)
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) was one of the

priority programs of the Aquino government.
The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) of RA 6657 was signed

into law by President Aquino.
Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos (1992- 1998)
Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of RA 8435 was passed during

the Ramos administration.
Presidency of Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998- 2001)
During the administration of President Estrada, the MAGSASAKA

(Magkabalikat para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo) was launched. He also signed
Executive Order No. 151 on September 1999 (Farmer’s Trust Fund) which allowed
the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale
integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital.
Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001- 2010)
The Arroyo administration implemented the KALAHI (Kapit-Bisig Laban sa

Kahirapan) Agrarian Reform Program, designed to provide services to poorest
communities.
Presidency of Benigno S. Aquino III (2010- 2016)
The arcc Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services

(ARCCESS) project was created to contribute to the over-all goal of rural poverty
reduction especially in agrarian reform areas.
President Aquino enacted Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011,

mandating the Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) and Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)
Convergence Initiative to develop a National Greening Program (NGP) in
collaboration with other government agencies.

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Presidency of Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016- Present)
President Duterte directed DAR to launch the 2 nd Phase of agrarian reform

where landless farmers would be awarded with undistributed lands under the
CARP.
He placed Boracay agricultural lands under CARP. Duterte also is planning

to subject almost all public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian
reform.
POLICIES ON AGRARIAN REFORM IN THE PHILIPPINES
It is the policy of the state to undertake an agrarian reform program founded

on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers who are landless, to own directly
or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farmworkers, to receive a
just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and
undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to such priorities and
reasonable retention limits as the Congress may prescribe, taking into account
ecological, developmental, or equity considerations, and subject to the payment of
just compensation. In determining retention limits, the State shall respect the right
of small landowners (Article 8, Section 4, 1987 Philippine Constitution).
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of the Philippines (CARP)
Otherwise known as Republic Act No. 6657. The law provides for the
redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries
survive as small independent farmers, regardless of the “tenurial”
arrangements.
The law was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and
signed by President Corazon C. Aquino on June 10, 1988.
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRARIAN REFORM (DAR)
The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) is the agency under executive

department of the Philippine Government responsible for the redistribution of
agrarian land in the Philippines. It is the lead implementing agency of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) and rural development
programs in the country.

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Mandate and Functions
To lead in the implementation of the

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
through Land Tenure Improvement (LTI), Agrarian
Justice and Coordinated delivery of essential
Support Services to client beneficiaries.
 To provide Land Tenure security to landless

farmers through land acquisition and
distribution; leasehold arrangements’ DAR Logo
implementation and other LTI services;
 To provide legal intervention to Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries
(ARBS) through adjudication of agrarian cases and agrarian legal
assistance;
 To implement, facilitate and coordinate the delivery of support
services to ARBs through Social Infrastructure and Local Capability
Building (SILCAB); Sustainable Agribusiness and Rural Enterprise
Development (SARED); and Access Facilitation and Enhancement
Services (AFAES).
Mission Statement
DAR is the lead government agency that holds and implements

comprehensive and genuine agrarian reform which actualizes equitable
land distribution, ownership, agricultural productivity, and tenurial security
for, of and with the tillers of the land towards the improvement of their quality
of life.
Vision
A just, safe and equitable society that upholds the rights of tillers to
own, control, secure, cultivate and enhance their agricultural lands, improve
their quality of life towards rural development and national industrialization.

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Name:________________________ Date:___________________
Year and Section:_______________
CHAPTER 4 EXERCISE
I. Differentiate the difference between Agrarian and Land Reform.
II. Find and analyze a primary source of historical data dealing on

Agrarian Problems in the Philippines.

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MODULE 5
THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
Learning Outcomes
1. To manifest knowledge on the basic concepts of constitution; and

2. To analyze the historical development of constitution in the Philippines.

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BASICS OF CONSTITUTION
Constitution- is defined as the Supreme Law of the land. De Leon defined

it as “body of rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of
sovereignty are regularly exercised”.
In a broader sense, the term constitution refers to “that body of rules and
principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly
exercised.” As thus defined, it covers both written and unwritten constitution.
Thomas Paine defined a “constitution” as a “thing” antecedent to

Government, and a Government is only the Creature of a Constitution. The
Constitution of a Country is not the act of its Government, but of the People
constituting a Government. It is the Body of Elements to which you can refer and
quote article by article; and which contains the principles upon which the
Government shall be established, the manner in which it shall be organized, the
powers it shall have.
Nature of Constitution
1. Serve as a fundamental law- a constitution is the charter creating the

government. It has the status of a supreme or fundamental law as it speaks
for the entire people from whom it derives its claim to obedience.
2. Establishes basic framework and underlying principles of the

government- the purpose of the constitution is to prescribe the permanent
framework of the system of government and to assign to the different
departments their respective powers and duties and to establish certain
basic principles on which the government is founded. It is primarily designed
to preserve and protect the rights of individuals against arbitrary actions of
those in authority. Likewise, it limits the actions of every individual citizens.
Purposes of Constitution
1. To define the organization of government.

2. To determine distribution of governmental powers.
3. To define the rights of individual citizens.
4. To hold the state together.
Kinds of Constitution
1. As to their origin and history:
a. Conventional or enacted- one which is enacted by a constituent

assembly.

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b. Cumulative or evolved- product of the development originating in

customs, traditions and judicial decisions.
2. As their form:
a. Written- has been given a definite form at a particular time, usually by

Constitutional Convention.
b. Unwritten- product of political evolution, consisting of customs,

traditions and judicial decisions.
3. As to manner of amending them:
a. Rigid or inelastic- cannot be amended or altered.
b. Flexible or elastic- can be altered in the same way as other laws.
The Preamble
Preamble is derived from the Latin word “preambulare” which means “to
walk before.” It is the prologue of the constitution and it introduces the main
subject.
Objectives and Importance of Preamble
1. It sets down origin and purposes.

a. It tells us who are the authors of the Constitution and for whom it has
been promulgated; and
b. It states the general purposes, which are intended to be achieved by
the Constitution and the Government established under it, and certain
basic principles underlying the fundamental charter.
2. May serve as an aid in interpretation.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTITUTION IN THE PHILIPPINES
The 1899 Malolos Constitution
The Malolos Constitution is the first republican constitution in Asia. It

features the following:
 sovereignty resides exclusively in the people;

 stated basic civil rights;
 separated the church and state; and

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 called for the creation of an Assembly of Representatives to act as

the legislative body.
It also called for a parliamentary republic as the

form of government. The president was elected for a term
of four years by a majority of the Assembly. It was titled
"Constitución política" (political constitution), and was
written in Spanish following the declaration of
independence from Spain, proclaimed on January 20,
1899, and was enacted and ratified by the Malolos
Congress, a Congress held in Barasoain, Malolos,
Bulacan.
Malolos Congress
Preamble
We, the Representatives of the Filipino people, lawfully convened, in

order to establish justice, provide for common defense, promote the general
welfare, and insure the benefits of liberty, imploring the aid of the Sovereign
Legislator of the Universe for the attainment of these ends, have voted,
decreed, and sanctioned the following:
1935 Constitution
The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934, approved and adopted by the
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946) and later utilized by the Third
Republic (1946–1972). It was written with an objective to meet the approval of the
United States Government, to ensure that the U.S. would live up to its promise to
grant the Philippines full autonomy and not have a premise to hold onto its
possession on the grounds that it was too politically immature and hence unready
for full, real independence.
When the Philippine Independence Act (Tydings McDuffie Act) was passed
by the US Congress in 1934, it called for the election of delegates of the 1935
Constitutional Convention. The election was held on July 10, 1934. It elected 202
delegates with Claro M. Recto as President.
The 1934 Constitutional Convention finished the draft of the constitution on

February 8, 1935. The Constitution was consequently submitted to the President
of the United States for certification on March 25, 1935. The 1935 Constitution was
ratified by the Filipino people through a plebiscite on May 14, 1935 and came into
effect and full force on November 15, 1935 with the inauguration of the Philippine
Commonwealth. Among its provisions was that it would remain the constitution of
the Republic of the Philippines once independence was granted on July 4, 1946.

63
It originally provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President

was elected to a six-year term without re-election. That provision was amended in
1940 to have a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and House of
Representatives, as well the creation of an independent electoral commission. The
Constitution now granted the President a four-year term with a maximum of two
consecutive terms in office.
Preamble
The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order

to establish a government that shall em-body their ideals, conserve and
develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and
secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence
under a régime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate
this Constitution.
Claro Mayo Recto was the President of the 1934 Constitutional Convention that
drafted the 1935 Philippine constitution. Recto was born on February 8, 1890 in
Tiaong, Tayabas. He studied Latin at Instituto de Rizal at Lipa, Batangas from 1900 to
1901 and at Colegio del Sagrado Corazon for his primary education. He studied at
Ateneo de Manila graduating with Bachelor of Arts degree (Maxima Cum Laude). He
also received a Masters of Laws degree from University of Santo Tomás. Recto was a
Congressman representing the Second District of Batangas (1919 to 1928); Senator
(1931-1935; 1945- 1946; 1952- 1960) both served as Majority and Minority Floor
Leader of the Senate; and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1935- 1936). Aside
from being a lawyer and civil servant, he is also poet, playwright and essayist.
The 1973 Constitution
A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to revise the 1935

Constitution. The convention was stained with manifest bribery and corruption.
Possibly the most controversial issue was removing the presidential term limit so
that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a third term, which many felt was
the true reason for which the convention was called. In any case, the 1935
Constitution was suspended in 1972 with Marcos' proclamation of martial law, the
rampant corruption of the constitutional process providing him with one of his major
premises for doing so.
The 1973 Constitution, ratified after the declaration of martial law of

President Ferdinand Marcos, was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style
government. Legislative power was vested in a unicameral National Assembly

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whose members were elected for six-year terms. The

President was ideally elected as the symbolic and purely
ceremonial head of state chosen from amongst the
Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term
and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms.
Upon election, the President ceased to be a Member of
the National Assembly. During his term, the President
was not allowed to be a member of a political party or
hold any other office.
Executive power was meant to be exercised by

the Prime Minister who was also elected from amongst
Ferdinand Marcos the sitting member of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister was to be
the head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. This
constitution was subsequently amended four times.
From 16–17 October 1976, a majority of barangay voters (also called

"Citizen Assemblies") approved that martial law should be continued and ratified
the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos.
The 1976 amendments include:
 an Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP) substituting for the Interim

National Assembly;
 the President would also become the Prime Minister and he would
continue to exercise legislative powers until such time as martial law
was lifted.
The Sixth Amendment authorized the President to legislate on his own on

an "emergency" basis:
 Whenever in the judgement of the President there exists a grave

emergency or a threat or imminence thereof, or whenever the Interim
Batasang Pambansa or the regular National Assembly fails or is
unable to act adequately on any matter for any reason that in his
judgment requires immediate action, he may, in order to meet the
exigency, issue the necessary decrees, orders or letters of
instructions, which shall form part of the law of the land.
The 1973 Constitution was further amended in 1980 and 1981. In the 1980
amendment, the retirement age of the members of the judiciary was extended to
70 years. In the 1981 amendments, the false parliamentary system was formally
modified into a French-style semi-presidential system:
 executive power was restored to the President;

 direct election of the President was restored;

65
 an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and not

more than 14 members was created to "assist the President in the
exercise of his powers and functions and in the performance of his
duties as he may prescribe;" and the Prime Minister was a mere head
of the Cabinet.
 Further, the amendments instituted electoral reforms and provided
that a natural born citizen of the Philippines who has lost his
citizenship may be a transferee of private land for use by him as his
residence.
The last amendments in 1984 abolished the Executive Committee and

restored the position of Vice-President (which did not exist in the original,
unamended 1973 Constitution).
Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine

Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody our ideals,
promote the general welfare, conserve and develop the patrimony of our
Nation, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of
democracy under a regime of justice, peace, liberty, and equality, do ordain
and promulgate this Constitution.
The 1987 Constitution
Immediately following the 1986 People

Power Revolution that ousted Marcos,
President Corazon C. Aquino issued
Proclamation No. 3 as a provisional constitution
called “Freedom Constitution”. It adopted
certain provisions from the 1973 Constitution
while abolishing others. It granted the President
broad powers to reorganize government and
remove officials, as well as mandating the
president to appoint a commission to draft a
Cecilia Munoz Palma hands the draft of new, more formal Constitution.
the 1987 Constitution to President
Corazon Aquino
A constitutional commission to draft a
new constitution was created after and
members of which were all appointed by President Aquino. The Chairman of the
commission was Justice Cecilia Munoz- Palma.
De Leon identified the following principles of the 1987 Philippine

constitution:

66
 Recognition of the aid of Almighty God in the preamble;

 Sovereignty of the people (Art. 2, Sec 1);
 Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy (Art. 2, Sec 2);
 Supremacy of civilian authority over the military (Art. 2, Sec. 3);
 Separation of church and State (Art. 2, Sec. 6);
 Recognition of the importance of the family as a basic social institution
and of the vital role of the youth in nation- building (Art. 2, Sec. 12, 13;
Art. 15)
 Guarantee of human rights (Art. 3, Secs. 1- 22);
 Government through suffrage (Art. 5, Sec. 1);
 Separation of powers (Art. 6, Sec. 1);
 Independence of the judiciary (Art. 8, Sec. 1);
 Guarantee of local autonomy (Art. 10, Sec. 2);
 High sense of public service morality and accountability of public officers
(Art. 11, Sec. 1)
 Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises
affected with public interest (Art. 12, Secs. 2, 3, 17, 18);
 Non- suability of the State (Art. 16, Sec. 3);
 Rule of the majority; and
 Government of laws and not of men.
Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty

God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a
Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the
common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom,
love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
Provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
Article I – National Territory

Article II – Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article III – Bill of Rights
Article IV – Citizenship
Article V – Suffrage
Article VI – Legislative Department
Article VII – Executive Department
Article VIII – Judicial Department
Article IX – Constitutional Commissions
Article X – Local Government
Article XI – Accountability of Public Officers
Article XII – National Economy and Patrimony
Article XIII – Social Justice and Human Rights
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Article XIV – Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
Article XV – The Family
Article XVI – General Provisions
Article XVII – Amendments or Revisions
Article XVIII – Transitory Provisions
The Chairwoman of 1986 Constitutional Commission Cecilia Muñoz-Palma

was born on November 22, 1913 at Bauan, Batangas. She was a Filipino the
first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines. She was
appointed to the Supreme Court by President Ferdinand Marcos on October
29, 1973. Munoz- Palma also became an Assemblywoman representing
Quezon City from 1984 to 1986. She earned her law degree from the
University of the Philippines College of Law, and a Master of Laws degree
from Yale Law School. She is also a Bar Topnotcher topping the 1937
Philippine Bar exams with a 92.6% rating. She allso became the first woman
prosecutor of Quezon City in 1947.

68
Name:________________________ Date:___________________
CHAPTER 5 EXERCISES
TRUE OR FALSE
Direction: Identify whether the following statements are True or False.
1.___________The 1973 Philippine Constitution was promulgated before

President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law.
2.___________ The Malolos Constitution was originally written in Filipino
language.
3.___________ Claro M. Recto was the President of the 1971 Constitutional
Convention.
4.___________ Recognition of the aid of Almighty God is one of the principles of
the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
5.___________ The 1987 Philippine Constitutionwas ratified during the
presidency of Fidel V. Ramos.
6.___________ A constitution is the charter creating the government.
7.___________ A constitution is defined as the body of rules and principles in
accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised.
8.___________ The Malolos Constitution is the first republican constitution in
Asia.
9.___________ The Tydings- McDuffie Act gave birth to the 1935 Philippine
Constitution.
10.__________ Supremacy of civilian authority over the military is a provision of
the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
DEFINITION
Direction: Search for the technical definition of the following terms.
1. Local Autonomy
2. Judicial Department
3. Bicameral
4. Constitutional Convention
5. Sovereignty
6. Plebiscite

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7. Suffrage
8. Parliamentary

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MODULE 6
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
Learning Outcomes
1. To manifest knowledge on the basic concepts of taxation and taxes; and

2. To analyze the Philippine Taxing System

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TAXATION
Taxation- Cooley defined it as “the power inherent in sovereignty to raise

revenue to defray the necessary expenses of government, that is, for any public
purpose.
There are two parties involved in taxation, the taxpayer who pays and the
government who collects. Both have the responsibility to fulfill their role for the
general welfare of the society.
The state has three eminent powers: the police power, power of eminent
domain and the power of taxation.
a. Police power refers to power of the government to exercise control over

persons and property within its jurisdiction in the interest of the general
security, health, safety, morals, and welfare.
b. Power of eminent domain refers to the power of the government to

take private property for public use so long as the government pays just
compensation.
c. Power of taxation is the power of the state to levy taxes from the
inhabitants of the state. The government will not survive without taxes
for it is the source of income for all the expenses of the state. It is the
crude oil that runs the engine of the economy. According to former Chief
Justice Claudio Teehanke, taxes are the lifeblood of every government
and it touches intimately our everyday life and activities.
Basis of Taxation
1. Necessity- the government cannot and will not exists without an income to
defray all of its expenses.
2. Reciprocal duties of protection and support between the state and its
inhabitants- the government collects taxes to deliver public goods and
services to the people. On the other hand, people pay taxes for them to be
secured with all the public goods and services being delivered by the
government.
Forms of Escape from Taxation
1. Shifting- transfer of burden by the person on whom the tax is imposed by

law to another who bears it.

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Three Kinds of Shifting
a. Forward Shifting- transfer from a factor of production through the

factors of distribution to the consumer.
b. Backward Shifting- transfer from the point of consumption to the
factors of production.
c. Onward Shifting- tax is shifted two or more times either forward or
backward.
2. Capitalization- form of backward shifting wherein future taxes on the

property sold are capitalized at the same time of purchase and deducted in
lump sum from the selling price.
3. Transformation- the producer pays the tax and recovers his additional
expense by improving his method of production thereby turning out units of
lesser cost.
4. Evasion- use of illegal means by the taxpayer to lessen the payment of tax.
5. Avoidance- - use of legal means by the taxpayer to lessen the payment of

tax.
6. Tax Exemption- grant of immunity to particular persons or corporations of

a particular class from a tax which persons and corporations generally
within the same state or taxing district are required to pay. The grant of
immunity or freedom from financial charge, obligation, or burden to which
others are subjected.
Situs of Taxation
Situs of taxation means the place of taxation. The determination of situs of

taxation depends on the following factors:
1. The nature of the tax;

2. Subject matter of the tax (i.e. person, property, act or activity undertaken);
3. Possible protection and benefit that may accrue both to the government and
the taxpayer; and
4. Residence or citizenship of the taxpayer; and
5. Source of the income.
Approaches to Taxation
1. Ability to Pay Approach- it states that taxation should be imposed

according to the payer’s ability to pay. This approach is the basis for

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progressive taxation. The principle was developed by Jean Jacques

Rousseu, Jean Baptiste Say and John Stuart Mill.
2. Benefit Approach- it states that taxation should be levied in connection to

the benefits or gains that people gain from public services. This approach
was developed by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Hugo Grotius.
3. Tax Incident Approach- says that the major duty of a tax system is to look
into the effects of a particular tax on the distribution of tax welfare. Tax
welfare refers to the ultimate payers of a tax.
Taxes- are enforced contribution levied by the state by virtue of its

sovereignty on persons and property within its jurisdiction for the support of the
government and all the public needs.
Essential Characteristics of Tax
1. It is an enforced contribution
2. It is generally payable in money
3. It is proportionate in character
4. It is levied on persons or property
5. It is levied by the state which has the jurisdiction over the person or
property
6. It is levied by the law-making body of the state
7. It is levied for public purpose or purposes
Basic Principles of a Sound Tax System
The following are the basic principles of a sound tax system:
1. Fiscal Adequacy- the revenue received must be sufficient and able to

meet the needs of the government.
2. Administrative Feasibility- the tax laws should be capable of

convenient, just and effective administration. These laws must be clear
and concise, capable of proper enforcement and not burdensome. It
must also be convenient as to time and manner of payment.
3. Equality or Theoretical Justice- the tax burden should be in proportion

to the taxpayer’s ability to pay principle.
Classification of taxes
1. As to subject matter

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a. Personal, capitation or poll tax- tax of fixed amount upon all persons
residing within a specific territory without regard to their property or
their source of income.
b. Property tax- tax that is assessed on all properties situated within a

given territory on a specified date in proportion to its value. The
obligation to pay is absolute and unavoidable and is not based on
voluntary action of the payer.
c. Excise tax- any tax which does not fall within a poll tax or property
tax.
2. As to who bears the burden
a. Direct- one which is demanded from a person to pay.
b. Indirect- tax paid by a person who can shift burden upon someone
else, or who are under no legal obligation to pay them.
3. As to determination of amount
a. Specific- tax is a fixed or determinate sum imposed by the head or

number or some standard of weight or measurement and which
requires no assessment beyond a listing and classification of the
object to be taxed.
b. Ad valorem- tax of a fixed proportion of the value of the property with

respect to which the tax is assessed and requires the intervention of
assessors or appraisers to estimate the value of such property before
the amount due from each taxpayer can be determined.
4. As to purpose
a. General- tax imposed for a general public purpose.
b. Specific- tax imposed for particular or specific purpose.
5. As to scope
a. National- tax imposed by the state itself and effective within the entire
jurisdiction.
b. Local- tax imposed by the local government unit of the state and is
effective only within the territorial boundaries thereof.
National taxes in the Philippines

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The taxes imposed by the national government of the Philippines include

the following:
1. Income tax- tax levied on income of the residents of the country.
2. Estate tax- tax paid by someone who inherits money or property of a person
who has died.
3. Donor’s tax- refers to the tax levied on money or property that a living
person gives to another.
4. Value-Added tax- refers to the tax based on the increase in value of a

product or service at each stage of production or distribution.
5. Excise tax- tax on manufactured goods which is levied at the moment of

manufacture.
6. Documentary Stamp tax- refers to tax levied on documents.
Local Government taxes (based on the Local Government Code of 1991)
Provinces
1. Tax on Transfer of Real Property Ownership

2. Tax on Business of Printing and Publication
3. Franchise Tax
4. Tax on Sand, Gravel and Other Quarry Resources
5. Professional Tax
6. Amusement Tax
7. Tax For Every Delivery Truck or Van of Manufacturers or Producers,
Wholesalers of, Dealers, or Retailers in, Certain Products
Cities and Municipalities
1. Business Tax
2. Fees for Sealing and Licensing of Weights and Measures
3. Fishery Rentals, Fees and Charges
Barangays
1. Taxes on stores or retailers with fixed business establishments

2. Service Fees or Charges
3. Barangay Clearance
Existing Tax Laws in the Philippines

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1. National Internal Revenue Law

2. Republic Act No. 8424 (“The Tax Reform Act of 1997”)

77
Name:________________________ Date:___________________
CHAPTER 6 EXERCISE
IDENTIFICATION
Direction: Identify what is being described for each item.
_________________ 1. Tax levied on money or property that a living person

gives to another.
_________________ 2. Tax on manufactured goods which is levied at the
moment of manufacture.
_________________ 3. Enforced contribution levied by the state by virtue of its
sovereignty on persons and property within its jurisdiction for the support of the
government and all the public needs.
_________________ 4. Use of illegal means by the taxpayer to lessen the
payment of tax.
_________________ 5. Form of backward shifting wherein future taxes on the
property sold are capitalized at the same time of purchase and deducted in lump
sum from the selling price.
_________________ 6. The power inherent in sovereignty to raise revenue to
defray the necessary expenses of government, that is, for any public purpose.
_________________ 7. Refers to the power of the government to take private
property for public use so long as the government pays just compensation.
_________________ 8. Transfer of burden by the person on whom the tax is
imposed by law to another who bears it.
_________________ 9. Refers to the tax based on the increase in value of a
product or service at each stage of production or distribution.
_________________ 10. Approach in taxation that states that taxation should
be imposed according to the payer’s ability to pay.
_________________ 11. The place of taxation.
_________________ 12. Tax paid by someone who inherits money or property
of a person who has died.
_________________ 13. Grant of immunity to particular persons or corporations
of a particular class from a tax which persons and corporations generally within
the same state or taxing district are required to pay.
_________________ 14. The power of the government to take private property
for public use so long as the government pays just compensation.
_________________ 15. Use of legal means by the taxpayer to lessen the
payment of tax.

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ENUMERATION
Local Government Taxes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Basic Principles of Sound Tax System
8.
9.
10.
Essential Characteristics of Tax
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Classification of tax as to subject matter
18.
19.
20.

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MODULE 7
LOCAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE
Learning Outcomes
1. Manifest interest in local history and show concern in promoting and

preserving the country’s historical and cultural heritage;

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LOCAL HISTORY
Local History as defined by Carol Kemmen is “the study of past events, or

of people or groups, in a given geographic area – a study based on a wide variety
of documentary evidence and placed in a comparative context that should be both
regional and national.” Its scope can focus on town, city, province or a region.
Before there was National History, there was Local History. National
Histories came from local historical accounts therefore local history sets the
foundation of a genuine national history.
Dr. Romeo V. Cruz underscored the importance of local history as an area

of investigation, they are enumerated as follows:
1. It may lead to revision of interpretations in major areas of Philippine history;

2. It can be a basis for a broader thesis about national history;
3. It may revolutionize methodologies and stimulate conceptual innovations
that will revitalize history as a discipline; and
4. It will focus the attention on the "history of the people" or history "from
bottom up."
Sources of Local History
1. The cemetery
2. Ecclesiastical Records
3. Materials from Local Library
4. Civil Registry Records
5. Local Heritage Council
6. Oral Accounts
7. Souvenir programs
8. Historical Data Papers ,1952
9. Local Biographies/ Life History
10. Blair & Robertson, 53 volumes
11. The Philippine Commission Reports 12 Volume
12. National Archives (Erecciones de los Pueblos)
13. Compilation of newspapers, National Library

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SAMPLE HISTORICAL DATA PAPER

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HERITAGE
Heritage is the legacy from the past that is being passed on to the future
generations. There are three basic types of heritage- historical, cultural and natural
heritage. Both are irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. Every country and
every nation has its own heritage that’s making up the world’s heritage.
Section 14, 15, 16 and 17, Article XIV of the Philippine Constitution declare
that the State shall foster the preservation, enrichment and dynamic evolution of a
Filipino culture based on the principle of unity in diversity in a climate of free- artistic
and intellectual expression. The constitution likewise mandates the State to
conserve, develop, promote and popularize the nation’s cultural and historical
heritage and resources as well as artistic and historic wealth constitutes the
cultural treasure of the nation and shall be under the protection of the State, which
may regulate its disposition.
The State shall likewise endeavor to create a balanced atmosphere where

the historic past co- exist in harmony with the modern society. It shall approach the
problem of conservation in an integrated and holistic manner, cutting across all
relevant disciplines and technologies. The State shall further administer the
heritage resources in a spirit of stewardship for the inspiration and benefit of the
present and future generations (Article 1, Section 2, Republic Act No. 10066).
Categories of Heritage
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO) categorized heritage into three, these are: historical, cultural and
natural heritage.
1. Historical heritage- refer to structures that honor illustrious persons or

commemorate events of historical value; historical sites or structures
hallowed and revered for their history or association;
2. Cultural heritage- the totality of cultural property preserved and

developed through time and passed on to posterity.
a. Intangible Cultural Heritage- refer to the practices,

representations, expressions, knowledge and skills, as well as the
instruments, objects and artifacts associated therewith, that
communities, groups and individuals recognize as part of their
cultural heritage, such as: (1) oral traditions, languages and
expressions; (2) performing arts; (3) social practices, rituals and
festive events; (4) knowledge and practices concerning nature and
the universe; and (5) traditional craftsmanship.

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b. Tangible Cultural Heritage- refer to a cultural property with

historical, archival, anthropological, archaeological, artistic and
architectural value, and with exceptional or traditional production,
whether of Philippine origin or not, including antiques and natural
history specimens with significant value.
3. Natural heritage- refers to the rich flora and fauna of a particular place.
Cultural Agencies in the Philippines
1. Cultural Center of the Philippines- responsible for significant cultural

property pertaining to the performing arts.
2. National Archives of the Philippines- responsible for significant archival

materials.
3. National Library- responsible for rare and significant contemporary

Philippine books, manuscripts such as, but not limited to, presidential
papers, periodicals, newspapers, singly or in collection, and libraries and
electronic records.
4. National Historical Commission of the Philippines- responsible for

significant movable and immovable cultural property that pertains to
Philippine history, heroes and the conservation of historical artifacts.
5. National Museum- responsible for significant movable and immovable

cultural and natural property pertaining to collections of fine arts,
archaeology, anthropology, botany, geology, zoology and astronomy,
including its conservation aspect.
6. Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino- shall be responsible for the dissemination

development, and the promotion of the Filipino national language and the
conservation of ethnic languages.
CULTURAL PROPERTIES OF THE PHILIPPINES
Cultural property refer to all products of human creativity by which a people

and a nation reveal their identity, including churches, mosques and other places
of religious worship, schools and natural history specimens and sites, whether
public or privately-owned, movable or immovable, and tangible or intangible.
The cultural property of the country shall be categorized as follows: National

cultural treasures; Important cultural property; World heritage sites; National
historical shrine; National historical monument; and National historical landmark.

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National Cultural Treasures of the Philippines
Artifacts and Ecofacts from Philippine Archaeological Sites
Artifacts and ecofacts declared as national cultural treasures are as follow:

(1) Manunggul Burial Jar (2) Calatagan Ritual Pot (3) Maitum Anthropomorphic
Burial Jar No. 13 (4) Maitum Quadrangular Burial Jar (5) Leta-Leta Jarlet with
Yawning Mouth (6) Leta-Leta Footed Jarlet (7) Leta-Leta Presentation Dish (8)
Pandanan 14th Century Blue-and-White Porcelain (9) Lena Shoal Blue-and-White
Dish with Flying Elephant (10) Puerto Galera Blue-and-White Jar (11) Palawan
Zoomorphic Ear Pendant (12) Cabalwan Earliest Flake Tools (13) Batangas Likha
Figurines (14) Mataas Shell Scoop (15) Duyong Shell Adze (16) Tabon Skull Cap
(17) Tabon Mandible (18) Tabon Tibia Fragment (19) Bolinao Skull with Teeth
Ornamentation (20) Gold Seal of Captain General Antonio Morga (21) Oton Death
Mask (22) Butuan Paleograph (23) Laguna Copper Plate (24) San Diego Astrolabe
(25) Banton Burial Cloth (26) Marinduque Celadon Jar (27) Butuan Balangay Boat
(28) Butuan Crucible
Paintings
Paintings declared as national cultural treasures are: (1) Assassination of

Governor Bustamante and His Son by: Félix Resurrección Hidalgo y Padilla (2)
Basi Revolt Paintings by: Esteban Pichay Villanueva (3) Feeding the Chicken
Painting by: Simon Flores (4) History of Manila Mural Painting by: Carlos V.
Francisco (5) International Rice Research Institute by: Vicente Manansala (6)
Spoliarium by: Juan Luna (7) The Parisian Life by Juan Luna (8) The Progress of
Medicine in the Philippines by Carlos V. Francisco (9) Una Bulaqueña Painting by:
Juan Luna (10) Sacred Art of the Parish Church of Santiago Apostol (4 Paintings
in Situ) (11) Una Bulaqueña Painting by: Juan Luna.
Balangays
Housed at Museum of the Filipino People, Ambangan, Libertad, Butuan

City. Balangays are boats adjoined by a carved-out plank edged through pins and
dowels. It was first mentioned in the 16th Century in the Chronicles of Pigafetta,
and is known as the oldest watercraft found in the Philippines.
Balangay
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Balangay
Mother's Revenge Sculpture
The sculpture in terra cotta (clay), Mother’s Revenge, is an allegorical

representation of what was happening in the Philippines during that period. Shown
is a mother dog trying to rescue her helpless pup from the bite of the crocodile.
The mother dog represents “mother Philippines” and the patriots who are doing
their best to save the defenseless countrymen - the pup - from the cruelty of the
Spaniards as represented by the crocodile. (National Museum)
Las Piñas Bamboo Organ
The bamboo organ is a 19th-century church organ with unique organ pipes;
they are made almost entirely of bamboo. It was completed in 1824 by Father
Diego Cera. The organ continues to be the only successfully built bamboo organ
in the world.
Las Pinas Bamboo Organ

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Maradika Qur'an of Bayang (From Lanao del Sur)
The book is the oldest known Qu'ran (Koran) written in the Philippines. It
belonged to the Sultan of Bayang in Lanao del Sur and was copied by Saidna, one
of the earliest hajji from the Philippines.
University of Santo Tomas Baybayin Documents
The UST Baybayin Documents are two 17th century land deeds written in
baybayin, an ancient Philippine syllabary or suyat. The first document was written
in 1613, while the second was written in 1625. It is the first document to be declared
a national cultural treasure.
UST Baybayin documents
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
The UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization) has designated six World Heritage Sites in the Philippines. The
UNESCO World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural
heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention.
List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines
1. Baroque Churches in the Philippines;
San Agustin Church
It was the first church built in Luzon in 1571. The church

situated inside the Intramuros in Manila and the only structure that
survived the Liberation of Manila in 1945 during the Second World War.
The remains of the first Governor- General of the Philippines, Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi are rested inside the church.

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San Agustin Church, Intramuros
Santa Maria Church
The church is located in Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur. The church

structure together with its convent are on a hill surrounded by a
defensive wall.
Sta. Maria Church, Ilocos Norte
Paoay Church
The church is located in Paoay, Ilocos Norte. It is the most

outstanding example in the country of an Earthquake Baroque style

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architecture. The church's exterior is made of coral stone and brick,

binded together by a mortar made from sugarcane juice, mango leaves,
and rice straw among other ingredients.
Paoay Church
Miag-ao Church
The church is situated in Miag-ao, Iloilo. It is one the few

churches in the Philippines with authentic Baroque Romanesque
architectural style.
Miag-ao Church

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2. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park
It is a protected area of the Philippines located in the middle of

the Sulu Sea. The natural park is recognized as a center of marine
biodiversity containing 75% of the described coral species and 40% of
the world's reef fish.
Photo 30. Tubbataha Reefs
3. Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
The UNESCO Heritage Site inscription has five sites: the Batad
Rice Terraces, Bangaan Rice Terraces (both in Banaue), Mayoyao Rice
Terraces (in Mayoyao), Hungduan Rice Terraces (in Hungduan) and
Nagacadan Rice Terraces (in Kiangan), all in the province of Ifugao.
Philippine Rice Terraces
4. Historic City of Vigan

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Vigan is a component city and capital of the province of Ilocos

Sur. The city is unique in the country because it is one of many extensive
surviving Philippine historic cities that features heritage structures such
as buildings, ancestral houses and cobblestone streets. Its urban plan
was patterned with that of the Intramuros by Juan de Salcedo.
Calle Crisologo, Vigan
5. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park
The park is located in the Saint Paul Mountain Range on the

western coast of Palawan. It is a protected area in the country that
showcases the rich flora and fauna such as rock formations, forests
formation, 165 species of birds, mammal species, and endemic reptiles.

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Puerto Princesa Subterranean River
6. Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary
Mount Hamiguitan is a mountain located in the province of Davao

Oriental. It has a height of 1,620 metres (5,315 ft). The mountain and its
vicinity has one of the most diverse wildlife populations in the country.
Philippine Eagle and Nepenthes can be found in the area.
Mt. Hamiguitan, Davao Oriental
Historical Landmarks In The Philippines

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Historical landmarks are sites or structures that are associated with events
or achievements significant to Philippine history as declared by the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP). Below are some of the historical
landmarks in the country per region:
National Capital Region (NCR)
Landmark Location
Bonifacio National Monument Caloocan City, Manila
Las Pinas Church and Bamboo Organ Las Pinas City
Zapote Battlefied and Bridge Las Pinas City
Calvo Building Binondo, Manila
Binondo Church Binondo, Manila
Intramuros and its Walls Intramuros, Manila
Rizal Shrine Intramuros, Manila
Fort Santiago Freedom Shrine Intramuros, Manila
San Agustin Church and Convent Intramuros, Manila
Sto. Domingo Church Intramuros, Manila
Manila Cathedral Intramuros, Manila
College of San Juan de Letran Intramuros, Manila
Mabini Shrine Pandacan, Manila
Manila City Hall Ermita, Manila
Zamora Historical Landmark Ermita, Manila
Army and Navy Club Ermita, Manila
Elks Club Building Ermita, Manila
Luneta Hotel Ermita, Manila
Jose Rizal Monument Ermita, Manila
Rizal Park Ermita, Manila
Andres Bonifacio National Shrine Ermita, Manila
Metropolitan Theater Ermita, Manila
Mehan Gardens Ermita, Manila
Manila Hotel Ermita, Manila
National Museum (Old Legislative Ermita, Manila
Building)
Manila Central Post Office and Ermita, Manila
Liwasang Bonifacio
Apolinario Mabini Monument Ermita, Manila
UP College of Medicine Ermita, Manila
Philippine General Hospital Ermita, Manila
Philippine Normal University Ermita, Manila
Manila Bay and Waterfront from Del Manila
Pan Bridge to CCP
Lichauco Residence Sta. Ana, Manila
Portion of Sta. Ana Sta. Ana, Manila

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San Sebastian Church Quiapo, Manila

Bahay Nakpil- Bautista Quiapo, Manila
University of Santo Tomas and Arch of Sampaloc, Manila
the Century
Centro Escolar University San Miguel, Manila
Malacanang Palace San Miguel, Manila
Mausoleo de los Veteranos dela Manila North Cemetery, Sta. Cruz,
Revolucion Manila
Birthplace of Antonio Luna San Nicolas, Manila
De La Salle University – Manila Malate, Manila
Rizal Memorial Sports Complex Malate, Manila
The Philippine Women's University Malate, Manila
Paco Cemetery Paco, Manila
Quezon Memorial Shrine Diliman, Quezon City
Quezon Monument Diliman, Quezon City
Cry of Pugadlawin Bahay Toro, Quezon City
Church of the Holy Sacrifice UP Diliman, Quezon City
Resting Place of the remains of Banlat, Quezon City
Melchora Aquino
EDSA People Power Monument EDSA, Quezon City
Mira-Nila Heritage House Cubao, Quezon City
Monument of Heroes of 1896 UP Diliman, Quezon City
University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City
Battle of Pinaglabanan San Juan
Libingan ng mga Bayani National Fort Bonifacio, Taguig
Shrine
Birthplace of Felix Y. Manalo Tipas, Taguig
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
Landmark Location
Baguio Teachers' Camp Baguio City
Philippine Military Academy Baguio City
Dominican Hill and Retreat House Baguio City
Mansion House Baguio City
Kiangan Monument Kiangan, Ifugao
Ifugao Rice Terraces Banaue, Ifugao
Region 1- Ilocos Region
Landmark Location
Juan Luna Shrine Badoc, Ilocos Norte
Gregorio Aglipay National Shrine Batac City, Ilocos Norte
Artemio Ricarte Shrine Batac City, Ilocos Norte
Badoc Church Badoc, Ilocos Norte

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Sarrat Church Sarrat, Ilocos Norte

Laoag Church Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Paoay Church Paoay, Ilocos Norte
San Nicolas Church San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte
Cape Bojeador Lighthouse Burgos, Ilocos Norte
Cathedral of Vigan Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
Syquia Mansion Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
Seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia Vigan City, Ilocos Sur
Church of Narvacan Narvacan, Ilocos Sur
Tirad Pass National Shrine Del Pilar, Ilocos Sur
Basilica of Our Lady of Charity Agoo, La Union
Church of Nuestra Señora de Manaoag, Pangasinan
Manaoag
Colegio de San Alberto Magno Dagupan City, Pangasinan
Ramos House Lingayen, Pangasinan
Old Casa Real and Provincial Capitol Lingayen, Pangasinan
Region 2- Cagayan Valley
Landmark Location
Basco Church Basco, Batanes
Itbayat Church Itbayat, Batanes
Ivana Church Ivana, Batanes
Sabtang Church Sabtang, Batanes
Church of Camalaniugan Camalaniugan, Cagayan
Church of Malaueg Malaueg, Cagayan
Cathedral of Tuguegarao Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
St. Paul University Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
Diocese of Nueva Segovia Lal-lo, Cagayan
Fort Lalloc Lal-lo, Cagayan
Cape Engaño Lighthouse Sta. Ana, Cagayan
Fort Cabagan Cabagan, Isabela
Church of Tumauini Tamauini, Isabela
Region 3- Central Luzon
Landmark Location
Birthplace of Manuel Luis Quezon Baler, Aurora
Church of Baler Baler, Aurora
Church of Abucay Abucay, Bataan
Church of Balanga Balanga City, Bataan
Starting Point of the Death March Mariveles, Bataan
Mt. Samat National Shrine Pilar, Bataan
Barasoain Church Malolos City, Bulacan
Biak-na-Bato National Park San Miguel, Bulacan

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Church of Quingua Plaridel, Bulacan

Central Luzon State University Munoz, Nueva Ecija
Death Place of General Antonio Luna Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
President Diosdado P. Macapagal Lubao, Pampanga
Library and Museum
Church of Lubao Lubao, Pampanga
Church of Magalang Magalang, Pampanga
Clark Field (Fort Stotsenburg) Clark, Pampanga
Pamintuan Ancestral House Angeles City, Pampanga
Pisamban Maragul (Pisamban ning Angeles City, Pampanga
Angeles)
Dayrit-Cuyugan Ancestral House San Fernando City, Pampanga
Lazatin Ancestral House San Fernando City, Pampanga
Henson-Hizon House, San Fernando City, Pampanga
Aquino Ancestral House Concepcion, Tarlac
Makabulos Ancestral House La Paz, Tarlac
Capas Concentration Camp Capas, Tarlac
Old Spanish Gate SBFZ, Olongapo City, Zambales
House of Ramon Magsaysay Castillejos, Zambales
Region 4A- CALABARZON
Landmark Location
Escuela Pia Taal, Batangas
Apacible Ancestral House Taal, Batangas
Goco Ancestral House Taal, Batangas
Taal Basilica Taal, Batangas
Basilica Menor of the Immaculate Batangas City
Concepcion Church
Cathedral of Lipa Lipa City
Luz-Katigbak Ancestral House Lipa City
Cape Santiago Lighthouse Calatagan, Batangas
Malabrigo Lighthouse Lobo, Batangas
Imus Arsenal Imus, Cavite
Bridge of Isabel II Imus, Cavite
House where Bonifactio and his Maragondon, Cavite
brother Procopio were put into trial.
Mount Nagpatong Maragondon, Cavite
Aguinaldo Shrine Kawit, Cavite
House of General Baldomero Kawit, Cavite
Aguinaldo
Casa Hacienda de Naic Naic, Cavite
Corregidor Cavite City
San Felipe Neri Fort Cavite City
Church of Dasmariñas Dasmarinas, Cavite

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Rizal Shrine Calamba, Laguna

Church of Cavinti Cavinti, Laguna
Church of Lilio Liliw, Laguna
Church of Los Baños Los Banos, Laguna
Church of Nagcarlang Narcarlan, Laguna
Underground Cemetery of Nagcarlan Narcarlan, Laguna
Church of Paete Paete, Laguna
Cuartel of Santo Domingo Sta. Rosa, Laguna
Casa de Comunidad de Tayabas Tayabas, Quezon
Church of Tayabas Tayabas, Quezon
Church of Lucban Lucban, Quezon
La Casa de Doña Ana Lucban, Quezon
Church of Sariaya Sariaya, Quezon
Gala-Rodriguez House Sariaya, Quezon
Natalio Enriquez House Sariaya, Quezon
Fort San Diego Gumaca, Quezon
Church of Antipolo Antipolo, Rizal
Boso-Boso Church Antipolo, Rizal
Church of Baras Baras, Rizal
Church of Morong Morong, Rizal
Church of Tanay Tanay, Rizal
Pamitinan Cave Rodriguez, Rizal
Region 4B- MIMAROPA
Landmark Location
Casa Narvas Boac, Marinduque
Boac Church Boac, Marinduque
Church of Calapan Calapan, Oriental Mindoro
Ruins of the Church-Fort Bongabong, Oriental Mindoro
Fort Culion Culion, Palawan
Fort Cuyo Cuyo, Palawan
Fort Labo Labo, Palawan
Fort of San Juan Bautista Agutaya, Palawan
Region 5- Bicol Region
Landmark Location
Commercial building of Smith, Bell & Tabaco City, Albay
Co. Tabaco, Albay
Church of Cagsaua Daraga, Albay
Church of Oas Oas, Albay
Church of Tabaco Tabaco City, Albay
St. Peter the Apostle Church Vinzons, Camarines Norte
Church of Iriga Iriga, Camarines Sur

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Church of Magarao Magarao, Camarines Sur

Church of Naga Naga City, Camarines Sur
Church of Nuestra Señora de Peña de Naga City, Camarines Sur
Francia
Colegio de Santa Isabel Naga City, Camarines Sur
Seminario de Santissimo Rosario Naga City, Camarines Sur
Seminary of Nueva Caceres Naga City, Camarines Sur
The Shrine in Batalay Bato, Catanduanes
The Forts of Bulusan Bulusan, Sorsogon
Region 6- Western Visayas
Landmark Location
The Code of Kalantiaw Batan, Aklan
Sanduguan (Pacto de Sangre) New Washington, Aklan
Church of Anini-y Anin-y, Antique
Church of Pan-Ay Pan-Ay, Capiz
Roca Encantada Buenavista, Guimaras
The Hechanova House Jaro, Iloilo City
Jaro Cathedral Jaro, Iloilo City
Lopez Ancestral House La Paz, Iloilo City
Molo Church Molo, Iloilo City
Molo Mansion Molo, Iloilo City
Plaza Libertad Iloilo City
San Joaquin Historical Church San Juaquin, Iloilo
Miagao Church Miagao, Iloilo
Angel Araneta Ledesma Ancestral Silay City, Negros Occidental
House
Bernardino-Ysabela Jalandoni Silay City, Negros Occidental
Ancestral House
Cesar Lacson Locsin Heritage House Silay City, Negros Occidental
Jose Corteza Locsin Heritage House Silay City, Negros Occidental
Kapitan Marciano Lacson Heritage Silay City, Negros Occidental
House
Manuel Severino Hofileña Heritage Silay City, Negros Occidental
House
Victor Fernandez Gaston Ancestral Silay City, Negros Occidental
House
Cathedral of Bacolod Bacolod City, Negros Occidental
The Church of La Carlota La Carlota, Negros Occidental
Region 7- Central Visayas
Landmark Location
Balilihan Belfry Balilihan, Bohol

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Punta Cruz Fort Punta Cruz, Bohol

Blood Compact Between Sikatuna Tagbilaran City, Bohol
and Legaspi
Carlos P. Garcia House Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Church of Tagbilaran Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Church of San Pedro Apostol Loboc, Bohol
Clarin Ancestral House Loay, Bohol
Church of Albuquerque Albuquerque, Bohol
Baclayon Church Baclayon, Bohol
Brick House (Sarmiento-Osmeña Carcar, Cebu
House)
The Big House (Don Florencio Noel Carcar, Cebu
House)
Mercado Mansion Carcar, Cebu
The Cross of Magellan Cebu City
Colon Street Cebu City
Fort San Pedro Cebu City
Bagacay Point Lighthouse Liloan, Cebu
Silliman University Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Region 8- Eastern Visayas
Landmark Location
Biliran Watchtower Biliran
The Cathedral of Palo Palo, Leyte
The Convent of Palo Palo, Leyte
Balangiga massacre Site Balangiga, Eastern Samar
Borongan Cathedral Borongan, Eastern Samar
Old Church of Palapag Palapag, Northern Samar
Calbayog Cathedral Calbayog, Samar
Region 9- Zamboanga Peninsula
Landmark Location
Casa Real Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte
Old Town of Dapitan Heritage Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte
Ruins of the Fort of Tukuran Tukuran, Zamboanga del Sur
Fort Pilar Zamboanga City
Taluksangay Mosque Zamboanga City
Region 10- Northern Mindanao
Landmark Location
Camp Kasisang Malaybalay City, Bukidnon

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Macapagal-Macaraeg Ancestral Iligan, Lanao del Norte

House
Fort of Concepcion y del Triunfo Ozamis, Misamis Occidental
House of Chino Ygua (House of Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis
Stone) Oriental
Region 11- Davao Region
Landmark Location
Davao Penal Colony Carmen, Davao del Norte
Port Sta. Ana Davao City, Davao del Sur
Region 12- SOCCSKSARGEN
Landmark Location
Fort Pikit Pikit, Cotabato
Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
Landmark Location
Sheik Makdum Mosque[ Simunul, Tawi- Tawi
Turtle Islands Tawi- Tawi
FESTIVALS IN THE PHILIPPINES
Kalibo Ati- Atihan
Celebrated every 3rd weekend of January in Kalibo, Aklan. A celebration in

honor of the Sto. Nino (Child Jesus) marked by a frenzied merriment on the streets.
Revelers in colorful costumes and bodies pointed black and their faces made up
grotesquely, dance uninhibitedly to drum beats.
Sinulog Festival
Celebrated every 3rd week of January in Cebu City. The festival is Cebu’s
biggest and most popular. The feast is in honor of the Holy Image of the Sto. Nino
de Cebu. Fiesta Senor as it is widely known, is the most celebrated where people
converge along the route of a grand solemn procession and partake in the gaiety
amidst a mardi gras parade immersed in wild colors and the constant beating of
drums of the “Pit Senor”.
Iloilo Dinagyang
Celebrated every 4th week of January in Iloilo City. Spectacle characterized

by frenetic stomping of feet and hypnotic drumbeating. It is a colorful whirl of

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thousands of people dressed in unique costumes dancing and chanting all day and
night.
Baguio Flower Festival “Panagbenga”
Celebrated every 2nd week of February in Baguio City. A weeklong

celebration of flower related activities highlighted by a grand floral float competition
street dancing by paraders garbed with flowers.
Moriones Festival
Celebrated Holy Week in all municipalities of Marinduque. A festival of the

“Moriones”, colorfully garbed and masked soldiers and centurions; culminates in
the reenactment of the beheading of Longinus. The entire towns of Boac, Mogpog
and Gasan are virtually converted into huge stages as the story of Longinus
unfolds.
Pistay Dayat
Celebrated in Lingayen, Pangasinan. Thanksgiving festival for the year’s

bountiful harvest from the sea celebrated every 1st of May. Various activities are
lined up such as fluvial parade that features small sea crafts and bancas decked
with flowers and fruits. Another highlights are the selection of the “Lingas ng Dayat”
or Queen of the Sea, Sand Castle Competiiton, sports competition/ exhibition by
the beach, agri-tourism fair, food festival, orchid/garden show.
Pahiyas sa Lucban
Celebrated in Lucban, Quezon. Homes are decked with kiping (multi-

colored paper- thin leaf- shaped rice kropeck), palm fronds, various horticultural
varieties and harvested vegetables. An impressive trade fair that showcases
Quezon province’s crafts, delicacies such as longganiza Lucban. Procession of
religious images of the Catholic church notably San Isidro add more color to a feast
of the senses.
Masskara Festival
Celebrated in Bacolod City. Their biggest annual event that reflect the
Bacolenos love for fun and gaiety. Coinciding with the city’s Charter Day
celebration, fairs and a mardi- gras style by costumed and masked street dancers.
This is also a celebration of the founding anniversary of Bacolod City. There are
programs, float parade and street dancing.

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Higantes Festival
Celebrated in Angono, Rizal. Angono’s joyous fiesta in honor of San

Clemente whose image, resplendent in papal vestment, is borne by male devotees
during a procession accompanied by “parehadoras” (devotees dressed in colorful
local costumes, wooden shoes and carrying boat paddles and “higantes” (giant
paper mache effigies). The street event culminates in fluvial procession in Laguna
de Bay amidst revelry that continues until the image is brought back to its
sanctuary.
Sinukuan Festival
Held first week of December as the highlight of the weeklong festivities of

Pampanga’s foundation day (Aldo Ning Pampanga) the Sinukwan Festival heralds
unique culture and distinct beliefs of the Kapampangans though a colorful street
dancing parade along the capital town of San Fernando, and a province wide
dance competition showcasing indigenous rituals and music at the Pampanga
Sports Complex.
Panagbenga Festival

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Sinulog Festival
Class Activity
1. The class will be divided into five groups. A municipality will be assigned to
every group. The group will research the history and heritage of their
assigned municipality. They will come up with a promotional video
promoting the municipality’s history and heritage.
2. Reaction paper or critique of the shrines, historical sites, museums the

students visited in their assigned municipalities.

103
APPENDICES

104
A REPORT ON LA GRANJA MODELO, OR GOVERNMENT FARM IN

MAGALANG
By: M.R. Healy, Manila, Philippine Islands, November 23, 1901
Sir: Acting under instructions contained in your letter, 15th instant, I visited
the Granja Modelo near Magalang and respectfully submit the report:
Granja Modelo is 8 miles from Angeles, which is the most convenient

railroad point. The road is poor, but could be improved at the present time with
comparatively small cost: estimated by the military engineer now at Angeles at
$1,000 gold per mile. The engineer has just completed some military roads in
district and has all the necessary materials and instruments on hand.
Buildings-One octagon-shaped building about 25 feet in diameter stone

foundation, with walls and roof of corrugated iron; 1 shelter for about 20 horses,
corrugated iron roof, no walls, 2 small shelter for grain and hay, iron roof no walls,
2 buildings in course of construction each, 170 by 20 feet, frame work completed,
to be finished with nipa roof, fitted to accommodate 200 horses; 1 two-storey
building, framework complete, to be finished with nipa- upper floor to be used as
quarters for men, lower floor as store house. Farm and buildings occupied at
present by the military government as a hospital or sick and broken down horses.
The Granja Modelo is nearly 5 miles long by 1 mile wide, and on the north and
west adjourns lands at present occupied by the natives. Beginning at the northeast,
the boundary is marked by a row of bamboo stakes about 4 feet high, then by the
river, and afterwards by a row of bamboo poles 8 feet high with white flag. These
stakes have been placed about 30 yards-apart on the boundary of La Ganja
Modelo where it adjourns the farms of the natives. On the east and south, the
Granja Modelo runs back to Mount Arayat and vacant government lands. The soil
is rich sandy loam. One-half of the farm is low-lying and the rest rolling land,
running back to the foot of the mountain. Fully one-fourth of the farm was one time
under cultivation of rice, as remains of the paddies can still be seen. The remainder
of the farm is covered with thick underbrush; there are no trees of large size until
the foot of the mountain is reached. The remains of some machinery lies in the
brush which looks as if it one time it was part of a sugar mill with sawmill attached.
Rice, sugar cane, tobacco, alfalfa, corn, hemp, and possibly cotton would grow
well on this land. There is a large creek running on three sides of the farm, so that
a complete system of irrigation can be carried out on all parts of it during the entire
year. No crops are raised on the farm at present. The officer in charge of the farm
at present for the military government is Lt. Col. Hatfield, Fifty Cavalry, stationed
at Angeles.Trusting this report will meet your approval
I remain sir, yours, respectfully,
M.R. Healy

105
TARLAC AND THE EIGHT RAYS OF THE SUN IN THE PHILIPPINE FLAG
By: Dr. Lino L. Dizon
During the Third National Conference on The Philippine Revolution held in

Baguio City, particularly on the workshop on the historical controversies of such
period, a lady participant from Rizal province brought out the necessity of
prompting the powers that be in the National Centennial Commission to settle once
and for all the rightful beneficiary of the symbolical eight ray of the sun in the
already controversy- laden Filipino flag. She was telling the body that historians
are in quandary of which should legally represent the last august sun-ray
immortalizing the first set of provinces which revolted against Spain. Should it be
Tarlac (as loosely particularized in a couple of history books) or Morong (which,
incidentally, was merely the old name of her province)?
The act of letting the present crop of Filipinos chose on the motley of
symbolisms over their flag is not something new. Some years ago, there was the
question regarding the correct representation of the three stars. Should it be the
libertarian virtues of Equality, Fraternity and Freedom (most likely borrowed from
the tenets of the French Revolution) or popularly propagated LuzViMinda; i.e.,
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao- the three main islands of the archipelago. And
then, which is more recent, there was the argument over the genuine color of the
original flag, particularly on the hue of the trapezoidal blue. Should it be dark blue
(as being used now) or the much lighter royal blue (as pointed out by historians
like the late Prof. Teodoro Agoncillo to be true tint of the first flag sewn by his
ascendant, Dona Marcela Agoncillo). Truly, there was indeed these sacred and
oftentimes superstitious attributions over the colors of the flag. As an enthusiastic
flag- raiser in my elementary years, I never did commit the mistake of placing the
interchangeable red over the blue; or if ever, as my peers have told me, a bloody
war would certainly be in the offing.
It is not only now that there was this squabble over the eight rays of the sun
in the Philippine flag. There was a time when progressive historians, most
especially those coming from the University of the Philippines, strong contended
that the depiction that the depiction of the eight rays is both anachronistic and
divisive. There are early accounts of the Katipunan that vouched the fact that the
shining sun in some prototypes of the Filipino flag was drawn as a sunburst rather
than the delimited eight- rayed one. And there is now the proliferation of studies to
lambast the old notion that the early stages of Philippine Revolution was
exclusively demarcated by the eight revolting Tagalog- Kapampangan provinces;
the Revolution was actually a nationwide struggle.
As a timid participant from Tarlac, I found myself defending the politico-

infested and oftentimes ungrateful province of its historic rights and dues. On the
surface, the inclusion of Tarlac among the first provinces that revolted against
Spain should have not been at all moot or debatable. These were actually the eight
provinces, or the terranos de Guerra cited by Governor- General Ramon Blanco

106
on August 30, 1896, during the primal moments of the Philippine Revolution. The
said decree was clear on its aims:
The acts of rebellion of which armed bodies of the people have been guilty
during the last few days at different points of the territory of this province,
seriously disturbing public tranquility, and make it imperative that the most
severe and exemplary measures be taken to suppress at its inception, an
attempt as criminal as futile…
As well as on the perpetrators:
(Art. 1). From the date of publication of this proclamation, the provinces of
Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac (italics supplied), Laguna,
Cavite and Batangas are declared to be in a state of war.
But, in fairness to the lady, she, actually, had a valid point. The controversy
must have something to do with the juggling of facts of certain documents related
to the much later Aguinaldo Revolutionary Government, particularly in the
wordings of the Declaration of Independence of June 12, 1898 presided by
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. In this document, Tarlac was not included among
the eight provinces which rose up in arms against Spain. I did write in an earlier
work, in 1994:
(W)hen Governor- General Ramon Blanco issued his State of War decree
on August 30, 1896, the province of Tarlac, even in its youth, was one of
the eight provinces which rose up in arms against Spain. For this, a
permanent honor should have been bestowed upon it, that of being one the
eight rays of the sun- if Aguinaldo had himself decreed that these
“symbolize the eight provinces… which were declared in a state of war as
soon as the first revolutionary movement was initiated.” Aguinaldo must
have been however tupsy- turvy with his facts as his government was
destined to be. During the Proclamation of Independence at Kawit, Cavite
on June 12, 1898, he did not bestow to the province of Tarlac that honor,
giving it instead to Bataan (and not, actually, Morong). If this was intentional
or a mere oversight on his part, no study has been made.
It is only recently that I tried to consider a more profound explanation for this
sort of imbroglio. Largely, this has something to do with circumstances, or events
surrounding the Proclamation of Independence. By June 1898, Tarlac was not yet
fully liberated from Spanish rule. Bataan, on the other hand, was one of the first
provinces to respond to Aguinaldo’s call for the resumption of the revolutionary
struggle; i.e., upon the end of his Hongkong exile in the last days of May of that
same year. Thus, the exceptionality of Bataan might have affected the facts or
might have provided a ready reference for the drafters of the Proclamation at that
time. And there were other, albeit personal, reasons which President Aguinaldo
must have entertained in the non- inclusion of Tarlac.

107
It was a common knowledge that Gen. Francisco Makabulos, the Tarlac

revolutionary leader, was the most staunch oppositionist of the Pact of Biak-Na-
Bato while Aguinaldo its most ardent supporter. By creating a provisional
government in Central Luzon, Makabulos had undoubtedly incurred the anger of
Aguinaldo. Upon the president’s return to the Philippines on May 17, 1898. And it
was only on June 3 that the struggle was resumed in Tarlac; culminating on July
10, 1898 with the surrender of the Spanish forces.
Yet, I did also write, loc. Cit. (and have yet to make a retraction):
In the face of the pressing need to re-orient Philippine history, disregarding

symbolisms that foment regionalism (e.g., the eight rays symbolizing only
Tagalog- Kapampangan provinces, (a serious study) is no longer
necessary.
I am still certain that a proliferation of this sentiment will do much good for
every Filipino and his history, irrespective of the tongue, the creed, or the province.

108
DID YOUNG RIZAL REALLY WRITE POEM FOR CHILDREN?

By: Ambeth R. Ocampo - @inquirerdotnet
Philippine Daily Inquirer / 02:53 AM August 22, 2011
In 1892, Jose Rizal began a new novel in Tagalog.
He realized that in order to reach a wider readership in his country, he had to write
in his native tongue.
During this time of exile in Hong Kong, his elder brother, Paciano, had completed
a translation of the “Noli Me Tangere” from the original Spanish into Tagalog that
was corrected and finalized by Rizal.
Envisioned as a popular edition with illustrations by Juan Luna, this book was
never to be. The original manuscript translation by Paciano has since been
missing.
Nevertheless, Rizal completed a chapter of his satirical Tagalog novel and gave it
the title “Makamisa” (After the Mass), but unfortunately he did not have the energy
to complete it.
He stopped writing in Tagalog and began anew in Spanish. The drafts of this work
were first published in 1993 in my book “Makamisa: The Search for Rizal’s Third
Novel.”
Rizal spoke and wrote in Tagalog fluently, but he was unable to write a whole novel
in his mother tongue. This is quite surprising for is he not, like Manuel L. Quezon,
inextricably linked to the adoption of Tagalog as the national language of the
Philippines?
Most quoted line
Isn’t the most quoted line from Rizal’s many poems that from “Sa Aking Mga
Kabata” that goes, “Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika/masahol pa
sa hayop at malansang isda.” (He who loves not his own language/is worse than
a beast and a stinking fish.)
Did Rizal write this poem at 8 years old? Did Rizal write this poem at all?
No original manuscript, in Rizal’s own hand, exists for “Sa Aking Mga Kabata,”
traditionally believed to be his first poem.
Rizal had 35 years to publish or assert authorship. He did not. The poem was
published posthumously, a decade after his execution, as an appendix to “Kun
sino ang kumatha ng ‘Florante: Kasaysayan ng Buhay ni Francisco Baltazar’ at
pag-uulat nang kanyang karununga’t kadakilaan” (Manila: Libreria Manila-
Filatelico, 1906.) by the poet Herminigildo Cruz as follows

109
Sa Aking Mga Kabata
Kapagka ang baya’y sadyang umiibig

sa kanyang salitang kaloob ng langit.
sanlang kalayaan nasa ring masapit
katulad ng ibong nasa himpapawid.
Pagka’t ang salita’y isang kahatulan

sa bayan, sa nayo’t mga kaharian,
at ang isang tao’y katulad kabagay
ng alinmang likha noong kalayaan.
Ang hindi magmahal sa kanyang salita

mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda,
kaya ang marapat pagyamaning kusa
na tulad sa inang tunay na nagpala.
Ang wikang Tagalog tulad din sa Latin,

sa Ingles, Kastila, at salitang angel,
sapagkat ang Poong maalam tumingin
ang siyang nag-gawad, nagbigay sa atin.
Ang salita nati’y tulad din sa iba

na may alfabeto at sariling letra
na kaya nawala’y dinatnan ng sigwa
ang lunday sa lawa noong dakong una.
Provenance
Tracing the provenance of the poem to its source, Cruz claims to have received
the poem from his friend, the poet Gabriel Beato Francisco, who got it from a
certain Saturnino Raselis of Lukban, a bosom friend of Rizal and teacher in
Majayjay, Laguna, in 1884.
Raselis is alleged to have received a copy of this poem from Rizal himself, a token
of their close friendship.
Unfortunately, Raselis’ name does not appear in Rizal’s voluminous

correspondence, diaries or writings. When Jaime C. de Veyra established the
definitive canon of Rizal’s poetry in 1946 with a compilation published in the series
“Documentos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Filipinas” (Documents from the National
Library of the Philippines) “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” was not published in the original
Tagalog but in a free Spanish translation of the Tagalog by Epifanio de los Santos
as “A mis compañeros de niñez.”

110
Tagalog, according to the 8-year-old Rizal, has its own alphabet and letters. It goes
back to pre-Spanish times. The precocious child even compared Tagalog with
Latin, English, Spanish and “the language of angels,” whatever that is.
Second look
Filipinos raised on textbook history that depicts Rizal as a superhuman genius

should give the poem a second look and ask, “Was it really written by an 8-year-
old from Calamba just learning to read at his mother’s knee?”
The poem could not have been written in 1869 when Rizal was eight based on the
use of the letter “k,” which was a reform in Tagalog orthography proposed by the
mature Rizal.
In Rizal’s childhood they spelled words with a “c” rather than “k.” Further, the word
“kalayaan” (freedom) is used twice. First, in the third line of the first stanza, there
is mention of sanlang kalayaan (pawned freedom).
Was Rizal aware of the colonial condition at this young age? Kalayaan appears
the second time in the last line of the second stanza.
Encounter with ‘kalayaan’
These two references ring a bell because kalayaan as we know it today was not
widely used in the 19th century. As a matter of fact, Rizal encountered the word
first in the summer of 1882 when he was 21 years old!
In a letter to his brother, Paciano, dated Oct. 12, 1886, Rizal related difficulties
encountered with Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell that he was translating from the original
German into Tagalog:
“I’m sending you at last the translation of Wilhelm Tell by Schiller which was
delayed one week, being unable to finish it sooner on account of my numerous
tasks. I’m aware of its many mistakes that I entrust to you and my brothers-in-law
to correct. It is almost a literal translation. I’m forgetting Tagalog a little, as I don’t
speak it with anyone.
“… I lacked many words, for example, for the word Freiheit or liberty, one cannot
use the Tagalog word kaligtasan of course because this means that he was
formerly in some prison, slavery, etc. I encountered in the translation of Amor
Patrio the noun malayá, kalayahan that Marcelo del Pilar used. In the only Tagalog
book I have, Florante [at Laura], I don’t find an equivalent noun.”

111
‘El Amor Patrio’
“El Amor Patrio” was the first article Rizal wrote on Spanish soil. He wrote it in
Barcelona in the summer of 1882 and it was published in Diariong Tagalog in
August 1882 both in Spanish and a Tagalog translation, “Pag-ibig Sa Tinubuang
Lupa,” by Marcelo H. del Pilar.
If, as Rizal admitted, he did not encounter the word kalayaan until he was studying
in Europe at 21 years old, how can he have used it at 8 years old in Calamba?
In light of its complicated provenance and the anachronistic use of the word
kalayaan a shadow of doubt has been cast on “Sa Aking Mga Kabata.”
There are only two poems attributed to Rizal in Tagalog, the other is “Kundiman.”
Both are questionable. All his documented poems are in Spanish.
If Rizal did not compose “Sa Aking Mga Kabata,” who did?
Our two suspects are the poets Herminigildo Cruz or Gabriel Beato Francisco.
Identifying the true author of “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” is important because millions
of Filipino children are miseducated each year during Buwan ng Wika when they
are told that Rizal composed a poem on his mother tongue when he was 8.
Will the real author of “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” please stand up for he who does not
love his own poem/is worse than a beast and a stinking fish (“ang di magmahal sa
sariling tula/mahigit sa hayop at malansang isda”).
To My Childhood Companions (Nick Joaquin translation)
Whenever a people truly love

the language given them from above,
lost freedom will they ever try
to regain, as birds yearn for the sky.
For language is a mandate sent

to each people, country and government;
and every man is, like all free
creation, born to liberty.
Who does not love his own tongue is

far worse than a brute or stinking fish,
for we should foster and make it great
like unto a mother blest by fate.
Like Latin, English, Spanish, or

the speech of angels is Tagalog,
for God, a wise provider, it was

112
who made and handed it to us.
Like the others, our language was equipped

with its own alphabet, its own script,
which were lost when a storm brought down in woe
the barque on the lake long, long ago.

113
CAMP O’DONNELL AND DEATH MARCH

By: Edward Benrick D. Salonga
Camp O’Donnell
Camp O’Donnell is an American Camp established in 1940 as cantonment

center for the military training of the Filipino youth. On July 15, 1941, US President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt ordered it become the cantonment and mobilization
center of 71st Division of the Philippine Army- United States Armed Forces in the
Far East (USAFFE).
It was the terminal point of tragic Death March and transformed by

Japanese Imperial Army as Prisoners of War Concentration Camp where
thousands of Filipino and American soldiers were incarcerated. Many eventually
died due to sickness, forced labor and malnutrition.
Although the camp was named after the barrio O’Donnell, it is physical
situated on the territories of Barangay Aranguren.
Incarceration in Camp O’Donnell
First batch of Fil-Am soldiers came to Camp O’Donnell on April 11, 1942
and the last batch arrived on April 30, 1942. Around 7,000 to 10,000 died in the
Death March while approximately 29,000 perished in Camp O’Donnell.
Once inside the concentration camp, the Japanese Soldiers will confiscate
the surviving Fil-Am soldier’s personal items including identification tags.
The POWs only source of water was the water from the O’Donnell River.
To give tribute to this messianic river, at present, a hanging bridge of remembrance
was installed above the river.
Mass Graves and Burial of Casualties in Camp O’Donnell
Those who died in the concentration camp and were expected to die due to
weakness or diseases were buried in mass graves. According to some eye
witnesses, in one pit, 10- 20 persons were buried. At first, Japanese soldiers
wanted to cremate their corpse. But because of the pleas of American chaplains,
the bodies were allowed to be buried outside the main gate north of the road to
Capas (the site of the present “Battling Bastards of Bataan). As the death toll
increased another cemetery was added. By May 31, 1942 there were 44 deaths
per day. Captain John Olson, the Adjutant of the American Group at Camp
O’Donnell kept records of death and he wrote:
“Camp O’Donnell’s appearance in the endless stream of History was brief,

but dramatic. During its less than nine months as a concentration area, it saw some

114
1,565 American and over 26,000 Filipino, all in the prime of life, perish
ignominiously and needlessly. Because of the callousness and inefficiency of an
enemy who relentlessly applied an atavistic code of conduct to dealing with
helpless individuals, they were not treated according to the codes subscribed to by
most of the nations of the Twentieth Century. Though what happened to the
Americans was reprehensible, the studied extermination of the Filipinos, whom the
Japanese had ostensibly come to free from the “Tyrannical Oppression” of the
Imperial Americans, is utterly inexplicable.”
Upon discovery of death, bodies wrapped in tattered blankets and slung on

bamboo holes will be carried by their surviving comrades to transport them to the
morgue, this dramatic scene is called “the procession of the dead”.
Captain A. L. Fullerton, a US Army Quartermaster Corps Officer who was

trained in grave registration became the in-charge of all burial activities in Camp
O’Donnell. Under his watch, he established a morgue for receiving, checking and
holding of corpse. Checking of the body include inventory of personal properties
of the deceased. The following are known they will be recorded in the report of
death: name, rank and serial number, organization, place of death, date of death,
cause of death, method of identification, name and address of nearest kin, place
of burial, date of burial, age, race, remarks and home address.
There were crude wooden cross to mark the graves. The graves were
approximately ten feet by six feet and four feet deep. This was the size to allow
multiple bodies in one grave as stated earlier. According to one prisoner in the
person of Nicholas Fryzuik, “people were buried in mass graves and you could see
legs, hands or feet sticking out of the little dirt used to cover them.”
In 1946, the United States and Philippine Armed Forces Grave Registration
Units started moving the remains of the buried dead to the United States Military
Cemetery and the AFP “Libingan ng mga Bayani” Cemetery in Fort Bonifacio
where their remains finally laid to rest.

115
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Metropolitan University, UK.

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Macaraeg, Agnes M. and David, Ma. Elena D. (2018). Readings in Philippine

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Municipality of Capas: An Analysis. Tarlac City: Tarlac State University.
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History, Volume 7. Manila: National Book Store.
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The 1987 Philippine Constitution.
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Session of the U.S. Congress.
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Retrieved 27 September 2019.

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Capitly, Bonifacio, Vergara, Juliana and Domingo, Lucia. (1952). History of Barrio
Aranguren. Historical Data Paper.
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2019.
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Dokumento at Pananaw.
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jose-rizal-mga-bagong-dokumento-at-pananaw/story/ Retrieved 27 September
2019.
Guerrero, Milagros C., Encarnacion, Emmanuel, Villegas, Ramon. Balintawak:

The Cry for a Nationwide Revolution. ncca.gov.ph
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List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines
Ocampo, Ambeth (2011). Did young Rizal really write poem for children?.
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22.jpg
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http://malacanang.gov.ph/74644-thanksgiving-in-the-philippines/

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1

EDWARD BENRICK D. SALONGA, MPA

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

1. To discuss the meaning and relevance of the study of history; and

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY

Merriam Webster defined history as a chronological record of significant

“History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind,

“History is a record of unchanging past.”

"History is not the past . . . History is the distillation of evidence surviving

“History is a connected account of the course of events or progress of

Historiography- refers to the writing of history based on the critical

Philippine Historiography as mentioned by Candelaria and Alporha in

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

b. Teodoro Agoncillo- nationalist point of view of Filipino history

c. Samuel K. Tan- Philippine history is a collective interplay of events;

d. Reynaldo C. Ileto- history from below; “Pasyon at Rebolusyon”.

e. Renato Constantino- “history is the achievement of man not the

f. Zeus A. Salazar- ”pantayong pananaw”; use of Filipino language as

1. The Historian/ Author

Refers to the person writing/ documenting the events/ history.

The location where the history was written.

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

“Nationalism is nourished by a sense of history. It is of its essence to know

Numerical records include any type of numerical data in printed or

Oral statements include any form of statement made orally by someone.

DISTINCTION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

A primary source is one prepared by an individual who was a participant in,

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

These are contemporary accounts of an event, written by someone

The function of these is to interpret primary sources, and so can be

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISMS

External criticism refers to the genuineness of the documents a

Garraghan divides external criticism into six inquiries:

1. When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?

Internal criticism refers to the accuracy of the contents of a document.

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

Questions of External and Internal Criticisms

In doing external and internal criticisms, the following shall be considered:

a. Genealogy of the Document

Is the source an original, a copy of the original or a copy of a copy?

What kind of institution or individual produced a source, with what

c. The Originality of the Document

How is the document rooted from other sources?

d. Interpretation of the Document

With what authority does the author of a source speak?

f. Competence of the Observer

What was the psychological state of the author of the source?

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

g. The Trustworthiness of the Observer

How does the author conceal or suppress knowledge to advance one’s

REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

Primary sources can be located on the following:

National Archives of the Philippines (NAP)

Repository of public documents- notaries, birth

National Library of the Philippines (NLP)

The official national library of the country. Its

Readings in Philippine History Edward Benrick D. Salonga

1898, a collection of rare Filipiniana books previously owned by the

National Museum of the Philippines

It is the government institution in the

University of the Philippines- Diliman Library

Name: _____ Date: _