Preliminary

PRELIMINARY
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY
Go back and reflect…
Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez

Learning Objectives
• What is History?
• What are the 6 W Questions?
• Why study History?

What Is History?
What does ‘History’ mean to you?
Chapter 1 Slide 4
WHAT DO OTHERS SAY?
• Comes from the Greek word “Historia”

• a branch of knowledge that records and
explains past events
–Merriam- Webster
• the study of or a record of past events
considered together, especially events of
a particular period, country, or subject
• Chronological record of significant
events
– Cambridge Dictionaries Online
HISTORY IS…….
Interpretative
Open for further revision
Continuous process of questioning
Integrative
Holistic
Integrates Historiography
Very relevant
The 6 W Questions
What happened?
When did it happen?
Where did it happen?
Why did it happen?
To whom did it happen?
What were its consequences?

Who Investigates History?
• Anthropologist (culture)
• Archaeologist (artefacts)
• Oral Historian (other than written
or printed evidences)
Approaches
in Studying History
• IDEALISM (describe history through
ideas- meaning & interpretations)
• HISTORICISM (to describe history
objectively)
• RELATIVISM (there’s no absolute truth
and that all views of history are valid)
HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
• History ( process of interpreting
evidence or records from the past) vs.
Past (everything that ever happened
since the dawn of time)
• History (record of significant evidence
that happened in the past) vs. Prehistory
(period of human activity when there’s
still no written record)
HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
• History vs. The Other Disciplines
(No discipline is an island. History can’t stand
alone without the other social sciences)
• History (examined narrative account of past event),
Historicity (authentication of characters in history),
Historiography (writing of history)
• History (written by men – “his’) vs.
Herstory (written by women- “her”)
Why Study History?
 Tolearn about the past

To understand the present
Better Appreciation of our heritage
To further widen our perspectives
Develop our critical thinking skills
Research skills
Your study of the past
will introduce you to
many different types of
evidence, such as:
• Maps
• Photographs
• Political cartoons
• Diary entries
• Memoirs
• Photographs Building the Berlin Wall
• Official records
13
In conclusion
Choosing history allows you
to acquire a combination of
skills and insights that will
• broaden your
understanding of the
world
Dublin after the 1916 rising
• develop you as a person
• prepare you for a future
career
• enable you to participate
fully in society.
Baton charge in Dublin,1913
14
Sources of History
4 Basic Categories of
Historical Sources
1. Documents (written or printed materials)
2. Numerical Records (any type numerical data)
3. Oral Statements (any form statement made
orally)- speeches and oral testimonies, interviews
4. Relics (objects whose physical or visual
characteristics can provide information about
the past)
2 Categories of
Historical Data
1. Primary Source (participant observer, direct
witness to)
- A primary source is a document or physical object
which was written or created during the time under
study. These sources were present during an
experience or time period and offer an inside view of a
particular event.
Examples of Primary Resources
1. Eyewitness accounts
2. Personal Journals
3. Interviews
4. Surveys
5. Experiments
6. Historical Documents
7. Artifacts
Types of Primary Sources
1.Autobiography (account of a
person’s life written by the person)
2.Memoirs (history or record
composed from personal
observation and experience)
3. Diaries (regularly kept record of the
diarist’s activities and reflections)
4. Personal Letter (type of letter
concerning personal matters sent from
one person to another)
5. Correspondence (body of letters or
communications)
6. Interviews (one-on-one conversation)

7. Survey (list of questions aimed at
extracting specific date from a particular
group of people)
8. Fieldwork/Field Research (collection of
information outside a laboratory, library or
workplace setting
9. Photographs and posters (illustrate

past events as they happened and
people as they were at a particular time)
10. Works of Arts and Literature
(paintings, drawings, literature)
11. Speeches and Oral Histories

(speech- form of communication in spoken
language, made speaker before an audience for a
given purpose. Oral Histories- collection and study
of historical information with people having personal
knowledge of past events
2 Categories of
Historical Data
2. Secondary Source (obtained description from
somebody else, indirect witness to)
- A secondary source interprets and
analyzes primary sources. These sources
are one or more steps removed from the
event.
Types of Secondary Sources
1. Bibliographies(annotated bibliography-
organized list of sources, each of which is
followed by “annotation”)-
2. Biographical works (description of a
real person’s life)- talambuhay
3. Periodicals (newspapers, magazines, and
scholarly journals--- published periodically)
3. Literature reviews and review articles

 Literature Review (evaluative report of
information found in the literature related
to your selected area of study)
 Review Article (summary of
understanding on a topic/ surveys and
summarizes previously published studies)
Explanation…
LITERATURE REVIEW- pagsusuri at
pagbubuod ng mga inaral mong mga
pananaliksik or pag-aaral na may kinalaman
sa iyong tapiko na pinag-aaralan
REVIEW ARTICLE- pagbubuod ng mga

nailathalang artikulo, or akademikong
sulatin base saiyong iyong pagkakaintindi
sa mga ito..
EXAMPLES:
1. Film Review (assessing/evaluating a film’s
overall quality and to determine if it is worth
recommending)
2. Book Review (a form of literary criticism in w/c
a book is analyzed based on content, style, and
merit)
Differences between Primary
and Secondary Sources
PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES

• Created at the time of an • Created after event,
event, or very soon after sometimes a long time after
• Created by someone who saw happened
or heard an event themselves • Often uses primary sources as
• Often one-of-a-kind, or rare examples
• Letters, diaries, photos and • Expresses an opinion or an
newspapers (can all be argument about a past event
primary sources) • History textbooks, historical
movies and biographies (can
all be secondary sources
TERTIARY SOURCES
Provide third-hand information by reporting ideas
and details from secondary sources.
a. General References- dictionaries,
encyclopedias, almanacs, and atlases
b. Crowd sources- Wikipedia, YouTube,
message boards, social media sites (twitter & FB)
c. Search Sites
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM:
Examining Authenticity and Truthfulness
“If you don’t know history, you

don’t know anything. You are a
leaf that doesn’t know it is part
of a tree.”
- Michael Crichton
CRITICISM:
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL CRITICISM
Historical Data has to be examined for its

authenticity and truthfulness and such
examination is done through criticism.
 External and Internal Criticism
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 Refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher

uses in a historical study (Fraenkel & Wallen, n.d.)
 Guide Questions:
1. Does the language and writing style conform to the period in
question and is typical of other work done by the author.
2. Did he report about things, events, or places that could not have
been known during that period?
3. Has the original manuscript been altered either intentionally or
unintentionally by copying?
4. Is the document an original draft or a copy?
5. If manuscript is undated or the author unknown, are there any
clues internally as to its origin
INTERNAL CRITICISM
Refers to the accuracy of the contents of

a document. It has something to do with
what the document says.
 Guide Questions:
1. What was meant by the author by each word
and statement?
2. How much credibility can the author’s
statement be given?
3. What is the evidential value of its content?
THIS IS A 3-HOUR TOPIC (2 SESSIONS) BUT YOU
CAN ALSO READ THE MODULE IF YOU WANT
TO, THERE ARE ALSO VIDEOS TO BE UPLOADED
IN OUR FB SOCIAL LEARNING GROUP…
*Kindly read this in our respective schedule or free time. Maximize your time!
*This is my simplified discussion. There are explanations within the presentation
MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE
AROUND THE WORLD
The journey of circumnavigation…
Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez,LPT

Objectives:
1. Analyze the content, context and

perspective of the document
2. Discuss Magellan-ELcano expedition
and experience based on the journal
3. Explain the importance of Pigafetta’s
account on the study of Philippine
History
Good Day everyone!
We are now heading on the highlights of our subject, we

are now going to discuss the different primary sources
that serve as the foundation or ultimate source of our
national history. And for today’s discussion, this is a very
important primary source because it changed a traditional
belief during the ancient time and it paved an opportunity
for those countries in power in Europe to explore and
expand their territories and sphere of influence politically,
socio-culturally and economically to other parts of the
world.
Good Day everyone!
This primary source justifies and tell how a particular

voyage/expedition changed the traditional views of the
church/world particularly the geography of the earth and how this
voyage opened an opportunity for the European powers/colonizers
to dominate the world in the 15th century to 16th century as the
“mistresses of the sea/Mga Ginang ng Karagatan”. This voyage
considered as one of the most remarkable and most indispensable
achievement during the age of exploration/discovery. It opened the
door or gates and possibility to the other parts of the world. We
can see later on the importance or relevance of the document to the
world and to the Philippines.
Good Day everyone!
What are happening before their

voyage?
Historical Context:
• AGE OF EXPLORATION (1492-1682)
EXPLANATION
The Age of Exploration/Discovery (Panahon ng

Pagtuklas/Paggalugad) began in 1400s & 1600s. The 15th
and 16th centuries brought an era of worldwide
exploration and expansion that resulted from the desire to
gain new lands, power and wealth for the explorers and
their countries. It was a period of time when the European
nations began exploring the world. During this period,
they discovered new routes to Asia: in India and much of
the far east (Orient).
EXPLANATION
What motivated the European to

explore and discover beyond
their regions???
Historical Context:
Ang Panahon ng Eksplorasyon (1492-1682) ay panahon
kung saan ang mga makakapangyarihang bansa sa Europa
ay nagsagawa ng mga ilang ekspedisyon (paglalakbay sa
dagat) na may magkakaibang ruta upang tumuklas ng mga
bagong lupain dahil sa tatlong pangunahing mga rason: ito
po ang tinatawag nating 3Gs (God, Gold, Glory) or sa Filipino
ay 3Ks (Kaliwanagan, Kayamanan at Kapangyarihan). Ito
ang kanilang mga pangunahing layunin, ang
pagpapalaganap ng Roman Katolika, ang paghahanap ng
mga ginto, hilaw na mga materyales at pampalasa dahil salat
ang Europa sa ganito at higit sa kompetisyon sa
pamamagitan ng bansang kanilang natutuklasan at
nasasakop, ito’y simbolo ng kapangyarihan/katanyagan.
*Crusade: each of a series of medieval military expeditions made by
Europeans to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims in the 11th, 12th,
and 13th centuries.
EXPLANATION
European exploration and conquests of the 15th & 16th

century was motivated by religion and prestige but the
key reason was wealth. These are the 3Gs:
• God: To spread Christianity to the world and to for some reason to finish what the
crusades failed
• Gold: Desire for Wealth. European nations wanted to reach the Spice Islands
(Moluccas Island) faster and cheaper. European Nations wanted to become rich and
powerful. They want to gain gold and silver. They want to find new, better and
establish routes to Asia and look for new products such as porcelain, silk, perfumes,
fabrics, carpets, and spices and other oriental (Asian) products but spices became the
most expensive and in-demand commodity among Europeans and spices were very
rare to find within Europe.
• Glory: To seek fame and fortune by expanding their control. More land = More Power
Historical Context:
• PORTUGAL VS. SPAIN
EXPLANATION
At sa mga nagdaang panahon at patuloy na mga
paglalakbay sa karagatan ay may dalawang
bansang naging tanyag at nagpapaligsahan, ang
Espanya at ang Portugal sa paghahanap ng
kayamanan, mga lupaing sagana sa pampalasa at
upang sakupin. Ang mga lupain na sagana sa mga
pampalasa at ginto ay matatagpuan sa Asya or
Orient bilang tawag nila noon, kaya naman
nagkaroon mga iba’t ibang ruta ng paglalakabay
ang makarating lamang sa mga lupaing ito.
EXPLANATION
Portuguese were few years ahead of the Spaniards
in the discovery of new trade routes. Inspired by
Prince Henry (The Navigator), Portuguese
navigators, sailed down the African Coast to reach
the east. In 1487, led by Bartolome Dias, the
Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope. A few
years later, in 1498, Vasco Da Gam reached the
Calicut, India by sailing eastward from the Cape.
Portuguese really dominated the eastward sailing.
EXPLANATION
Spain was challenged because of the achievements
of the Portuguese. Spain paved way for great
voyages also through Christopher Columbus, when
he discovered the New World (America).
Christopher Columbus was a Portuguese but he had
failed to convince the king of Portugal that he could
reach the East by Sailing westward that’s why he
went the King of Spain and successfully got a
support. Thus, he sailed for Spain and successfully
discover the Americas (New World).
EXPLANATION
After these remarkable voyages,

Portugal became the keen rivals in
colonizing new lands because of gold,
spices and other merchandise found in
the Orient (Asia). To avoid, wars and
conflicts that may between the two,
Pope Alexander VI, issued a Papal Bull
known as Inter Caetera.
Historical Context:
EXPLANATION
Upang maiwasan ang gulo at agawan ng teritoryo sa pagitan ng 2 bansa
ay nagbaba ng kautusan (Papal Bull) ang Santo Papa na si Pope
Alexander VI noong Mayo 3, 1493 na tinatawag na Inter Caetera. Hinati
ng Santo Papa ang mundo sa dalawang direksiyon sa pamamagitan ng
imahinaryong linya na tinawag na Linya ng Demarkasiyon (Line of
Demarcation). The demarcation line was drawn to identify Spanish
and Portuguese spheres of Exploration and conquest.
Ang Linya ng Demarkasiyon ang

nagtatakda kung saan puwedeng
tumuklas at sumakop ang dalawang
bansa. Ang kanluran ay binigay sa
Espanya at ang Silangan ay binigay
naman sa Portugal (see the map)
EXPLANATION
The following year, the 2 countries

agreed in the Treaty of Tordesillas
to move the demarcation line about
1,100 miles west of Cape Verde
Islands. The revise treaty allowed
Portugal to claim what is now Brazil
while Spain was given the rest of
the Americas.
Historical Context:
Explanation
Ang Asya noon ay sagana sa mga pampalasa na siyang hinahanap ng mga Europeo upang
pasarapin ang kanilang mga ulam at pang-preserve sa kanilang mga karne tuwing taglamig.
Isa sa mga isla na mayaman sa pampalasa ay ang Moluccas (Spice Islands) na ngayo’y parte
ng bansang Indonesia. Isa sa mga magagaling na manlalakbay ng Portugal na si Ferdinand
Magellan ay may planong pumunta sa Mollucas muli gamit ang west-east route at kanya
itong ipinaalam sa hari ng Portugal ngunit tinanggihan ito ng hari sa kadahilanang may isyung
pinansiyal si Magellan noong nasa Morocco ito. Hindi rin pinayagan itong si Ferdinand Magellan
dahil hindi naniniwala ang hari ng Portugal na kayang pumunta ng Moluccas gamit ang west-
to-east route. Pinagtawanan lamang si Magellan dahil suntok sa buwan daw ang kanyang
plano, how come na makakarating siya sa Silangan (Spice Islands) kung dadaan siya sa
kanluran. Naniniwala kasi ang simbahan at ng ilang iskolar sa panahon na yan na ang mundo
ay patag, na may hangganan ito sa kanluran at silangan.
Historical Context:
Explanation
Dahil sa pagkainis niya sa desisyon ng hari ng Portugal ay
tinalikuran ni Magellan ang kanyang pagiging Portuguese at
noong 1517 ay nagpunta sa Espanya upang ipagpatuloy ang
kanyang plano. Tinake-advantage ng Espanya ito kaya
naman nakakuha ng suporta si Magellan, isa na rito si Juan
De Fonseca (division incharge of oversear expedition of
Spain) kaya naman tinaggap ang planong ito ng hari ng
Espanya na is King Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor Charles
V). Si Ferdinand Magellan ang ginawang Kapitan-Heneral ng
ekspedisyong papuntang Moluccas na may rutang west-to-
east . Naglakbay si Magellan para sa Espanya at para hindi sa
kanyang bansang sinilangan na Portuagal.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
An Italian noble who studied geography, astronomy

and cartography and worked in the ships on his
younger years. Presenting his credentials to
Ferdinand Magellan, he was approved to be part of
the expedition. He was among the 18 survivors of
the expedition. He submitted his self-written
account (Detailed Journal of Magellan-Elcano
Expedition) about what happened to them during
their journey to his Majesty King Carlos V of Spain
before returning to Italy.
Take Note: His account is the longest and most

comprehensive among primary sources about
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA (1491-1534)
the expedition.
Before we delve their journey….
ABOUT THE BOOK
This detailed journal written by Pigafetta

narrated clearly how they fearlessly survived
the challenges of the expedition. The accounts
include maps, glossaries of native words and
geographic information and descriptions of the
flora (plants) and fauna (animals) of the places
they visited. The journal also presented the
political, social, economic and cultural
conditions of Islands in the Visayan region like
Samar, Leyte and Cebu.
The Document: Journal of
Magellan’s Voyage (1519-1522)
Original detailed journal was lost or

did not survive time. What was
handed down to us are copies of the
manuscript that were never printed
in his lifetime.
Wrote four manuscripts (one in
Italian and three in French)
One of the French manuscripts found
in Yale University 
_ Manuscript are complete and
handsomely produced detailed
with maps and sketches
_It is a primary source of the pre-
Spanish lifestyle in those group of
islands
Before we delve their journey….
ABOUT THE BOOK
Pigafetta’s travelogue/journal of the expedition

contributed immensely to the enrichment of the
Philippine Historiography. His journal provided not
just their experiences during their adventure but it
provided us a glimpse of the political, social and
economic conditions of Visayan Islands during the
16th Century (Pre-colonial society). He described
vividly the physical appearance, social life, religious
beliefs, and cultural practices of the people they
encountered in the Islands of Samar, Leyte, and Cebu.
His accounts also contains data about the economic,
activities of the local folks and the goods they offered
for trade.
MAGELLAN’S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST
• 5 Ships (Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio,

Victoria w/ 250 men)
• Purpose of Expedition (1518-1521)
a. circumnavigate the earth (west to east)
b. Find for gold and spices (Moluccas island)
• Important People in the expedition:
a. Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet chaplain, priest
who lead the first the mass in the Philippines)
b. Antonio Pigafetta (Chronicler/ reporter of the expedition)
c. Enrique of Malacca (interpreter – A malay descent, slave of Magellan)
Explanation…
Pinayagan ang plano ni Ferdinand Magellan ng hari ng
Espanya kaya naman binigyan siya ng 5 barko na
naglalaman ng 250/270 na katao na may
pangunahing layunin na ikutin ang mundo
(Circumnavigate) sa pamamagitan ng rutang west-
to-east at upang makapunta sa isla na mayaman
sa pampalasa (Moluccas/Spice Island) sa ngalan
ng Espanya. Umalis sila sa pantalan ng San Lucar de
Barrameda ,Seville, Spain noong September 20, 1519
at dito na nga nagsimiula ang kanilang mahaba-
habang paglalakbay sa malawak na karagatan.
SEE THE MAP FOR GUIDANCE…..
Before in the Philippines…

• Binagtas nila ang napakahabang karagatan ng Atlantika sa gilid
ng kontinente ng South America at nasalubong nila ang isang
malakas na bagyo at nasira and pinakamaliit na barko ang
Santiago.
Pagkaraan ng ilang buwan,
narating nila ang Timog ng
South America (August ,1520) at
nadaan nila ang isang kipot na
ngayo’y matatagpuan sa
bansang Argentina at
pinangalanang Strait of All
Saints na ngayo’y kilala bilang
Kipot ni Magellan (Strait of
Magellan).
• Magellan sent San Antonio to explore the south east opening
of the Strait. Trinidad entered the southwest. Secretly San
Antonio, piloted by Esteban Gomez, deserted (tumakas) on
the night of November 20 and sailed back to Spain. There
are only 3 ships left (Trinidad, Concepcion, Victoria). The
fleet reached the Southern Sea, which named Ocean Pacific
(Mar Pacifico- “sea of peace”) because it was calm.
Unfortunately, Magellan had underestimated the ocean’s
size, he thought it was just a small sea. In the next 5
months, the ship was running out of supplies. Instead of
biscuits, the men ate sawdust. They also started to eat
leather rope guards and even rats. Many got sick with scurvy
(a gum disease). A number of his mean died.
• Hindi nawalan ng pag-asa ang mga
natitirang kasamahan ni Magellan at
ipinagpatuloy nila ang paglalakbay sa
Pacific Ocean at hanggang narating nila
ang Islas Ladrones (Island of
Thieves) noong March 6, 1521, Isla ng
magnanakaw dahil ilan sa mga native
Chamorros (mga nakatira sa isla) ay
pinagnanakaw ang mga malilit na bangka
sa mga barko. Ngunit pinangalanan din
nila ang isla ng Marianas (in honor of
Maria Ana of Austria, Queen Regent of
Spain) paglisan nila dito. Ito ay
kasalukuyang nasa bansang Guam
Makalipas ang 10 araw ay nakarating na
sila sa Pilipinas.
Voyage to the
Philippines…
VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES
• March 16, 1521 (Samar- Islas de San Lazaro)
• March 17, 1521 (Leyte Gulf- Island of
Homonhon/Humunu)
• March 28, 1521 (Mazaua- w/c could be Limasawa in
Leyte or Masao in Butuan)
• Kasi Kasi (blood compact between Rajah Kolambu and
Magellan- March 29)
• March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)- the first mass was
held on Mazzua’s shore with Reverend Fr. Pedro de
Valderama
Natitirang barko: Trinidad, Concepcion at Victoria
Explanation…
• Madaling araw ng March 16, 1521 natanaw nila ang
isla ng Samar at pinangalanan nila itong Islas de San
Lazaro dahil araw iyon ng Santong si San Lazaro at
nanatili sila hanggang gabi ng March 16 sa Suluan
Island.
• March 17, dumaong ang tatlong barko sa isla ng
Humunu (Homonhon) at nagtayo ng tent para sa
kasamahang may sakit.
• March 18, may nakasalubong sila na 9 natives mula sa
karatig isla ng Suluan at binigyan ni Magellan sila ng
ilang gamit at bilang kapalit binigyan din nila si
Magellan ng saging, isda, niyog at tuba (palm wine).
Explanation…
• Makalipas ang 10 araw, March 28 (Holy Thursday)
dumaong sila sa isla ng Mazaua (na isang debate pa rin
kung ito ba ay Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan). At
dito nakilala ni Magellan si Rajah Kolambu (pinuno ng Isla).
Binigyan ni Rajah si Magellan ng tatlong porselana (pottery)
ng bigas at bilang kapalit si Magellan ay nagbigay ng red
cap, a red and yellow robe. Nagpakitang gilas ang kampo ni
Magellan sa pamamagitan ng kunya-kunyareng labanan
(mock-fight) at namangha itong Rajah sa kanilang galing
kaya naman tinanggap niya si Magellan bilang isang bagong
kaibigan sa pamamagitan ng isang kasi-kasi o
sanduguan (blood compact) na may seremonya noong
March 29 (Good Friday)
Explanation…
• Dalawang araw ang makalipas, March 31, 1521
(Easter Sunday), naganap ang unang misa sa
Pilipinas na isinagawa ni Padre Pedro de
Valderrama sa isla ng Mazaua at kagabihan ay
ipinatayo anf isang malaking krus na gawa sa kahoy
isang bundok at pinangalanan ang ating bansa ng
Islas de San Lazaro.
Take note: Hanggang ngayon ay isang malaking debate pa rin sa ating
kasaysayan kung saan ba talaga ang Isla ng Mazaua , kung ito ba ay sa
Limasawa sa Leyte or sa Masao sa Butuan. Ngunit, ayon sa RA No. 2733,
ito ay nangyari sa Limasawa.
• April 7, 1521 - landed on Sugbu (now Cebu)
and blood compact was done again between
Rajah Humabon (Cebuano Chieftain) and
Magellan symbolizing trust and friendship
• April 14, 1521 (mass on the shore of Cebu)
*Magellan planted a huge wooden cross
and gave Juana (wife of Humabon) an
image of the Child Jesus Christ
(St.Nino)
*800 Filipinos were baptized
Magellan planted a cross to signify this

important event about the propagation of the
Roman Catholic faith in what is now Cebu, in
central Philippines.
Explanation…
• Nanatili pa sila Magellan sa Mazaua ng 7 araw at noong April
07, 1521 kasama si Rajah Kolambu dumaong sila sa isla ng
Sugbu (Cebu) at sa kaparehas na araw ay nakipagsanduguan
ulit si Magellan sa pinuno ng Sugbu si Rajah Humabon
bilang tanda ng kanilang pagkakaibigan at pagtitiwala.
• April 14, nagkaroon isang misa ulit sa dalampasigan ng Isla
at walong daang Pilipino ang nabinyagan. Pagkatapos ng misa
ay nagpatayo ulit si Magellan ng isang malaking kahoy na krus
at binigyan niya ang asawa ni Humabon na si Juana ng imahe
ng batang Hesukristo (St. Nino). Ang pagbibinyag sa mga
Pilipino ay tanda ng pagtanggap natin sa Roman Katolika na
siyang ginagamit upang mapadali nila tayong masakop.
For 32 years, the Sinulog
Festival is a traditional
celebration in Cebu City held
every third Sunday of January
to honor the Santo Niño (Child
Jesus). Basically, the festival is
done by a dance ritual, in
which it tells the story of the
Filipino people's pagan past
and their acceptance of
Christianity
BATTLE IN MACTAN
*Lapulapu (chieftain of Mactan) who refused to
accept the new political system and pay tribute
*April 27, 1521 (Mactan was invaded by
Magellan)
* It was a scandalous defeat for the Spaniards
Explanation…
• Pagkalipas ng ilang araw, pinuntahan nila ang isla ng Mactan
at isa sa mga Datu ng Mactan na si Datu Zula ay tinanggap si
Magellan ngunit ang isa pang Datu ng Mactan na si Lapu-Lapu
(Cali Pulacu) ay tinanggihan si Magellan dahil sa dalawang
rason ang pagtanggap ng bagong sistemang pulitikal at ang
pagbabayad ng tributo (buwis) sa Espanya.
• Sa inis ni Magellan, noong April 27, 1521 ay sinugod niya
ang Mactan. Hindi niya kinilala ang galing ni Lapu-Lapu at
mga kasamahan nito sa pakikidigma. Natamaan ang kanang
paa ni Magellan ng palasong may lason (poisoned arrow)at
natamaan ang kanyang mukha ng sibat na gawa sa kawayan
na naging dahilan ng kanyang paghina at saka siya tinaga-
taga ni Lapu-Lapu at mga ibang Pilipino at naging mitya ng
kanyang kamatayan.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST???
• Sinasabi ng ilan na si Lapulapu ang pumatay kay Magellan.
Ngunit, kung inyong tinitignan sa detalyeng ikinuwento ni
Pigafetta sa kanyang journal, walang nabanggit doon na si
Lapulapu ang nakapatay o nakataga kay Magellan bagkus
mga tao ni Lapulapu. Walang ispisipikong pangyayari doon
na direktang nagsasabi na si Lapulapu ang pumatay kay
Magellan. Ito ay sinusuportahan ng mga ilang historyador,
dahil sa sinaunang pamayanang Pilipino, hindi naman talaga
mismo ang isang datu/rajah na nandoon upang
makipaglaban kundi ang hukbong sandatahan sa isang
barangay.
• Idagdag pa natin ang sabi ng ilang mga historydor base sa
kanilang mga masususing pananaliksik, sa panahon na yan
ay nasa may edad na si Cali Pulacu (Accrd. Carlos Calao, a
17th chinese-spanish poet, this is the real name of Lapulapu)
at malayo na ang kanyang edad bilang makibahagi sa isang
pakikidigma. Naging prominenteng tauhan si Lapulapu sa
akda ni Pigafetta dahil siya lang ang tanging Datu na hindi
tumanggap sa alok ng isang dayuhan dahil sa kapalit ng
matatamis nilang mga salita tayo ay sasakupin at lilinlangin
sa bandang huli. Hindi malaking katanungan ang pagiging
bayani ni Lapulapu, ngunit para sa ilan ang paniniwala na
siya mismo ang pumatay kay Magellan ay isa pa rin
pangyayari na kailangang bigyan ng ibayong paglilinaw.
Explanation…
• Ang mga ibang kasamahan ni Magellan ay umatras at iniwan siya. Ang
labanan sa Mactan (Battle of Mactan) ay isang malaking kahihiyan
sa Espanya lalo na sa Portugal na kanilang katunggali dahil hindi nila
napatunayan ang kanilang galing sa pakikidigma at natalo lamang sila
ng isang Datu sa Pilipinas .
• Ang mga natitirang Espanyol ay bigo na masakop ang Pilipinas kaya
naman dali-dali silang umalis dahil baka sugurin pa sila ng ilang mga
Pilipino at patayin ngunit naabutan sila at sinunog ang barkong
Concepcion kaya naman ang mga Barkong Trinidad at Victoria na
lamang ang makakapagpatuloy sa Mollucas. At hindi nga sila nabigo,
noong November 8, 1521 narating nila ang Tidore, isang isla ng
Moluccas at nakuha na nga nila ang kanilang layunin na makakakuha ng
mga pampalasa.
Explanation…
• Ang barkong Trinidad na pinangunahan ni Gomez de
Espinosa ay pinili ang rutang patungo sa Pacific Ocean
(Muntanga siya) papuntang Panama hanggang
makaabot sa Panama ngunit hindi ito nakarating sa
Espanya. Ang barkong Victoria namang
pinamumunuan ni Juan Sebastian del Cano
(Sebastian El Cano) ay ginamit ang mas maliit na
ruta pabalik ng Espanya (via Cape of Good Hope-
Indian Ocean), ang planong ruta ng ekspedisyon.
• Noong September 06, 1522 nakabalik ang kampo ni
El Cano sa San Lucar, Spain na mayroong 18 survivors
.
Explanation…
• Tumagal ang ekspedisyon ng 2 taon, 11 buwan at 16
araw (September 20, 1519- September 06, 1522).
• Naigawad kay El Cano at kanyang mga kasamahan ang First
Circumnavigator of the World bilang gantimpala sa kanilang
naging paglalakbay.
TANONG NG IBA: Bakit hindi kay Magellan naigawad ang

gantimpala?
Kay ElCano ginawad at kanyang mga kasamahan dahil sila
ang nakabalik sa Espanya ng buhay dahil si Magellan ay namatay sa
Battle of Mactan sa Pilipinas. Ngunit sa ilang mga libro, ang First
Circumavigation of the World ay tinawag na Magellan’s Voyage bilang
pagkilala sa kanyang naging pamumuno sa ekspedisyon at naging
kontribusyon ng kanyang mga kasamahan.
• Sabi ng ilan mga historyador na naman, hindi daw
talaga mga taga Europeo ang unang nakaikot ng
mundo bagkus ay isang Asyano mula sa isang lahing
Malay. In unwritten history, it was really an Asian who
first circumnavigated the world ahead of the
Europeans (El cano and company). He is no other
than Enrique of Mallaca, who was the slave and
interpreter for Magellan who joined the expedition
also. Enrique was from Mallaca, he was able to join
the voyage of the Portuguese after he was taken by
Magellan to be his aide, cruising across the Indian
Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean and reached Portugal.
• When he became part of the Magellan’s expedition, he
was able to sail from Spain via Atlantic Ocean, reached
the tip of South America and across the Pacific Ocean
then Finally returned to Asia, particularly the
Philippines. Technically speaking, he was the first
circumnavigator of the world and not El Cano and his
company. But since the formal recognition was given
to El Cano and company, they are being recognized
until now by the world.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE VOYAGE
• It confirmed that the earth is round and that it

is really possible to sail around the world.
*Magellan’s Voyage marked the first circumnavigation
of the earth but due to his death the recognition was
given to Sebastian Elcano
• Magellan’s expedition paved the way for
Spain’s expansion to the Orient (GOD, GOLD,
GLORY)
Explanation…
Pigafetta’s chronicle contributed immensely to European
Historiography as is preserved and popularized the
achievements of the Magellan-El Cano Expedition. If Pigafetta
did not survive the journey, we would have very little
knowledge of Magellan’s numerous contributions in the fields
of geography, navigation, history, and other related areas.
First, credit must be given to the Magellan expedition for
proving that earth is not flat but an oblate sphere. Moreover,
they demolished the myth that there is boiling water at the
Equator but none (they passed the equator in the Pacific).
Second, Magellan and his men completed the first
circumnavigation of the world (pag-ikot sa mundo).
Explanation…
Third, they confirmed that the Portuguese route is not the only
way to the Spice Islands. They proved the theory that one can
go to the east by sailing west (west-to-east route). Fourth,
they brought to the attention of the Europeans that on the
other side of the American continent exists a large body of
water which they named Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico). All these
discoveries altered the European map of the world and
resulted in the inclusion of new territories in their world view.
Furthermore, the journal written by Pigafetta, highly increased
the interest of the European to go back to the Orient(Asia)
since Pigafetta vividly described it as place of many resources
especially the Philippines.
ADD-ON INFOs….
Who are the FILIPINOS BEFORE?

- based on the Pigafetta’s Journal
Economics
• Practice of Barter
• Presence of a
weighing scale
• Golds as a main
object of barter
Religion
• Rituals headed by females
• Idols made of woods
• praying with both hands
• raised to the sky
• They surrender everything
to Aba (God-like)
Culture
• Practices during a wake of a

noble man
• Entertaining visitors
(hospitality)
• Manner of drinking as sign of
friendship
• Making of wine (tuba)
Social
• Head gear
• Gold Ornaments
• Tattoos all over the
body (bravery)
• Nakedness
• China Porcelain
(manifestation of
trading system with
Chinese People
through Barter
system)
Politics
• Ruler per community
• Presence of Advisers (lupon ng mga
matatanda)
• Practice of paying Tribute (buwis)
• Hostage for sure payment/ assurance
• Right to punish disobedience
• Trial-by- ordeal (public, harsh
punishment, mata-sa-mata, ngipin-sa-
ngipin)- Justice System headed by the
Datu and with the help of the council
of elders
• Barangay as their unit of government
headed by a Raja or Datu with 30-100
families
Geography
• Philippines as an
Archipelago
(composed of many
islands surrounded
by different body of
waters)
• Products: Coconut &
Palm, Nutmeg,
Reeds, Rice, Fish, Pig
(usually for ritual
offering), Dogs/cats
RELEVANCE/IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCUMENT
• Napatunayan na ang Pilipinas bago pa man dumating ang mga

mananakop ay isang ng sibilisadong komunidad na may sa
sariling sistema ng pamamahala (pulitikal) at pamumuhay (sosyal,
ekonomiya, at kultura at paniniwala).
• Pinakita sa dokumento ang pagtanggap at pagyakap ng mga
ninuno nating Pilipino sa Kristiyanismo na hanggang ngayon
ay isa sa pinakamalaking relihiyon sa ating bansa.
• Ang mga Pilipino noon ay may natatanging kultura at ilan sa
mga ito ay buhay na buhay pa rin.
• Ang nakapalibot na katubigan ang isa mga dahilan kung bakit
umusbong at nagpatuloy ang pamumuhay ng ating mga ninuno
(sibilisasyon)
• Ang mga Pilipino noon ay nakikipagkalakalan na sa kanyang mga
karatig-pook tulad ng China sa pamamagitan ng barter
Explanation…
As what presented on the Add-ons info, the account
of Antonio Pigafetta also enriched the Philippine
Historiography because it contains the important
details about the conditions of the Visayan Islands in
the 16th Century (can be source of Pre-colonial life of
the Filipinos). Some of the prominent leaders during
that time, their economic activities, social and cultural
practices, and religious beliefs were identified.
Moreover, local textbook writers use his book as their
source of historical information about the beginning
of Christianity in the Philippines.
Explanation…
The accounts of the first mass in the Philippines, the

conversion of Rajah Humabon and his wife, and the
story of the image of the St. Nino were mostly taken
from Pigafetta’s book. Finally, Pigafetta has numerous
accounts about the reaction of the Filipinos when
they met the Spaniards. Some Filipinos were easily
befriended by the Spaniards while others refused to
interact and trade with them.
Explanation…
Lapulapu is the most prominent Filipino

Character in Pigafetta’s narrative. He was
the First Filipino who lead the resistance
movement against Spanish rule and
successfully thwarted the first attempt of
the Spaniards to take control of the
Philippines.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST?
For the westerners, Magellan

was a voyager but for us from
the east, he was an invader!
I thinks it’s our time
to give back …….
Juan de Plasencia:
Las Costumbres de los
Indios Tagalos de Filipinas
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez, LPT

WHAT TO EXPECT?
Examine the context and perspective of
the document
Explain the relationship among the
members of a barangay
Discuss the religious and spiritual
practices and beliefs of early Filipinos
Determine the significance of the
document to Philippine History
10
4
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR?
✣ Born to the illustrious family of Portocarreros
in Plasensia in the region of Extremadura,
Spain in the early 16th century. He was one of
the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a
captain of a Spanish schooner.
✣ Juan de Plasencia grew up during the period
known as the Siglo de Oro, a Golden Age
when arts and literature flourished in many
parts of Spain, among them his native
Extremadura.
✣ Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del
convento de
Villanueva de la Serena. Was his real
name.
10
5
ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES
✣ Fray Juan de Plasencia came

together with the first batch
of Franciscan missionaries in
the Philippines.
✣ Arrived at a port in Cavite, a few
kilometers south of Manila on the
2nd of July 1578.
✣ Aside from the Customs of the
Tagalogs, he wrote also the
Doctrina Christiana en Lengua
Espanola y Tagala- first printed
book in the Philippines
10
6
ABOUT THE TEXT?
✣ Title: Relacion de las Costumbres de
Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs)
✣Currently kept in Archivo General de
Indias in Seville,Spain
✣References:
• OFM ARCHIVES – PHILIPPINES by: Fr. Jose "Long" D. Gutay,
OFM (http://ofmphilarchives.tripod.com/id8.html)
• The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 Volume VII, 1588–1591

(Edited and annotated by Emma Helen Blair and James
Alexander Robertson with historical introduction and additional
notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne)
10
7
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF THE DOCUMENT?
10
8
Government
✣ The unit of government is called

Barangay ruled by a chieftain, and
consist of 3 0 to 100 families
together with their relatives and
slaves.
1
0
Social
Family, relatives,
elders of the Datu Ruling Class
Stratification Datu/
Rajah
System Common
Class/Freemen
Maharlika/Timawa
Slaves /Dependents
ALIPIN:
Namamahay/Saguiguilid
DATU
chief, captain of wars,
whom governed, obeyed
and reverenced
 The Datu exercised all the
powers of the government
 He is control over the
disposition of the
Barangay’s real property
HOW TO BECOME DATU:
 By inheritance By
Marriage
 Through intelligence,
wealth, strength and
bravery.
1
1
Inheritance
✣ The 1st son of the barangay

chieftain inherits his father’s
position; if the 1st son dies, the 2 nd
son succeeds their father; in the
absence of male heirs, it is the
eldest daughter that becomes the
chieftain.
1
1
MAHARLIKA
Free-born, they do not pay
taxes.
 Common People
TIMAGUA/TIMAWA
 Common People
 Working Class
Engaged in Agriculture
ALIPIN/DEPENDENTS
 Namamahay- has land
and property rights
Sagigilid/Saguiguilid/
Saguiguilir- no land
and property rights and
full time slave
TRIVIA: Slaves (Visayan)
Tumataban- worked for his master when
summoned to do so
Tumarampuk- worked one day for his
master
Ayuey- worked three days for his master
Slaves
✣ A person becom es slave by: (1) by captivity in
war, (2) by reason of debt,
(3) by inheritance, (4) by purchase, and
(5) by committing a crime.
✣ Slaves can be emancipated through: (1) by
forgiveness, (2) by paying debt, (3) by
condonation, and (4) by bravery (where a slave
can possibly b e c o m e a Datu) or by marriage
Administration of Justice
✣ T h e chieftain’s executive function
includes implementing laws, ensuring
order and giving protection to his
subject.
✣ Disputes between individuals were
settled by a court made up of the
chieftain and council of elders.
1
2
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
• Right to punish disobedience

• Trial by suffering in public as their judicial
process
• Trial by combat
12
1
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
• Each suspect has witnesses to defend their

side.
• To prove the honesty and sincerity of the of
witnesses, the witnesses took an oath to this
effect:
• “Kainin na lang ako ng buwaya kung ako’y nagsisinungaling”
• “Nawa’y tamaan na lang ako ng kidlat kung hindi ako
nagsasabi ng katotohan. Kahit magalit man sa akin ang
kalangitan, araw at buwan kung ako’y nagsisinungaling.”
• Kahit mamatay na ako ngayon, kung ako’y nagsisinungaling.
12
2
 The Barangay had both oral and written laws
 Umalohokan- announcer especially on written
laws
How Laws were made?
• If a Datu wants to enact /make a law and/or want to

stop/prevent a law , he must call the council of elders
for their approval since they knows what’s best for the
society, they are most experienced and well off.
• If there are new laws, the Umalohokan who is the
public announcer was summoned and ordered to go
around the barangay to announce the new rules and
regulations in the society
12
4
Subjects of their Customary Laws
• Inheritance(mana), divorce, usury (lending/interest),

partnership, crime and punishment, property rights, family
relations, adoption, and loans
• Major Crimes: rape, incest(pakikipagrelasyon sa
magkapamilya or magkamag-anak), murder, withcraft
(gamod), insult, trespassing, sacrilegious acts
(disrespect/violation of religious beliefs and practices) &
Larceny (pagnanakaw)- punished by death and heavy fine
• Minor Crimes: Adultery (pangangabit), cheating, petty theft,
perjury (dishonesty), disturbance of peace at night,
destroying documents owned by a chief- punished by
exposure or ant bullets, small fine, beating, cutting fingers,
swimming for a number of hours.
12
5
✣ Made of
Houses wood, bamboo,
and nipa palm.
1
2
Mode of Dressing
Male
 Headgear is called
Putong (symbolizes
the number of
persons the wearer
had killed)
 (Upper) a jacket
with short sleeves
called kanggan.
 (Lower) bahag
1
2
Mode of Dressing
Female
(Upper) Baro
or Camisa
(Lower) Saya
1
2
TRIVIA: Bul-ol represents a spirit which the people
revere in Cordillera Regions
Or naments
o A decorative object
or detail that adds
quality or
distinction to a
person, place or
thing.
o It represents your
socio-economic
status in the society
TRIVIA: Visayans were the most tattoed among

ancient Filipinos. When the Spaniards came,
they called the former as pintados. Tattooing is
not for enhancing beauty only but also signifies war
medals. The more tattoos a man had, the more he
was looked up to in the society.
1
2
Marriage Customs
✣ Men were in general, monogamous ; while their wives are
called Asawa .
✣ Courtship begins with Paninilbihan :
• *the man serve the girl’s parents for months or years such as chopped
wood, fetched water, and did chores required of him
• *In this situation, the man was not supposedly to talk with the lady,
only their eyes met to show love
• * If the man satisfied the parents, they will give their consent to the
marriage
 Prior to marriage the m a n requires to give a dowry: (1)

Bigay- kaya ( the man will give a piece o f land or gold, and
Panghihimuyat (a gift for the brides
dependents or slaves) ; (2)
parents); (3) Bigay-suso (for brides wet nurse) Himaraw
(another sum of money)
13
0
Marriage Customs
✣ Marriage between couples belonging to defferent social
classes were not common
✣ Several grounds (dahilan) of divorce (paghihiwalay) are:
(1) Adultery , (2) Abandonment
(3) Cruelty , and (4) Insanity
TRIVIA: Pamumulungan/Pamamalae- A courtship

(pamamanhikan) right before marriage
 Muslims: Panalanguni (betrothal/engagement), pedsungad
(settlement of dowry), pegkawing (wedding
festival/Ceremony)
 Bigay-kaya/dowry consists of land, gold, or dependents
13
1
 Morotal (pagluluksa sa namatay na babae)
 Maglahi (pagluluksa sa namatay na lalake)
BURIAL
 Laraw (pagluluksa sa namatay na datu)
 Pasiyam (ninth day of death was celebrated)
• Belief in life after death

• The dead relative was placed in a wooden coffin (kabaong) and buried
under the house, complete with gold, cloth and other valuable things
Manunggul Jar
BURIAL
Religious Belief
✣They worship many gods and goddesses:
(1)Bathala/Bathalang Maykapal, su p r e m e being; the creator
(2)Idianale & Lacapati god of agriculture; husbandry
(3)Sidarapa/Sidapa, god of death;
(4) Agni, god of fire;
(5)Balangaw,god of rainbow TRIVIA:
(6) Mandarangan, god of war;
(7) Lalahon, god of harvest; and
• Bathala (Tagalog)
(8) Siginarugan, god of hell. • Abba (Cebuano)
Laon
(9) Dian Masalanta, patron of lovers• and (Bisaya)
generations
(10)Buaya (water-lizards), they paid reverence/devotion
✣ Also believe in sacred animals, trees and many more
which believed to be holy and place of unseen spirits
(animism)
13
4
Religious Belief
 Believed in the immortality of the soul and life after death
 Disease or illness was cause by the environmental spirits and
the soul-spirits of the dead relatives
 The Filipinos adored the sun, moon, animals, birds for they are
objects of nature to be respected
• The Filipinos adored idols called Anito (Tagalog) and Diwata

(Visayan). Offerings are officiated by ritual leaders ,
Babaylana/Babaylan (Tagalogs) at Katalona/Katalonan
(Visayans).
13
5
Superstitious Beliefs
✣Believe in Aswang, Dwende, Kapre,

Tikbalang, Patyanak/Tiyanak.
✣They also believe in magical power
of amulet and charms such as
anting-anting, kulam and gayuma or
love potion.
13
6
PRIEST AND PRIESTESS Of Good
and the Devil
• They are those rituals leaders and those who have

unique and unusual power or magic :
*Catalonan
*Mangangauay
*Manyisalat
*Mancocolam
*Hocloban
*Silagan
*Magtatanggal
*Osuang
*Mangagayoma
*Sonat
*Pangatahojan
*Bayoguin 13
7
CATOLONAN
• was either a man or a woman, (also spelled
Catalonan,
Catalona, Catulunan in Kapampangan) is a
priest in the indigenous religions of
the Tagalog and Kapampangan people.
• Spanish friars and missionaries also called
them anitero (male) and anitera (female).
They guarded the dambana, along with
religious practices, of a community
called barangay
• a ritual leader na mayroong mataas na ranggo
at katayuan sa lipunan)
MANGAGAUAY
—also know as goddess of disease
—also spelled mangagaway, witches who
deceived by pretending to heal the
sick. These priests even induced maladies
by their charms, which in proportion to the
strength and efficacy of the witchcraft, are
capable of causing death. In this way, if
they wished to kill at once they did so; or
they could prolong life for a year by binding
to the waist a live serpent, which was
believed to be the devil, or at least his
substance.
MANYISALAT
—which is the same as
mangagauay. These priests had the
power of applying such remedies to
lovers that they would abandon and
despise their own wives, and in fact
could prevent them from having
intercourse with the latter. If the
woman, constrained by these means,
were abandoned, it would bring
sickness upon her; and on account of
the desertion she would discharge
blood and matter.
MANCOCOLAM
 —A “witch” Mankukulam is a person
employing or using “Kulam” -a
form of folk magic practised in the
Philippines.
 It puts emphasis on the innate
power of the self and a secret
knowledge of Magica Baja or low
magic. Earth (soil), fire, herbs,
spices, candles, oils and kitchen
wares and utensils are often used
for rituals, charms, spells and
potions.
 Emit fire from himself at night
once a month
HOCLOBAN
• Another kind of witch, of greater efficacy
than the mangagauay.
• She could change herself into any form she
desired.
• She could kill someone by simply raising her
hand and
• Could heal without any difficulty as she
wished.
• Her name literally means “crone” or “hag”- a
witch, especially one in the form of an ugly old woman.
SILAGAN
• The Silagan is a creature that tears
human flesh through the anus and
eats up the internal organs especially
those who clothed in white.
• The Silagan has sharp claws which they
use to tear open a human flesh. They
prefer to tear up from the anus where
they would proceed to eat the liver. The
Silagans hate a person who are dressed
in white and usually takes out those who
are wearing white as their victims.
MAGTATANGGAL
• Cuento-cuento lamang sa
kapuluan, subalit pinagtitibay ng
mga taga-Catanduanes na
nakakita na sila ng mga
magtatangal (manananggal ang
tawag ngayon) na pugot ang ulo
at wala ang sikmura (stomago,
intestines) at kalahati ng katawan.
Lumalakad daw gabi-gabi, dala-
dala ang kanyang ulo, at pagsikat
ng araw, bumabalik sa katawan
at nabubuo uli.
OSUANG
• Same with
Tiktik/Wakwak/Aswang
• They have seen him fly, he
murdered and ate human flesh
• Equivalent to Sorcerer
MANGAGAYOMA
—They made charms for lovers out of

herbs, stones, and wood, which would
infuse the heart with love. Thus did they
deceive the people, although sometimes,
through the intervention of the devil, they
gained their ends.
—Today the Gayuma is known as a Filipino
love spell to help the love lives of those with
lonely or broken hearts.
SONAT
• which is equivalent to ”preacher.”
– ritual priest
• It was his duty to help one to die,
• at which time he predicted the
salvation or condemnation of the
soul (alam kung maisasalba pa ang
buhay or kailan ito mamatay)
PANGATAHOJAN
—was a soothsayer, and

predicted the future.
—Same as Manghuhula
who can predict the
future.
BAYOGUIN
• Signifies “cotquean”- lalaking
aktibo or ginagawa ang mga
gawaing pambabae.
• are priest dressed in female
garb. Almost all are impotent for
the reproductive act, and thus
they marry other males and sleep
with them as man and wife and
have erotic and sensual
knowledge
Philippine mythical
creatures
MULTO
The Tagalog word for ghost, comes from

the Spanish word muerto, which means
"dead". Superstitious Filipinos believe that
some kind of multo, often a spirit of their
former kin, regularly visits them.
SARANGAY
is a creature resembling a
bull with a huge muscular
body and a jewel attached
to its ears.
SIYOKOY
Are mermen, sea creatures that have a human

form and scaled bodies. The Siyokoy is the
male counterpart of the Sirena. The lower
extremities of a Philippine merman can either be
a fish tail or scaled legs and webbed feet. They
could also have long, green tentacles. They
drown mortals who trespass into their
territory. Siyokoy have gill slits, are colored
brown or green, and have scaly skin,
comparable to that of a fish.
• Also called as
TAMAWO
tamao are mythogical
creatures believed to be handsome, having
very fair to white skin with fangs and claws of
gold. The tamawo were known by their
different names: the bumalabag, a male fairy
who viewed and visited places;
the manupongtupong, a male fairy who
dresses like an ordinary man; the manla-
awla-aw who looked out from behind an
anthill; manilag-nilag, a female fairy who
attended social gatherings and festivities; and
the manbukay, a female fairy who dwelt in
shallow wells.
• Diwatang Lalake
TIKBALANG
Also called tigbalang (demon horse) is a half-man
and half-horse creature. It has a horse's head, the
body of a human but with the feet of the horse. It
travels at night to rape female mortals. The raped
women will then give birth to more tikbalang. They
are also believed to cause travelers to lose their way
particularly in mountainous or forest areas like
Kapre.Tikbalang are very playful with people, and
they usually make a person imagine things that
aren't real. Sometimes a tikbalang will drive a
person crazy. It is said that a person can render the
Tikbalang’s tricks futile somehow by wearing their
shirt inside out. One can avoid the tikbalang all
together by just keeping quiet or by asking politely to
pass it by. Legends say that when rain falls while the
sun is shining, a pair of tikbalang are being wed.
TIYANAK
Are the babies who died before receiving

baptism rites. After death, they go to a place
known as Limbo, a chamber of Hell which
unbaptized dead people fall into, and are
transformed into evil spirits. These phantasms
return into the mortal realm in the form of goblins
to eat living victims. The tiyanak can also be the
offspring of a woman and a demon. It can also be
an aborted fetus which comes back to take
revenge on its mother. Most Tiyanaks are said to
live in forests. If they see a human, they transform
into what looks like a normal baby. When the
person notices the Tiyanak and comes near to
take a look at it, the Tiyanak changes back to its
true form and eats its prey.
Economic Life
• Agriculture in the plane lands: planting of rice, corn,
banana, coconut, sugar canes and other kinds of
vegetable and fruits.
• Hunting in high lands.
• Fishing in river banks and sea.
• Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering.
• Domestic trade of different barangays by boat.
• Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, Japan,
Cambodia, Java, and Thailand through barter system
(exchange (goods or services) for other goods or services
without using money)
TRIVIA: Piloncitos or Bulawan (considered as first

monetary system of the country). The inconvenience of
barter later led to the use of some objects as a medium
of exchange like Piloncitos, it was made up of Gold.
15
7
15
8
Language and System of
Writing
✣ Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano,
Pangasinan, Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon,
Hiligaynon, Magindanaw and Samarnon this
languages is originated from the Malayo-
Polenisian language.
✣ System of writing: the alphabets consisted of 3
vowels and 14 consonants called Baybayin.
✣ They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick as
pencil.
✣ They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a tree
or bamboo tubes.
15
9
Baybayin is an old writing system that was used in the Philippines.
16
1
RELEVANCE/IMPORTANCE OF THE DOCUMENT
 Ang dokumentong ay nagbibigay katunayan na ang Pilipinas bago

pa man dumating ang mga mananakop ay mayroon na tayong
sariling sistema ng pamamahala, pamumuhay at mayaman na
kultura. Pinapasinungalingan nito ang paniniwala ng mga Kastila na
ang Pilipinas bago sila dumating ay hindi sibilisado at walang
kulturang nananalaytay sa ating mga sinaunang ninuno.
 Maaring itong gamitin sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan lalo na kapag
Pre-Colonial Philippines ang pokus o interes kaya nga natin ito
pinag-aaralan. Maaring din itong gamitin sa Larangan ng Political
Science dahil laman nito ang pinakaunang straktura ng pulitika sa
Pilipinas and legal na sistema na ginagamit noon.
TAKE NOTE: Filipinos were already civilized and maintained an organized

lifestyle that was on par or better than that of the people from other countries
in South East Asia.
16
2
LONG QUIZ & PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION:
POINTERS TO REVIEW
TOPICS POINTS
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: Meaning,
Significance And Relevant Concepts
S
UNDERSTANDING SOURCES: Primary and Secondary
Sources and Examples, Internal & External Criticism E
VOYAGE OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN: The Account C
and Relevance
R
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS: The Account and
Relevance
E
T
Type of Test: MAKITAN TO!!!
MIDTERM
KARTILYA OF THE KATIPUNAN
Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez, LPT

TRIVIA REVIEW?
 NATIONALISM- a strong feeling
among populace that they belong to
the same race. It’s the feeling of
oneness among us. The strong
feeling of love and loyalty in our
country.
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE OF
FILIPINO NATIONALISM
 Spread of Liberalism
 Sentiment against the principales
 Racial prejudices
 Cultural changes
 Secularization controversy
 Cavite Mutiny of 1872
THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE
OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
 Revolve around on the idea of
liberty and equality
 Freethinking, Anti-clerical and
humanitarian movement
(Masonic of Ideas)
 Greatly facilitated with the
Opening of Suez Canal
SENTIMENT AGAINST THE PRINCIPALES
 Dissatisfaction against the Principales
 Principales- political and social aristocrats during the Spanish
Era
THE FACTORS AFFECTING YJR RISE
 RACIAL PREJUDICE
 Discrimination
among the Filipinos
 Filipino natives as
“inferior race”
Social Classes Under

Spanish Regime
 CULTURAL CHANGES
 Rise of the Ilustrados
(enlightened ones)
 Reform Movements
 SECULARIZATION
CONTROVERSY
 Filipinization of Church
 Discrimination against
Filipino Priests
Fr. Pedro Pelaez-

 CAVITE MUTINY
 Causes: discarded liberal
measures imposed by
Gov.Gen De la Torre
 200 Filipino Soldiers and dock
workers rebelled against their
Spanish Workers
ILUSTRADOS
 The enlightened ones
 Considered as the middle class in the society that has
the opportunity to acquire good education during the
Spanish period
 Graciano Lopez Jaena

 Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 Dr. Jose P. Rizal
 Mariano Ponce
 Antonio Luna
Propaganda Movement
A unified nationalist movement for reform

initiated by ilustrados.
Peaceful assimilation
Equality
Restoration of Philippine
representation in the Spanish
Cortes
Secularization of Parishes
Expulsion of the friars
Human Rights of the Filipinos
LA SOLIDARIDAD
 Solidarity
 A purely Filipino organization established
in Barcelona, Spain (Dec. 31, 1888)
• An official organ of the organization was founded by
Graciano Lopez Jaena and named as La Solidaridad
(Feb. 15, 1889) to make known in the Philippines to its
objective and encourage Filipinos to support them
Contributors:
Editors: Graciano Lopez Jaena (First editor, orator,
penname- Diego Laura), Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Second editor,
lawyer, Penname- Plaridel, Siling Labuyo,Dolores Manapat,
Piping Dilat, Pupdo)
Writers: Dr. Jose P. Rizal (greatest reformist, Penname-
Laong Laan, Dimasalang), Mariano Ponce (Penname- Naning,
Kalipulako, Tigbalang), Antonio Luna (Penname- Taga-ilog),
Foreign Writers- Ferdinand Blumentritt and Morayta
MASONRY
Freemasonry- consisted of fraternal lodges
Masonry’s ideas- freethinking, anticlerical, and
humanitarian
Reason of joining- to ask for financial
assistance
Revolucion- first Filipino Masonic Lodge
(Barcelona) established by Jaena
Lodge Nilad- first masonic lodge in Manila
(1892)
LA LIGA FILIPINA
 The Philippine League
 Founded by Rizal on the night of July 3, 1892 at the
residence of Doroteo Ongjungco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila
 It was a socio-civic organization (contemporary times)
 Motto: Unus Instar Omnium (One like all)
 Philippine Version of La Solidaridad in Spain
GOALS:
 Unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous,
and homogenous body
 Protection in cases of want and neccesity
 Defense against violence and injustice
 Encouragement of instruction, agriculture, commerce
 Study and implementation of reforms
Important People in the
Founding Of La Liga Filipina
 Ambrocio Salvador (President)

 Deodato Arellano (Secretary)
 Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer)
 Agustin dela Rosa (Fiscal)
 Others: Pedro Serrano Laktaw(Panday Pira), Domingo
Franco(Felipe Leal), Jose A. Ramos(Socorro), Moises
Salvador(Araw), Faustino Villaruel(Araw), Numeriano
Adriano(Ipil), Apolinario Mabini(Katabay), Andres
Bonifacio(May Pag-asa)
The KATIPUNAN
 Right after Rizal’s deportation in
Dapitan, night of July 07, 1896
Bonifacio and friends secretly met
at Deodato Arellano’s house in Tondo,
Manila and decided to form a secret
revolutionary society called as
Kataastaasan Kaglaang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(KKK)
For national independence

through armed revolution
Aims of the Katipunan
OBJECTIVES:
• Political- Separation from Spain
• Moral- Good Morals, good hygiene
• Civic- Help and defence of the poor and the oppressed.
 To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
 To fight for Philippine independence from Spain. The
Katipunan prepared the country for an armed revolution to
regain the country’s lost freedom.
Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council) for
the whole country
Consisted of a president, a fiscal, a secretary, a treasurer, and a comptroller.
Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)

for every province.
Sangguniang Balangay (Popular/Municipal Council)

for every town.
Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council)

It decided cases involving treachery among the members and quarrels between them.
Secret initiation of the Katipunan
• A candidate for membership was first

blindfolded and entered a secret room. In
the room there was a table with a lamp, a
skull, and a bolo. The blindfold was removed
from his eyes. He was given a test on the
history of the Philippines to show that he
knew the Spaniards had oppressed the
Filipinos. He had to pass other tests on his
patriotism, courage and sincerity.
RECRUITMENT METHOD
RECRUITMENT METHOD
Membership in the Katipunan
First Grade: Katipun (associate)
Their password was “Anak ng
They wore black mask. Bayan (Sons of the People).”
Second Grade: Kawal (Soldier)

Their passwords was
They wore green mask.
“GOM-BUR-ZA.”
Third Grade: Bayani (Patriot)

They wore red mask.
Their password was
“Rizal.”
EXPLANATION
Katipunan Flags
The katipuneros
Andres Bonifacio
• The Great Plebeian
• Founder of the Katipunan
• Born in Tondo on
November 30, 1863, the
first child of poor parents.
• Named after St. Andrew the
patron saint of Manila.
• He had three brothers and
two sisters:
– Ciriaco
– Procopio
– Espiridiona
– Troadio
– Maxima
Emilio Jacinto
• Brains of the Katipunan
• Born in Trozo (Tondo),
Manila on December 15,
1875.
• His father died shortly
after he was born so he
was adopted by his uncle
Don Jose Dizon
FIRST ELECTION
Deodato Arellano President
Jose Rizal
Honorary President
Andres Bonifacio Comptroller/Auditor
Ladislao Diwa Fiscal

Teodoro Plata Secretary
Valentin Diaz Treasurer
SECOND ELECTION (1893)
FINALS SET OF OFFICERS
• Supremo – Andres Bonifacio
• Secretary of State – Emilio Jacinto
• Secretary of War – Teodoro Plata
• Secretary of Justice – Briccio Pantas
• Secretary of Interior – Aguedo del
Rosario
• Secretary of Finance – Enrique
Pacheco
• Every member of the Katipunan
adopted a symbolic name:
–Andres Bonifacio – May Pagasa
–Emilio Jacinto – Pingkian
–Artemio Ricarte – Vibora
–Emilio Aguinaldo – Magdalo
Qualifications for Female Members
• Wife of a Katipunero
• Daughter of a Katipunero
• Sister of a Katipunero
• Any close relative of a Katipunero
The women guarded the secret papers and documents of the secret
society. They were also helping the society by recruiting members.
Prominent Katipuneras
• Gregoria de
Jesus – Second
wife of Bonifacio and
was called
Lakambini of the
Katipunan.
Sisters of Rizal
Josefa Rizal Trinidad Rizal
Josefa Rizal founded the Women’s Chapter in the Katipunan in July 1893 and
she was elected the President of the said Chapter. The name of the Women’s
Chapter in the Katipunan was called La Semilla.
Melchora Ramos y Aquino
• Tandang Sora
(January 6, 1812 –
March 2, 1919)
• Mother of
the
Katipunan
• She fed the
Katipuneros and
nursed the wounded
patriots
• Later she was arrested
by the Spanish
authorities and was
exiled in Marianas.
Kalayaan
• Official
Organ/Newspaper
of the KKK
• Realizing the value of
the printed word,
Bonifacio and his
friends established a
printing press and an
organ of for the society.
Literature of the Katipunan
• Emilio Jacinto – youngest and
greatest writer of the Katipunan
• He wrote the following:
– A la Patria – his poetical masterpiece
– Liwanag at Dilim – a series of essays on
human rights, liberty, equality of men, labor,
and love of country.
– Kartilya ng Katipunan –
contains the teachings of the KKK.
Decalogue
(Ten Commandments of Katipunan)
• Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or 10
commandments titled Katungkulang
Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Duties to be Observed by the Sons
of the Country) to lay down the
guidelines for good citizenship.
• He also wrote a patriotic poem Pag-
ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love for
Country)
Dekalogo ng Katipunan
Difference between
Propaganda Movement
and Katipunan
KARTILYA
NG
KATIPUNAN
Presentation Outline:
Background of the Contribution and

Author Relevance of the
Document in
Understanding the
Historical
Grand Narrative of
Background Philippine History
of the Document
Content Presentation
and Analysis of the Learning
Important Historical Experiences
Information found in the
Document
Background of the Author:
• Known as the “Brains of the

Katipunan” (Agoncillo, 1993)
• According to Bonifacio he is
the “eye and soul” of the
Katipunan
• According to Isabelo de los
Reyes, he was Andres Bonifacio’s
counsellor. If Bonifacio was the
soul of the Katipunan, Jacinto
was the intelligence and
enthusiasm directing it.
EMILIO D. JACINTO
Background of the Author
 Historians compliment to him : “the
Brains of the Katipunan”
 According to Ricarte : He “Moises of
the Filipino people”
 E. de los Santos labeled him “the
soul of the Revolution and the
eyes of the Katipunan”
Historical Background of the
Document:
• The KARTILYA is the best-
known of all Katipunan texts,
manifesting the KKK’s principles
and teachings; it was printed as
a small pamphlet for new
members.
• It’s the only document at any
length set in print by Katipunan
prior to August 1896 that is
known to be still extant.
https://xiaochua.files.wordpress.com/2012/12/06-opisyal-
na-aral-na-ginamit-sa-katipunan-ang-kartilya.jpg
The Kartilya ng Katipunan
1. “Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at
banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang lilim, kundi
damong makamandag.”
LIVE WITH A PURPOSE/SPENDING LIFE FOR A CAUSE
2. “Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa

pagpipitas sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang
gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.”
GENUINE KINDNESS
3. “Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawanggawa,
ang pag-ibig sa kapwa at ang isukat ang bawat kilos,
gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.”
HOLINESS:RIGHT THOUGHTS & RIGHT ACTIONS/LOVE YOUR NEIGBHOR
4. “Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng

tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring ang isa’y higtan sa
dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa
pagkatao. ”
EQUALITY
5. “Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa
pagpipitas sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna
ang pagpipitas sa sarili sa puri. ”
HONOR AND REPUTATION
6. “Sa taong may hiya, salita’y

panunumpa. ”
WORD OF HONOR
7. “Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang
nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong
nagdaanna’y di na muli pang magdadaan.”
TIME IS GOLD/TIME MANAGEMENT
8. “Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang

umaapi. ”
DEFEND THE OPPRESSED AND FIGHT THE OPRESSOR
9. “Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa

bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang dapat
ipaglihim. ”
Be wise in words and speeches
10. “Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang
patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang umaakay ay tungo
sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din. ”
BE A GOOD FATHER/MAN
11. “Ang babai ay huwag mong tignan ng isang bagay

na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay
sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng
buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong
kasangulan. ”
RESPECT/VALUE WOMEN
12. “Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid,
ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba. ”
GOLDEN RULE
13. “Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng

ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala
sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na
mahal na tao, kahit laking-gubat at walang nababatid kundi
angsarilingwika, yaong may magandang asal, may isang
pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di
nakikiapi; yaong marunongmagdamdam at marunong lumingap sa
bayang tinubuan. ”
THE TRUE WORTH OF MAN- A MAN WITH INTEGRITY
14. “Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na
sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito sa kaaba-
abang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang
liwanag ang nangag kaisang magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng
ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay,
pagud, at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan.
Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at
inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin,
maitatala ang kaniyang ninanais sa kakasunod nito.”
Do all the above teachings

wholeheartedly
Content Presentation and Analysis
of Important Historical Information
in the Document
• THE TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN
• These teachings are more ethical than political in

orientation
• Jacinto believed that with the spread of these teachings and

the consequent “rise of the sun of liberty on the sorrowful
archipelago where it spread its sweet rays on the united
brethen” all the blood, toil, sweat and tears will be highly
compensated.
Content Presentation and Analysis
of Important Historical Information
in the Document
•ANALYSIS
The Kartilya was the moral and intellectual foundation used
to guide the actions of Katipuneros. Upon joining the Katipunan,
members were required to read the Kartilya and adhere to its
code of conduct. Changing the way people thought and acted
was paramount to the early Katipuñeros; they understand that
was the only way to truly change the Philippines for the better.
Contribution and Relevance of the
Document in Understanding the Great
Narrative of Philippine History
• At the time when the government is plagued with ethical issues, the
Kartilya can be used as reference for government officials to
realize the value of true public service by living up to the tenets
of the Kartilya.
• As we mold the intellect, we should also cultivate moral values

for our students to become good and responsible citizens.
• The youth remains a powerful sector in effecting change to society.

When their energies and potentials together with appropriate values
are channelled to worthy endeavors, they become potent change-
makers.
Learning Experiences
•Better appreciation of Emilio Jacinto as a man, a revolutionist,

a hero and a Filipino.
• Thorough understanding of his legacy which became
instrumental in asserting freedom from the Spanish
colonizers through the Katipunan.
• Moral character is much more important than one’s
achievements.
• Leaders should set moral standards for their subordinates.
• The forerunners of reform movements were educated people.
Education is indeed the key for change.
Act of the Declaration of
Philippine Independence
Acta de la
Proclamacíon
de
independenci
a del Pueblo
Filipino
June 12, 1898

WHAT IS EXPECTED:
DISCUSS THE CONTEXT AND
PERSPECTIVE OF THE DOCUMENT
EXPLAIN HOW THE PHILIPPINES
ACHIEVED ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM
SPANISH COLONIAL RULE
EXAMINE THE STATE OF
INDEPENDENCE TODAY
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
 The Biak-na-Bato Republic
The Dictatorial form of
Government (which the Act of
Proclamation of Independence was
stated)
The Revolutionary Government
The First Republic
Establishment of Biak-Na-Bato to
gain independence and
sovereign:
 Purpose: To Liberate Philippines from
Yoke of Spanish dominion.
i. Liberation from: abuses and
unjust execution of Rizal for
opposing the friars
Machiavellian ends
ii. Religious corporation abuses
such as execution of
GOMBURZA
iii. Oppressions
Battle of Manila
1898 (May)
•Battle of Manila Bay
•Emilio Aguinaldo
decided to return to
the Philippines and
helped Americans
defeat the Spaniards
•Spaniards were
defeated
•Emilio Aguinaldo
arrived in Cavite
(unofficially allied with
the USA)
1 May 1898
Spanish-American War
1898 (April)
•Outbreak of Spanish-
American War
•result of U.S. intervention
in Cuban War of
Independence
•U.S. attacked Spain’s
Pacific Possession which
led to the involvement in
the Philippine Revolution
•Commodore George
Dewey aboard the U.S.S.
Olympia sailed from
Hong Kong to Manila
Bay and led the Asiatic
1898, April-August Squadron of the U.S.
Navy
Battle of Manila
1898 (May)
• Battle of Manila Bay
• Emilio Aguinaldo
decided to return to
the Philippines and
helped Americans
defeat the Spaniards
• Spaniards were
defeated
• Emilio Aguinaldo
arrived in Cavite
(unofficially allied
with the USA)
1 May 1898
Conferring to Dictator
Don Emilio Aguinaldo all
the powers necessary to
enable him to discharge
the duties of
government, including
the prerogatives of
granting pardon and
amnesty
DICTATORIAL
GOVERMENT
Act of the Declaration of
Philippine Independence
Documents on
the 1898
Declaration of
Philippine
Independence,
the Malolos
Constitution
and First
NATIONAL Historical Institute in 1997 Philippine
Republic
About the
Author
Studied Law
Became a at the
member of the University of
La Liga Sto. Tomas
Filipina,
Cuerpo de Earned his
Compromisari degree in
os and La Born: Dec. 1865
Propaganda 17, 1830 in (35 years
Binan, old)
Laguna
Died: Dec. 4, Parents:
1903 (72 Gregorio
years old) Enriquez
Cause of Bautista
Death: A fatal Silvestra
fall from a Altamira
horse-drawn
carriage
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
 Solicited funds to finance a campaign for
reforms in the Philippines
 Became a member of the La Liga Filipina,
Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La
Propaganda
 Arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago by
the Spaniards
 Cause: He was suspected of being involved in the
Philippine Revolution
 Result: He managed to defend himself and was
eventually released.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
 Became the first adviser to President Emilio
Aguinaldo in 1898
 Contrary to common belief, it was Bautista, and not

Aguinaldo, who waved the Philippine flag before
the jubilant crowd.
 July 14, 1899 - he was elected to the position of

president in the Revolutionary Congress in Tarlac.
 Then was later appointed judge of the Court of First

Instance of Pangasinan.
Historical
Background
of the
Document
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista wrote
the Act on the Declaration of
independence
There was still

fighting between
the Filipinos and
Spaniards in
various places
and the Act was
written to
encourage,
motivate more
Filipino people to
fight against the
Spaniards.
Content
Analysis
Series of Events that lead to the
Declaration of Act of
Independence
Series of
events that led
to revolution
and eventually
to the signing
of the Act of
Declaration of
Philippine
Independence
A. Lost of independence and sovereign:
i. Ferdinand Magellan landed on the
shores of Cebu and occupied said island
by means of a Pact of Friendship with
Chief Tupas, although he was killed in
the battle that took place in said shores
to which battle he was provokes by
Chief Kalipulako of Mactan.

ii. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed
on the Island of Bohol by entering
into a Blood Compact with its
Chief Sikatuna, and later went to
Manila, winning the friendship of
Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula,
and later taking possession of the
city and the whole archipelago in
the name of Spain by virtue of an
order of King Philip II
iii. International law does not
recognize such vicious acquisition
of private property.
INEQUALITY BETWEEN THE
SPANISH AND FILIPINOS
1. Arbitrary arrests and

abuses of the civil
guards
2. Trial without hearing
3. unjust deportations
of Illustrious Filipinos.
4. People are tired of
bearing the ominous
joke of Spanish
domination
What kind of society do they have in 1898?

Context
Analysis
The Philippine Flag
And
waived
the first
Philippine
Flag
The Philippine Flag
The white
triangle
signifying the
distinctive
emblem of
the famous
society of the
“Katipunan”.
The Philippine Flag
• The three stars, signifying the three principal islands of
this Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao and Panay
where this revolutionary movement started.
• The sun, representing the gigantic steps made by the
sons of the country (sacrifices of the Filipinos for they
believed that there’s hope for us)
• The eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila,
Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Laguna and Batangas.
• And the colors of Blue, Red and White,
commemorating the flag of the United States of
America, as a manifestation of our profound
gratitude towards this great nation for its disinterested
protection which it lent us and continues lending us.
The Philippine Flag The first Philippine flag
was sewn by Dona
Marcela Agoncillo,
Lorenza Agoncillo,
and Delfina Herbosa
de Natividad in Hong
Kong.
It was first flown in
battle on May 28,
1898.
Formally unfurled
during the declaration
of Philippine
Independence.
The Philippine FlagMusic composed by
Julian Felipe. Did not
use lyrics during the
declaration of
Philippine
Independence in
June 12, 1898. Lyrics
was from Jose Palma
from his poem
Filipinas in 1898. Final
Filipino lyrics was
revised in 1960s.
 Dambanang
Aguinaldo
 Cavite-Viejo,
Province of
Cavite
 June 12, 1898
 Solemnize and proclaim

Philippine Independence.
Importance
and
Relevance of
the Document
1. Most significant achievement
of Aguinaldo’s Dictatorial
Government
2. The Philippine was proclaimed
independent after decades of
being a colony.
3. The Philippine earned its own
identity.
Affirmation of the following:
1. Violence of the Spaniards towards
Filipinos.
2. Struggles of the Filipinos for
independence
3. Dictatorial government under
Aguinaldo.
a. It was a major step in creating the
Filipino Identity.
b. The very first and solid proof of the
struggle of the Filipinos for
independence.
c. It serves as a culmination of our
existence as a nation and a state.
d. It marks the start and beginning where
Filipinos had these constitutional rights.
Take note:
Kaya hindi pa tayo lumaya!
Ngayon, MAY KALAYAAN BA TALAGA

ANG PILIPINAS? 
Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricatures of the American Era
Objectives of the presentation:
Analyze artworks as sources of

historical data
Examine the perspectives of these
artworks
Create your artwork that will describe
the country’s current socio-economic
or socio-political conditions
Introduction:
Artworks such as drawings, illustrations and

photographs could be sources of history, they
play a large part in the study of our country’s
past. Each of them reflects our country’s social
conditions describing historical realities. One of
those artworks that is helpful in understanding
our country’s past are those “editorial cartoons”
made as sources of political expression or
propaganda in the era where they existed.
ESSENCE OF Editorial/Political cartoons
Mirror of society’s It shows the realities in the

social condition society
Using cartoons to express their

feelings are could be an
instrument/mechanism to
People make cartoons to make the government respond
express their to their situation, improving
dissatisfaction/sentiments their services to the people
from the government
A weapon in the
An act of struggle for social
protest reform
Philippine Cartoons:
POLITICAL CARICATURE
OF THE AMERICAN ERA
1900-1941
Author/Creator: Alfred McCoy
THE MAN BEHIND THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS
• “Historian of the Southeast Asia”

• Born June 8, 1945 in Massachusetts, USA
• McCoy graduated from the Kent School in 1964.
• He earned his BA in European Studies
from Columbia College in 1968.
• He earned his M.A. Asian Studies in University of
California at Berkeley in 1969.
• He earned his PhD in Southeast Asian history
from Yale University in 1977.
• McCoy served on the faculty of the University of
New South Wales for eleven years.
• In 1989, he joined University of Wisconsin-
Madison. ALFRED McCOY
• Used the Philippine political caricatures to

understand the social and political context
of the Philippines during the American
period.
• Worked with Alfredo Roces, his co-Author of
Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the
American Era
• In 2001, the Association for Asian Studies awarded
McCoy the Grant Goodman Prize for his career
contributions to the study of the Philippines.
• In October 2012, Yale University's Graduate School
Alumni Association awarded McCoy the Wilbur
Lucius Cross Medal.
Alfredo Reyes Roces (29 Apr 1923)

a painter, an essayist, and versatile artist.
holds a prominent place in the history of
Philippine art.
He is a painter who started with a figurative
style but soon began to amalgamate
Expressionism, Fauvism and Impressionism
in his paintings.
About the document
POLITICAL CARTOONS:
Concept & Content
 Socio-cultural concerns
- changing morals of the youth
- Changing tastes and attitudes
 Manila: discomforts/dissatisfaction and decadence

floods, police corruption
lending scandals (PNB)
public hospital system
American sports
 Political and Economic Sentiments

THE NEWSPAPERS IN THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS
• Founded in 1915 by • Discussed questions

the Father of Cebuano of tenancy (rental)
letters Vicente Sotto, urban poverty, and
one of the militant and poltical issues.
aggressive advocates • Where Fernando
of immediate Amorsolo began
independence. his career as the
• A weekly newspaper “angriest of
and published in Manila’s political
English and Spanish. cartoonists”- why?-
• A forum for its very vulgar in expressing
publishers for political his sentiments in American
Government through
crusades(movement). cartoons.
THE PHILIPPINES
FREE PRESS
Founded in 1906 by • Appeared more
Judge W.A. Kincaid personal than national
but was taken over by and not tied to a
McCullough Dick particular political
due to bankruptcy party.
Published in both • Advocated integrity,
Spanish and English democracy and
Featured investigative Philippine national
reporting about the progress.
country’s development.
BAG-ONG KUSOG • (Literally "New • Depicted the
Force"), the most breaking down of
popular Cebuano hallowed customs
pre-war periodical. and social
• It draws a picture of practices due to
pre-war social life American
in Cebu. Influence.
• Featured the clash • Focused criticism
between the on co-education
traditional Spanish- introduced by the
influenced culture Americans which
and the new endangered the
American virtue of women.
orientation .
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
THE PHILIPPINE CONDITION
• Transition from Spanish colonial rule to American
colonial period.
• Filipino resistance or against on the American Policy
over the Philippines
• American colonial rule:

• Filipino representation in the Assembly
• Filipinization in the government
• Campaign for Philippine Independence
• The Commonwealth period
AMERICAN
COLONIZATION • American initiatives on economic,
educational system, public health,
transportation and communication
Historical CONTEXT
THE PHILIPPINE CONDITION
• The freedom was more recognized such as speech
and press exercised unlike during the Spanish
period
• The American colonial government sued the press
through libel charges.
• The Chinese were still discriminated
• The friars were attacked in the press
• Filipino politicians were the new illustrados
• Police were corrupt and the rise of rural poverty
• Prostitutions and gambling were rampant
AMERICAN • Sanitation were poor, less hospitals for the
population
COLONIZATION
• Cartoons were used to seek reforms
Economic Caricatures
• The problem of homesteading

and US-style tenancy during the
American colonial government
• It presents the oppressed

condition of the farmers
during the American
colonial period.
• The vulnerability/openness of
our economy to foreign
economic policy
• Bankruptcy of the PNB
• Tentativeness/lacking of the
American government to
implement policy that will
help the farmers
• Exploitation of small farmers
• Dramatic increase in Manila’s

population resulted to rising of rent
and high food prices (inflation).
A quick, superficial, or temporary

solution to a problem that does not
address or resolve the underlying
cause of said problem
• Harrison’s solution to the problem

was band aid solution rather than
implementing fundamental reform
like public housing construction.
• The Filipino elite were favoured for
their loyalty to the government.
Mga mamayamang Pilipino na sipsip sa pamahalaang Amerika

noon, sila ngayon yung mga Pamilya na kilala na may mga
malalaking kompanya at pangalang kilala sa pultika
• The cartoons presented

the Filipino nationalists
becoming economic
aliens to their own land
because Americans
dominated already the
economic activities in the
country.
political Caricatures
• The political practice in the country

especially during election (allowed under
1935 Constitution adopted by Commonwealth
of the Philippines)
• It features the political irony of the

election process in the Philippines
wherein initially the candidates bow and
beg favor from the Filipino masses but at
the end the Filipinos masses begging.
1. Police Corruption – to protect

gambling clubs
2. Passage of law authorizing all
legislators to bear/allow firearms
1. The Manila Police here is shown taking

bribes from the Chinese, while protecting
the gambling clubs patronized by Filipinos.
2. The editorial depicts the superiority of the
legislators
1. Landlord vs.
• Filipinos have
Tenants
always been
2. Christians vs. Non-
historically Christians
divided- 3. Pro- American vs.
the Antis
Socio-cultural Caricatures
1. Ecclesiastical Encomienda
• Frailocracy- those who are control
by the priests (prayle)
2. Bureau of Public Health - Filipinos
1. Poor people are homeless while the

Roman Catholic Church owns big lands.
2. Filipinization of Bureau of Public Health
resulted to ineffective and inefficient
service.
• The Americans introduced a free and a more

democratic educational system in the
Philippines.
• Both editorials depict the results of the

introduction of American Education in the
Philippine system.
1. Gender equality in education
2. Accessibilty of education
• But, The Americans used the

educational system to
control/manipulate the Filipinos.
1. The introduction of the English

language.
2. As a result of American education,
they were able to develop an image
worthy of Filipino love and respect.
Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricatures of the
American Era
CONTRIBUTION
AND
RELEVANCE
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO THE GRAND
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
• These historical caricatures are relevant visual

and contextual realities that can fill-in the gap in
understanding the grand narrative of Philippine
history.
• Using historical caricature is a dynamic avenue

of interpreting Philippine history providing
relevant visual representations of the past and a
contextual approach of understanding historical
meanings and implications.
• The featured caricatures were powerful tools in

the political, economic and social advocacies
which can inspire and remind us also of our
advocacies at present time.
• The caricatures depict the realities happening

during the American period which expresses the
sentiments of the Filipinos.
• We may not be in a specific period of the past but we

are not devoid in understanding history because
historical caricatures bring us to the past and provide us
a rich, dynamic and contextual source of depicting
events and realities.
• In contemporary times, the use of editorial caricatures

are still powerful tools that depict the temper of the
present time and express the problems and sentiments
of the present context.
• It is likewise a means of the present time to trigger the

awareness of the people concerning different issues
Political cartoon often
embodies the “truest history
of the time”.
(Ralph Waldo Emerson)

C ultural
C aricatures
A artifacts
A re R arely
R epresentations of the I ncluded
C onsidered and
T rue history
A nalyzed
O f
T o
O ur
U nderstand history’s
N ation R elevance and
E ssence
SPEECH of her
excellency
Corazon C.
AQUINO
PRESIDENT OF
THE
PHILIPPINES
during the Joint
Session of the
United States
Congress
09.18.1986
1. Present a content
analysis of Corazon
Aquino’s Speech
Discuss the different
2.
historical Objectives
background of
documents Of the Presenter
3. Evaluate the
historical
contribution of the
documents
4. Analyze the content
and relevance of
the speech
1. Evaluate the primary
and secondary
source of the
document presented Objectives
2. Develop critical and
analytical skills in the
content presentation The following are the
of the speech learning outcomes
3. Be able to create a that the students
comparative should be able to
analysis and position learn after the
paper in Marcos and discussion
Aquino’s point of
view
Background
of the
Author
Educational
Background
Maria Corazon Sumulong

Cojuanco-Aquino
 St.Scholastica College, Assumption Convent

 Ravenhill Academy of Philadelphia
 Notre Dame School of Manhattan
 College of Mount Saint Vincent, New York
 Far Eastern University, Manila
Who is Maria Corazon Aquino
• 11th President and first female president
of the republic of the Philippines (even in
Asia)
• Widow of Senator Benigno Aquino
Educational
Background
Teodoro Lopez Locsin Jr.

 Ateneo de Manila University
 University of Sto. Tomas
 Special Counsel of Corazon Aquino
 He was tasked by Aquino to write the speech but
he was unable to finish it in time and it was Pres.
Aquino who finished the draft.
Historical
Background of
the Documents
“Ninoy’s
Memoirs”
Philippine Condition During
Martial law
 From the Movie “Insiang”,1976

Content
Presentation &
Analysis of the
Important
Documents
INTENT OF THE SPEECH
• To declare the freedom of the Filipinos from
the Marcos Regime
• To mark a new beginning for the Filipinos and
to its government
• To appeal for financial assistance by
informing the Americans about the
Philippines
PERSPECTIVE:
• As a victim of Marco’s cruel regime
• As the faithful wife of Senator Benigno
Aquino
• As the People’s Champion
• As the Mother of Asian Democracy
Content presentation and
analysis
 Composed of 32 paragraphs
 120 sentences
 2,312 words
 Tackles about Ninoy and his heroism , the
triumph of People Power, Marcos as a
dictator, & the significant role of US
analysis
 Ninoy Aquino- 1  Father – 1
 Ninoy- 8  Total = 46
 He -6
 His-11
 Him-15
 Himself – 1
 Husband - 3
analysis
 Democracy – 24
 Democratic – 3  Freedom - 6
 Total = 27  Free people - 1
 Total = 7
 Dictator – 2
 Dictatorship – 7
 Total = 9
Who is Ninoy?
 Has restless dream for freedom

 Whole nation honored him
 Pleasing sacrifice that answered their
prayers for freedom
 Loving husband & father
 Not a body merely to be imprisoned but
as a spirit he must break
Who is Ninoy?
 Kept the spirit of the institutions of

democracy (press, congress, judiciary, bill
of rights)
 Tortured & executed
 Tried for subversion , murder, etc.
 A lost for Filipinos
 He fasted
 Determined
Who is Ninoy?
 Dictatorcalled him nobody

 His death is country’s resurrection
 Advocate of democracy
Who is Marcos?
 Demolished one by one the institutions of

democracy
 Cheated the elections
 Arrogant
 Set aside democracy to save it from a
communist insurgency
 Stole the national debt
Who is Marcos?
 President-turned-dictator
 Traitorto his oath
 Suspended the constitution & shut down
the Congress
 Detained Ninoy along with the thousands
of others – senators, publishers & anyone
who had spoken up for democracy
What is people power?
 Extraordinary manifestation of
democracy
 The ultimate result was the election of
Mrs. Aquino ( President) & Mr. Laurel
(Vice President)
 Cheapest revolution
1. CRITICAL ANALYSIS
1.1 Events
1.2 Statements
1.3 Political Involvement
2. CIRCUMSTANCES OF
STATUS AS WIFE &
LEADER Analysis in
the content
What/who is USA?
 Democracy’s most famous home (congress)

 Balance strategic interest against human
concerns, illuminates the American vision of
the world
 Bringer of freedom to many lands
 Haven from oppression and giver of home for
Ninoy & his family
 Committed to freedom
CRITICAL ANALYSIS
“In burying Ninoy, a whole nation
honored him. By that brave and
selfless act of giving honor, a nation
in shame recovered its own. A
country that had lost faith in its future
found it in a faithless and brazen act
of murder.”
-2ND Paragraph, 1st to 2nd sentence

Analysis 1: (Events & Statements)
The event was the wake of Benigno

“Ninoy” Aquino Jr. the husband of
former President Corazon Aquino and
Father of Benigno “Noynoy” Aquino
III, the 15th President of the Philippines.
The Assassination of the former
opposing leader of the
administration of Ferdinand Marcos
gave spirit to the estimated 2
million people to revolt and
opposed to the dictatorship as
stated in the paragraph 8,
sentence 4:
“Two million people threw aside
their passivity and escorted him to
his grave. And so began the
revolution that has brought me to
democracy’s most famous home,
the Congress of the United States.”
Analysis 2: (Events & Statements)
“I held fast to Ninoy’s conviction that

it must be by the ways of democracy.
I held out for participation in the 1984
election the dictatorship called, even
if I knew it would be rigged.”
-11th Paragraph, 1st to 2nd Sentence

The event stated in the paragraph
was the “Philippine Parliamentary
Election” during May 14, 1984. the
party list represented by the merge
force of United Nationalist
Democratic Organization (UNIDO)
and Partido Demokratikong Pilipino-
Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-LABAN) against
the ruling Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
(KBL) of Ferdinand Marcos.
Since the election was charges of
bribery, protests and complaints on
irregularities of marred election.
President Marcos surprised everyone
when he called for a “Snap Election”
on November 3, 1985 in American
Television Show as stated in
paragraph 13, sentence 1 to 2:
“Last year, in an excess of
arrogance, the dictatorship
called for its doom in a snap
election. The people obliged.
With over a million signatures,
they drafted me to challenge
the dictatorship.”
 Famous “Walk out” of 30 tabulators from
PICC plenary hall
 The COMELEC proclaimed Marcos
as the winner with more than 1.5
million voted greater than Cory. In
COMELEC tally a total of 10,807,197
votes for Marcos and 9,291,716
votes for Cory.
-“Nation commemorates 25th anniversary

of the 1986 Snap Presidential Election”,
Election Monitor. 1-issue No. 61.2011 via
NAMFREL.
ANALYSIS 3: (Events & Statements)
1. The very idea of “snap” election

was attributed to many Filipinos to
hardened cynicism of a Marcos-
Reagan tandem, who, it was
believed, had thought up the idea of
a farcical election
2. This public statement revealed the
American President’s view on the
Philippine crises of 1986, aside for
personal relations of Marcos and
Reagan, it stands also to what is
reflected as “the jeanne kirkpatrick
doctrine”,the idea that it was
perfectly all right and advisable for
the US to support the dictators as
long as they are “our dictators”
As a SUMMARY….
CONTENT AND CONTEXT Who is the author of the primary source? What do you
know about the author that may shape his/her
perspective?
Corazon Aquino was the author of the primary source. She is known
as the wife of the oppositionist of Ferdinand Marcos. She showed
her mutiny and sadness through addressing the speech when she
finally got the chance in the US Congress.
Who is the intended audience of the primary

source?
The intended audience of the primary source is the
Filipino people, as well as the whole world who
witnessed the impoverishment of the
Marcos’ administration; students, researchers, political
analysts
CONTENT AND CONTEXT Where and when was the primary
source published or created?
She delivered her speech before the Joint session
of the United States Congress with U.S
lawmaker in September 18, 1986.
Describe the historical context. What was

happening during this event of time period?
It has been known by everyone that the Marcos-Aquino families greatly
hates each other. Ninoy Aquino, the husband of Cory and the number
one oppositionist of Ferdinand Marcos was detained in the North.
Ninoy’s captivation and assassination on the latter part much fuelled
Cory’s determination to fight against the government and seek refuge
from the Americans.
OBSERVE EXPLAIN
“Still, we fought for honor, She emphasized that the
and, if only for honor, we shall fight that they started was
pay.” not wasted and it was not a
nonsense one. That they, the
Filipinos put up a good fight
against the administration.
OBSERVE EXPLAIN
“The task had fallen on my She took the responsibilities
shoulders to continue offering in taking care and fighting for
the democratic alternative to the sake of freedom of the
our people.” whole country.
Contribution
& Relevance
of the
Document
Significance & relevance
1. US & PH RELATION
2. STUDY OF DEMOCRACY & DEVELOPMENT
3. POLITICAL MATURITY AND IDEOLOGY
4. POLITICAL GROUPS AND PARTY
“ I hope the history will judge me favorably
as our people still regard me…”
“ I should be judged as much as by the

circumstances that defined my choices
then as by consequences of those
choices today “
- Corazon C. Aquino
“Corazon C. Aquino Early Assessment of her Presidential
Leadership, Administration and place in History “ (p.237)
Sources:
Licuanan, Verginia B. (1992),”Filipino and Americans: A Love-Hate
Relationship”: Manila, San Miguel Corporation,
NAMFREL, “Nation commemorates 25th anniversary of the 1986 Snap

Presidential Election”, Election Monitor. 1-issue No. 61.2011.
Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, Photo Journalist’ Guild of

the Philippines,“Kudeta: The Challenge to Philippine Democracy”.
Chomsky, Noam (1985), “Turning the Tide”, Boston Massachusetts:

South End Press.
Corazon C. Aquino Early Assessment of her Presidential Leadership,

Administration and place in History “ (p.237)
Presidential Mantial Management StaffOffice of the President (1992), “The

AQUINO MANAGEMENT Of PRESIDENCY, HER PEOPLE’S
EMISSARY: Manila Philippines,
PRESENTED BY: JOSHUA SIMON-BERNABE JIMENEZ
THE FIRST CRY OF THE REVOLUTION
FIRST CRY?
• Philippine Revolution of 1896
• Initial move of the Filipinos to begin the
revolution for independence
• The famous event when the Katipuneros
tore up their cedulas
• August 23, 1986 at Pugadlawin (According to
NHCP)
338
CONTROVERSY?
• OLEGARIO DIAZ- officer of the Spanish
Guardia, took place in Balintawak on
Augusy 25, 1896
• TEODORO KALAW- in his book The
Filipino Revolution, took place during
the last week of August 1896 at
Kangkong,Balintawak
339
CONTROVERSY?
•SANTIAGO ALVAREZ- son of
Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the
Magdiwang in Cavite stated in 1927
that it took place in Bahay Toro now
in Quezon City on August 24, 1896
340
CONTROVERSY?
•TEODORO AGONCILLO- a
historian, took place in Pugad
Lawin on August 23, 1896, echoing
Valenzuela’s statement
341
CONTROVERSY?
•DR. PIO VALENZUELA’S
ACCOUNT- an official of the
Katipunan and a friend of Bonifacio,
who was present during the event.
*Pugad Lawin (yard and store-house of
Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino)
342
CONTROVERSY?
•MILAGROS GUERRERO,
EMMANUEL ENCARNACION AND
RAMON VILLEGAS- taken place in
Tandang Sora’s house in Gulod,
Brgy. Banlat, Quezon City.
343
CONTROVERSY?
• GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S
ACCOUNT- friend and fellow of
Katipunero of Andres Bonifacio
*The First Cry happened in Balintawak
on August 26, 1896 then later changed
his narrative stating that it was on August
23 which is the start of the
revolution(pabago-bago).
344
THE RIZAL RETRACTION
Who is Dr. Jose Rizal?
• Leader of reformist in Spain
• He was allegedly retracted his
masonic ideals and his writings and
reconverted to Catholicism.
346
The RETRACTION
"I retract with all my heart
whatever in my words, writings,
publications and conduct have
been contrary to my character as
a son of the Catholic Church."
347
PRIMARY SOURCES TO CONSIDER:
• Official accounts as witnessed by
the Jesuits (believer)
• Critical Analyses by 2 Rizalist
scholars (skeptic)
348
Fr. Vicente Balaguer’s Statement
• Jesuit priest who visited Rizal
during the execution in Fort
Santiago and claimed that he
managed to persuade Rizal to
denounce masonry and return to
catholic fold.
349
Rafael Palma’s Critical Analysis
• WHO: lawyer, writer, educator, and politician
and author of Biografia de Rizal
• ANALYSIS: Rizal’s conversion was a pious
fraud to make people believe that the
extraordinary man broke down and
succumbed before the church which he had
fought
350
Austin Coates’ Critical Analysis
• Author of Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr
• ANALYSIS:
“While unquestionably a fraud, to suggest that
the Archbishop’s announcement was issued
knowingly, or that there was a plot among the higher
ecclesiastical authorities to perpetrate a fraud is
going to far….”
351
CONTEMPORARY HISTORIANS
BELIEF
• JOSE VICTOR TORRES (DLSU History Professor)
“Personally , I did believe he retracted, but
some that was purchased by the Philippine
Government from Spain in the mid-1990s, the
Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila showed some
interesting points about the retraction.”
“The way Rizal is taught in schools today, the
retraction means nothing”
* he noted that the retraction
is irrelevant today”
352
• NICOLAS ZAFRA
The controversy as “a plain
unadorned fact of history, having all
the marks of certainty and
indications of historical certainty and
reality (The Historicity of Rizal’s
Retraction)
353
•DR. AUGUSTO DE VIANA (head of
USTs History Department)
*he also believes that Rizal retracted
and just renounced from free
masonry but not from his
nationalistic works.
354
MAJOR ARGUMENTS FOR
THE RETRACTION
• The Retraction Document discovered in 1935 is
considered the chief witness to the reality of the
retraction by Fr. Manuel Garcia
• The testimony of the press at the time of the event,
of “eye-witnesses,” and other “qualified witnesses,”
i.e. those closely associated with the events such
as the head of the Jesuit order, the archbishop, etc.
355
• Acts of Faith, Hope, and Charity” reportedly
recited and signed by Dr. Rizal as attested by
“witnesses” and a signed Prayer Book which
was amongst the documents discovered by
Father Garcia along with the Retraction.
• Acts of Piety performed by Rizal during his last
hours as testified to by “witnesses.”
• His “Roman Catholic Marriage” to Josephine
Bracken as attested to by “witnesses.” There
could be no marriage without a retraction.
356
CASES AGAINST THE
RETRACTION
• The Retraction Document is said to be a
forgery. There are four points against the
document itself (handwriting, principles of textual
criticism, retraction was “spontaneous, “confession”
of “the forger---” Antonio K. Abad)
• The third chief line of argument against the
Retraction is that it is out of character (Pious
fraud)
357
• The second main line of argument against the
Retraction is the claim that other acts and facts do not
fit well with the story of the Retraction.
*The document of Retraction was not made public until 1935
*No effort was made to save Rizal from the death penalty after
his signing of the Retraction.
*Rizal’s burial was kept secret; he was buried outside the inner
wall of the Paco cemetery; and the record of his burial was not
placed on the page for entries of Dec. 30th.
*There is no marriage certificate or public record of the
marriage of Rizal with Josephine Bracken.
*Rizal’s behavior as a whole during his last days at Fort
Santiago and during the last 24 hours in particular does not
point to a conversion
358
CONCLUSION:
• Perhaps it may be true that he retracted and reverted
to his faith, but this does not diminish Rizal’s stature
as a great hero with such greatness.
• whether he retracted or not, it does change what he
has already done and what his writings have already
achieved.
• Surely whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an
apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness
as a Filipino... Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal
- the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who
deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our
duty and our beliefs."
359
THANK YOU! 
GOODLUCK ON YOUR MIDTERM! GODBLESS
360
LONG QUIZ & MIDTERM EXAMINATION:
POINTERS TO REVIEW
TOPICS POINTS
KARTILYA OF KATIPUNAN (Factors on the Rise of Philippine
Nationalism, Katipunan, Kartilya)
The Act of Proclamation of the Independence of the Filipino S
People
Political Caricatures During the American Era
E
Speech of Corazon C. Aquino Before the US Congress
C
The Retraction of Rizal (Fr. Vicente Balaguer’s statement , Rafael R
Palma’s & Austin Coates ‘ Critical Analysis, Contemporary
Historians’ Belief) E
The First Cry of the Revolution (Pio Valenzuela’s account,
Santiago Alvarez’s Account, Guillermo Masangkay’s account,)
T
Type of Test: SURPRISE
FINALS
LOCAL AND ORAL
HISTORY
Presented by
LOCAL HISTORY
• A written history focusing particularly on a
particular town, district, or other limited area.
• It is the study of history in a geographically
local context and it concentrates on the local
community. It incorporates cultural as social
aspects of history.
• Local history is the study of people, places,
factual events, cultural heritage, genealogy,
and folklore
SCOPE OF LOCAL HISTORY
• Landscape history: a single building (such as a
castle, an archaeological site, a church and
graveyard, a monument – or your school), a street
• Geo-political history: an area like a village or
housing estate, a whole town.
• Local culture, indigenous knowledge systems and
practices of a particular group in a geographical
area, folklore, myths, epic, and songs/music.
• Family history, life of a particular individual, etc.
SOURCES OF LOCAL HISTORY
• local environments e.g. google maps, street
signage, old post-boxes, signs, plaques, foot
scrapers and other forms of street furniture ,
building clues, monuments, landmarks, drawings,
paintings, photographs, house plans, building
plans, documents from local priests, land titles
from LGU or Registry of Deeds, eyewitnesses,
archaelogical crafts, school records, newspapers,
journals, letters etc.
METHODOLOGY OF LOCAL HISTORY
• Interview
• content analysis for
documents
• archival research
• archaeolgical
excavations
IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL HISTORY
• It gives us a holistic view about crucial and controversial events
that took place (or are taking place) in our local communities and its
effect vis-à-vis to national affairs.
• The study of local history might encourages preservation- cultural
heritages.
• It paves the way to clear understanding of historical patterns and
their connections with each other that procures vivid view of
history in general.
• Allows us to study national events within the context of local
communities
• All history is local
• Loca history help us understand our ancestors in context
• Local histories help us who you are
ORAL HISTORY
• Oral history is the systematic collection of
living people’s testimony about their own
experiences. (Park, 2013)
• Oral history can be defined as the recording,
preservation and interpretation of historical
information, based on the personal
experiences and opinions of the speaker.
(Centre for Urban History-University of Leicester )
• Includes: spoken memories, stories, songs
which contain historical information
SCOPE OF ORAL HISTORY
• Geo-political history: an area like a village
or housing estate, a whole town.
• Local culture, indigenous knowledge
systems and practices of a particular
group in a geographical area, folklore,
myths, music history, epic, etc.
• Family history, life of a particular
individual, etc
SOURCES OF ORAL HISTORY
• Eyewitnesses
• priests
• tribal elders
• members of a particular group
METHODOLOGY OF ORAL HISTORY
• Oral interview
• recording (audio-video) but needs
informed consent
• data transcription
IMPORTANCE OF ORAL HISTORY
• helps us understand how individuals and
communities experienced the forces of
history.
• teaches us what has changed and what
has stayed the same over time.
• preserves for future generations a sound
portrait of who we are in the present and
what we remember about the past.
(Baylor University Manual for Oral History)
Presented by: Joshua Simon-
Bernabe Jimenez
What is CONSTITUTION?
• “Fundamental law of the land”

• Establishes the basic character and
principles of the government
• “The highest expression of the law”
Purposes of the Constitution:
• Prescribes the kind of government

• Creates the different departments
with their functions
• Source of the sovereign powers of
a government
• Promotes public welfare
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
• Body assembled to frame or to

write a constitution, revise or
amend
HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
• The Biak-na-Bato Republic (1897)
• The Malolos Republic Constitution (1899)
• The 1935 Constitution and The Commonwealth
Government
• The Japanese Occupation and the Second Philippine
Republic (1943 Constitution)
• The 1973 Constitution and the Marcos Dictatorship
• The Freedom Constitution (1986)
• The 1987 Constitution
The 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato
• Promulgated by Philippine Revolutionary

Government on Nov. 01, 1897 in San Miguel
de Mayumo, Bulacan
• Drafted by Isabel Artacho and Felix Ferrer
which was based on the Cuban Constitution
• “Constitucion Provisional de la Republica de
Filipinas”
• Aim: To separate Philippines from Spain (to
be an independent country)
The 1899 Malolos Constitution (1899-1901)
• Constitucion Politica was ratified,

enacted and proclaimed on
January 20, 1899 at Barasoain
Church in Malolos Bulacan
• The First Republican Constitution
in Asia
Main features:
• It declared that sovereignty resides
exclusively in the people
• It stated basic civil rights
• It separated the church and state
• It called for the creation of an Assembly
of Representatives
• It called for a presidential form of
government (parliamentary republic)
ACTS OF THE UNITED STATES
CONGRESS (1902-1934)
• PHILIPPINE ORGANIC ACT OF 1902-
Philippine Bill of 1902, it provided the
creation of Philippine Assembly
(legislative body)
 bicameralism- Philippine Commission (upper house)
and The Philippine Assembly (lower house)
 Key provisions: Bill of Rights for Filipinos &
Appointment of 2 Non-voting Filipino Resident
Commissioner of the Philippines
• PHILIPPINE AUTONOMY ACT OF 1916
(Jones Law)- it removed Philippine
Commission and replaced it with a
Senate elected by Filipino voters
 Under its Preamble- their promise to give
us “independence”
• TYDINGS-McDuffie Act (1934)-
“Independence Law”, it provided for
the drafting and guidelines of a
constitution for a 10-year
transitional period government
before the granting of
independence
THE 1935 CONSTITUTION
• 1935- 1943, 1945-1973

• Granted us “partial independence”
• Salient features:
*women’s suffrage
*development of national language
*establishment of civil service and
General Auditing Office
THE 1943 CONSTITUTION:
Second Republic
• Drafted by a committee appointed by

the Philippine Executive Commission
*KALIBAPI- Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa
Bagong Pilipinas (political party during the
Japanese Regime)
*PCPI- Philippine Commission for Public
Independence (tasked to draft a new
constitution)
1973 CONSTITUTION (1973-1986)
• On June 01, 1971 a Constitutional

Convention was convened to write a
new constitution
• Citizen Assemblies was formed to
approve or reject the new constitution
(Jan. 10-15, 1973)
• January 17, 1973, Pres. Marcos signed
Proclamation No. 1102 declaring the
1973 Constitution
Features:
• Parliamentary form of government
(president as head of state and prime
minister as head of the government)
• Batasang Pambansa (legislative power
was vested)
• Establishment of Constitutional
Commissions (CSC, COMELEC, COA)
THE FREEDOM CONSTITUTION
• Proclamation No. 3 as a provisional
constitution entitled “Declaring a
National Policy to Implement the
Reforms Mandated by the People,
Protecting their Basic Rights, Adopting
a Provisional Constitution, and
Providing for an Orderly Transition to a
Government under New Constitution”
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
• Pres. Aquino issued Proclamation
No. 9 constituting a Constitutional
Commission tasked to draft a new
constitution
*ConCom- composed of 50 members
headed by Cecilia Munoz-Palma
*February 11, 1987- New Constitution was
proclaimed and ratified and in effect
1987 Constitution
Article I - National Territory
Article II - Declaration of Principles and State Policies
Article III - Bill of Rights
Article IV - Citizenship
Article V - Suffrage
Article VI - Legislative Department
Article VII - Executive Department
Article VIII - Judicial Department
Article IX - Constitutional Commissions
Article X - Local Government
Article XI - Accountability of Public Officers
Article XII - National Economy and Patrimony
Article XIII - Social Justice and Human Rights
Article XIV - Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and
Sports
Article XV - The Family
Article XVI - General Provisions
Article XVII - Amendments or Revisions
Article XVIII - Transitory Provisions
Significant provisions:
• Presidential system with bicameral
congress
• Modified Bill of rights
• Creation of Commission on Human
Rights (Sec. 18, Art. XIII)
• Recognition of ARMM and CAR
• Limited Political Autonomy for Local
Government units and for the plan to
establish Local Government Code
AGRARIAN REFORM
FACT:
Too little land is
available for too
many people.
DES
LAND REFORM vs AGRARIAN REFORM
Land Reform Agrarian Reform
-a process of redistributing
-concerned with the
land from the landlords to
total development of
tenant-farmers in order that
the farmers’ economic,
they will be given a chance
social and political
to own a piece of land to
transformation.
improve their plight.
DES
Agrarian Reform covers some or all the elements:
(Sicat)
1 Distribution of land to the cultivator;
2 Security of tenure and fair system of rental payments;
3 Improved methods of cultivation through the improvement of
rural institutions serving the farmers such as:

DES
1 Adequate Credit
2 Cooperative Marketing
3 Agricultural Investment
DES
HI STO RY
OF
AGRARIAN REFORM
Pre-Spanish Period
A rudimentary form of private ownership was practiced.
The tribal hunters and gatherers existed in their resource ranges, with
no system of land-ownership.
A rudimentary form of private ownership was practiced. No formal

procedures for recognizing private ownership such as documents, deeds
or titles.
When the Indo-Malayan race came, they introduced the

Musilim System of land distribution in Southern Philippines which was
unique from the pagan system. Thus the social system determined the
land system in pre-Spanish times.
The different social classes were:
1 The Nobles -could own their own land

-free from tribute payment
-entitled to cultivate certain lands

2 The Serfs -required to pay an annual fee of ½ of the
yield of their crops to the Datu.
-served the Datu or Nobles

3 The Slaves MCM
-they are owned, could be sold & traded
DES
Spanish Period
A new land-ownership system was introduced
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
The encomienderos were replaced by the
“cacique class.” However, acquisition of
land holdings became rampant particularly
among religious orders and few private
individuals. Share tenancy or the “Kasama
System” came into existence. Large
landholders leased portions of their landed
estates to intermediaries, who, in turn, rented out

parcels to peasants.
DES
Causes of occasional rebellions of the peasants:
1 Enforced Labor;
2 Relatively heavy head tax; and
3 Required church & government contribution
DES
American Period
*Many caciques who had maintained their
positions through the Spanish period were
able to keep and even strengthen their
positions under the American.
*(1903-1938) There was an increase in
tenancy rate and decrease in land
ownership.
DES
*the United States negotiated the purchase
of 23 Friar Estates during the early years
of the century. The land was subdivided
and offered for sale to Filipinos residing on
it.
*In 1938, the Church still controlled an

estimated 41,782 hectares.
DES
*The Public Land Act of 1902 which
became effective on July 26, 1904, offered
homestead plots not in excess of 16
hectares to families who had occupied and
cultivated the tract they were residing on
since August 1, 1898.
DES
*The SAKDALISTA movement was
initiated in 1930 by Benigno Ramos since
he felt it would merely strengthen the
cacique system. Over hundred sakdalistas
were killed.
DES
*Pedr Aba Santos, social &
o d a ist
peasa lead almost again th
nt
candidateerof Pampango wo st during
landlords e
n He espoused the idea
the 1940 elections.
of expropriation of religious and public
estates and their subdivisions to tenant
farmers as the only solution to agrarian
unrest.
DES
The Present Republic
{ }
*There was agitation in the rebel groups
particularly the HUKBALAHAP to wage a
continuing peasant struggle for agrarian
{
reform.
*In 1946, Pres. Manuel
Roxas enacted RA No. 36 of
1946 to solve land tenure
}
problems.
DES
*September 1954, Pres. Ramon
Magsaysay signed into law RA
No. 1199 as amended by RA No.
2263 which allowed for the
division of crops. }
*In 1955, the Land Reform Act was
enacted which caused a great deal of
controversy.
DES
*In 1963, Pres. Diosdado Macapagal
signed into law RA No. 3844, otherwise
known as the Agricultural Land Reform
Code. It failed because of political
pressures.
DES
*On September 21, 1972, Pres.
Ferdinand Marcos issued PD No.
2 declaring the Philippines as land
reform area.
*On Oct. 21, 1972, Pres. Marcos signed
PD No. 27, “emancipating the tenant –
farmers from the bondage of soil.”
DES
Under the New Constitution…
*the primary governing law on agrarian

reform is RA No. 6657, otherwise known
as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law of 1988.
DES
What is CARP?
• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

• Aims to grant landless farmers and
farmworkers ownership of agricultural lands
• Vision: to have an equitable land ownership
• Signed by Pres. Corazon C. Aquino on June
10, 1988
CARPER?
• Comprehensive Agrarian Reform

Program Extension with Reforms
• Amendatory law that extends the
land distribution to farmers and other
provisions of RA 6657
Who are Beneficiaries?
• Landless farmers
• Agricultural lessees, tenants,
regular, seasonal and other
farmworkers
Government Offices involved?
• Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)

• Department of Environmental and
Natural Resources (DENR)
How much land is subject to land reform?
• Estimated 7.8 million hectares
How much land has been acquired and

distributed so far?
• 6.9 million hectares of land, about

88% (as of Dec. 2013)
THANK YOU
DES
8
TAXATION
WHAT IS TAXATION?
• Is a means by which governments
finance their expenditure by imposing
charges on citizens and corporate
entities
• Refers to the practice of a
government collecting money from its
citizens to pay for public services
PHILIPPINE TAXATION
• WHAT ARE TAXES- mandatory
contributions of everyone to raise
revenue for nation-building.
REMEMBER:
“It is our duty to pay our taxes”
WHY DOES GOVERNMENT COLLECT
TAXES? – to provide basic services such as
education, health and infrastructure and other
social services for all
• WHO PAY TAXES? – We all pay
taxes, either directly or indirectly
(income/consumption)
*income tax- based on the ability-to-pay
principle wherein people with higher
income should pay more.
*consumption tax- based on the
amount of goods and services utilized
• WHERE DO TAXES GO?- It is used
to fund social services and
government investment/programs
LEGAL BASES OF PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
• Constitution (Article VI, Section 28)
• National Internal Revenue Code (RA
No. 8424- Tax Reform Act of 1997)
• RA No. 10963 or the Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion Act of 2017
• RA No. 7160 or the Local Government
Code of 1991
• The imposition of taxes is done by
law through the Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR, collector of national
taxes) while on the local level,
collected by local treasury.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE
TAXATION
• SPANISH ERA
*Contador de’ Resultas- Chief Royal
Accountant (similar function to BIR)
tributo- same with tax today
• AMERICAN ERA
*BIR was created in July 2, 1904 under
the term of civil governor Luke E.
Wright
• AMERICAN ERA
*BIR was created in July 2, 1904 under
the term of civil governor Luke E.
Wright
• JAPANESE ERA
*BIR was combined with the Customs
Office
• POST-WAR ERA
*re-establishment of the BIR
*the country was divided in 31 inspection
units, each was under a Provincial Revenue
Agent and City Revenue Agent
*adoption of withholding tax system (1951)
*Regionalization scheme (1954-1957)
*Jose Aranas- 1st Commissioner of BIR
*Tax Census Division (1958)
*RA No. 233, Rewards Law (Strictly enforce
the payment of taxes)
*72 inspection districts were created
• MARCOS ADMINISTRATION
*Blue Master Program & Voluntary Tax
Compliance Program (for transparency &
honesty)
*Tax Account Number (faster verication)
*National Internal Revenue Code of 1977 (it
updated the 1934 Tax Code)
• AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
*Operation:Walang Lagay launched on 1986
(for honest and efficient collection)
*Value-added tax (VAT)
*TAN to TIN (Tax Identification Number)
• RAMOS ADMINISTRATION
*Tax Computerization Project (TCP)
• ESTRADA ADMINISTRATION
*Humingi ng Resibo, Manalo ng libo-Libo
• ARROYO ADMINISTRATION-
*Electronic Filing and Payment System
(eFPS)- for paperless filing of tax returns
*Oplan Kandado Program (closed erring
businesses)
• AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
*The BIR was collect more than one-half of
the total revenues of the government
• DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION
*RA 10963 or the TRAIN LAW
KIND OF TAXES
• DIRECT TAXES (tax from your
income/property- ex. Personal,
corporate income taxes, capital taxes)
• INDIRECT TAXES (tax based on
consumption- ex. Excise taxes,
percentage tax, and documentary
stamp tax (DST)
DIRECT TAXES
• INCOME TAX- direct tax paid by an
individual or organization imposed on:
*compensation income (salaries, bonuses,
fringe benefits, and other allowances)
*business income(professional fee, trades,
gains from sail of asset)
*passive income (tax on deposits, royalties
and dividends)
INDIRECT TAXES
• VALUE-ADDED TAXES- imposed on
goods and services (usually passed on
buyer)
• PERCENTAGE TAX- business tax
imposed on person or entities
/transactions
• EXCISE TAX- tax on selected goods that
have negative externalities and are non-
essentials (either specific or ad valorem)
NATIONAL TAXES
• INCOME TAX
• ESTATE TAX (pamana tax)
• DONOR’S TAX (donation or gift)
• VALUE-ADDED TAX
• PERCENTAGE TAX
• EXCISE TAX
• DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX
LOCAL TAXES
• Tax being collected by local treasury
*Real Property Tax- tax imposed on
real properties including lands,
buildings, improvements, and
machinery
*Parking fees
TRAIN LAW
• Tax Reform for Acceleration and
Inclusion (TRAIN)
• For Education, Healthcare Services &
Infrastructure
TRAIN Tax Law: Primer, Guide &
BIR Sample Computations
On December 19, 2017, Pres. Rodrigo Duterte

signed Republic Act 10963 or Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion or the TRAIN law. It provides
for the increase in take-home pay of salaried Filipino by
reducing income tax rates, while increasing and
rationalizing tax rates in other goods and services.
On January 25, 2018, the Bureau of Internal Revenue

(BIR) has released Revenue Regulation No. 8-2018 (RR
2018) which details the implementing guidelines
governing the Income Tax provisions of the TRAIN tax
law.
TRAIN Tax Law: Primer, Guide &
BIR Sample Computations
SEC. 2. Declaration of Policy. – It is hereby declared the policy of the
State:
a. To enhance the progressivity of the tax system through the
rationalization of the Philippine internal revenue tax system, thereby
promoting sustainable and inclusive economic growth;
b. To provide, as much as possible, an equitable relief to a greater

number of taxpayers and their families in order to improve levels of
disposable income and increase economic activity; and
c. To ensure that the government is able to provide for the needs of
those under its jurisdiction and care through the provision of better
infrastructure, health, education, jobs, and social protection for the
people.
Income Tax Rates
Old BIR Income tax Rates (1997 Tax Code, Used until 2017)
BRACKET INCOME PER YEAR TAX RATE

1 P10,000 and below 5%
2 Above P10,000 to P30,000 P500 + 10% of the excess over P10,000
3 Above P30,000 to P70,000 P2,500 + 15% of the excess over

P30,000
P70,000
P140,000
P250,000
7 Above P500,000 P125,000 + 32% of the excess over
P500,000
Income Tax Rates
New BIR Income Tax Rates, from TRAIN Tax Reform (2018-2022)
BRACKE
TAXABLE INCOME PER YEAR INCOME TAX RATE
T
1 P250,000 and below 0%
2 Above P250,000 to P400,000 20% of the excess over P250,000

P400,000
4 Above P800,000 to P2,000,000 P130,000 + 30% of the excess over
P800,000
5 Above P2,000,000 to P490,000 + 32% of the excess over
P8,000,000 P2,000,000
6 Above P8,000,000 P2,410,000 + 35% of the excess
over P8,000,000
MAJOR FEATURES OF TRAIN LAW
• Lowering Personal Income T
• Simplifying the Estate and Donor’s Tax
• Expanding the VAT Base
• Increasing the Excise Tax of Petroleum
Products
• Increasing the Excise Tax of Automobiles
• Excise Tax on Sweetened Beverages
“INDEED, TAXES ARE
THE BACKBONE OF
THE ECONOMY”
THANK YOU!
LONG QUIZ & FINAL EXAMINATION:
POINTERS TO REVIEW
TOPICS POINTS
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN
HISTORY: Agrarian Reform Policies (CARP)
S
HISTORY: Evolution of Philippine Constitution E
HISTORY: Philippine Taxation (History and Basic
C
R
LOCAL AND ORAL HISTORY: Definition, Sources,
Methods & Relevances E
T
Type of Test: MAKITAN TO!!!

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PRELIMINARY

Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez

• What are the 6 W Questions?

• Why study History?

What does ‘History’ mean to you?

• Comes from the Greek word “Historia”

When did it happen?

Where did it happen?

Why did it happen?

To whom did it happen?

What were its consequences?

 Tolearn about the past

6. Interviews (one-on-one conversation)

9. Photographs and posters (illustrate

11. Speeches and Oral Histories

3. Literature reviews and review articles

REVIEW ARTICLE- pagbubuod ng mga

PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES

“If you don’t know history, you

Historical Data has to be examined for its

 Refers to the genuineness of the documents a researcher

Refers to the accuracy of the contents of

Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez,LPT

1. Analyze the content, context and

We are now heading on the highlights of our subject, we

This primary source justifies and tell how a particular

What are happening before their

The Age of Exploration/Discovery (Panahon ng

What motivated the European to

European exploration and conquests of the 15th & 16th

After these remarkable voyages,

Ang Linya ng Demarkasiyon ang

The following year, the 2 countries

An Italian noble who studied geography, astronomy

Take Note: His account is the longest and most

ABOUT THE BOOK

This detailed journal written by Pigafetta

Original detailed journal was lost or

ABOUT THE BOOK

Pigafetta’s travelogue/journal of the expedition

• 5 Ships (Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio,

Before in the Philippines…

Magellan planted a cross to signify this

TANONG NG IBA: Bakit hindi kay Magellan naigawad ang

• It confirmed that the earth is round and that it

Who are the FILIPINOS BEFORE?

• Practices during a wake of a

• Napatunayan na ang Pilipinas bago pa man dumating ang mga

The accounts of the first mass in the Philippines, the

Lapulapu is the most prominent Filipino

For the westerners, Magellan

Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez, LPT

✣ Fray Juan de Plasencia came

• The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898 Volume VII, 1588–1591

✣ The unit of government is called

✣ The 1st son of the barangay

• Right to punish disobedience

• Each suspect has witnesses to defend their

• If a Datu wants to enact /make a law and/or want to

• Inheritance(mana), divorce, usury (lending/interest),

TRIVIA: Visayans were the most tattoed among

 Prior to marriage the m a n requires to give a dowry: (1)