Group 1

History and Historiography:

Meaning and Relevance

Topics
A. Meaning and Relevance of History
B. Distinction between Primary and Secondary
C. External and Internal Criticisms
D. Repositories of Primary Resources
E. Different Kinds of Primary Sources

History and Historiography

 History
-from the Greek word ἱστορία which means “to learn”. At presents, the term connotes past
events according to Louis Gottschalk (1969).
-is the knowledge of and study of the past and a form of collective memory.
- it is a term that means “PAST”. Even though the subject of history is past events, nobody can
deny that it connotes many implications that affect the life of the people and the future of a country.
 Historiography
is the study of how history is written and how our historical understanding changes over time. 

Branches of History
 General History which covers political, economic, diplomatic, and military history.
 Economic History which includes economic thoughts and economic systems.
 Cultural History which covers local and ethnic history.
 Social History
 Myth History.

Relevance of History
 builds empathy through studying the lives and struggles of others
 It records and helps people understand successes and failures. Through these studies
people can learn about change and how others are affected by it. It shows patterns of
behaviour or events in the past and their outcome which can help us avoid similar
outcomes in the future.

Distinction between Primary and Secondary source

 Primary
-primary sources include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in an
event. They can be firsthand testimony or evidence created during the time period that you are
studying .
Include diaries, letters, interviews, poem, novels, etc.

 Secondary
-secondary sources analyze a scholarly question and often use primary sources as evidence.
Include books and articles about a topic
External Criticism
 - refers to the Authenticity or Genuineness of the Document.
 Also known as lower criticism, is a tool used by historians and exegetes to determine the
validity of a document, particularly a document with some sort of historical significance.

Primary, external criticism sets three questions to test the authenticity of a document:
1. Who produced the document?
2. When was it produced?
3. Where was it produced?

Example of External Criticism

 History: events affecting subjects and data collected.
 Maturation of subjects: wiser, tired, older; influencing responses.
 Testing: learn from being in the study.
 Instruments’ accuracy: standardized procedure.
 Subjects selection: nonrandom and potentially biased.

Internal Criticism
-to determine if the content is accurate or reliable.
-Also known as higher criticism
-Determine the reliability by correctly interpreting the contents of the document.
Concerned with the accuracy and meaning if the data contained in the document

Questions to ask to assure the value and worth of conclusion about the document:
1. Who is the author?
2. How much credibility can be given to the author?
3. Was the information given in the document original with him, or did he copy it from someone
else?

Repositories Of Primary Sources

Sources of history, whether primary or secondary, come from the past and gives insight into the
period being studied. Instead of viewing history as a list of dates and facts, primary sources provide the
original artifacts of historical interpretation. They are stored, preserved and accessed from institutions
and sites tasked and dedicated to give an accurate and clear perspective of the past.

This are the repositories of primary in the Philippines:

 National Archives of the  DLSU Library
Philippines  UST Library
 National Library of the Phils.  Archivo General de Indias
 National Historical Commission  Library of Congress
of the Phils.  National Archives and Records
 National Museum of the Administration
Philippines  Archivo General de la Nación
 U.P. Main Library  American Historical Collection
 ADMU Rizal Library  Lopez Memorial Museum
  Ayala Museum

Different Kinds of Primary Resources

 They include letters, diaries, • Journals
journals, newspapers, photographs, • Diaries
and other immediate accounts. The • Correspondence / letters
interpretation and evaluation of • Organization records
these sources becomes the basis for • Newspaper articles
research • Original research
• Public Records • Original works of literature
• Census records • Photographs
• Church or Synagogue records • Art
• Divorce records • Maps
• Education records • Video and film
• Land and Title records • Sound recordings
• Military records • Interviews
• Personal papers • Archives and manuscripts

 Archives and Manuscripts

- Archives and manuscripts include unpublished diaries, correspondence, financial
records, and other materials "created or received by a person, family, or organization,
public or private, in the conduct of their affairs."
Examples: Filipino American Community Archives, Baltimore News American collection,
Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS)
 Handbills
- a small printed advertisement or other notice distributed by hand.
 Objects
- Constructed objects that are available for interpretation and discussion are known as
artifacts. Portraits and paintings, furniture, equipment, tools, clothing, toys, hairpins, jewelry,
sculpture, remnants of buildings, headstones from cemeteries

REPORTERS
1. LLEWELIN BUENSOCESO
2. DEXTER BUENAFLOR
3. MARK RUSSELL ARQUERO
4. NICA JULIA BRIONES
5. ANDREW BORABIEN
6. MAE ANN OPINALDO
7. JOSHUA BALICHA
8. ROBERT REY OLIVEROS
PROFESSOR : CRISANTO DE GUZMAN