READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
Prepared by: Raymar Luke M. Monteros
 WHAT IS HISTORY?
●History came from a Greek
word “historia” which
means, “finding out or
narrative”
●A study of the events of
the past, how and why they
happened, as well as what
happened as a result
●A branch of knowledge
that records and explains
past events
 WHAT IS HISTORY?
●A chronological record of
significant events (as
affecting a nation or
institution) often including
an explanation of their
causes.
WHY STUDY
HISTORY?
 ACTIVITY
(Individual)

Write 1 reason why

studying history is
important? Post your
answers in the
meeting’s chat
 WHY STUDY HISTORY?
●History Helps Us Understand our World
●History Give Us Identity
●History Helps Us Understand People
●Those That Study and Understand History
Become Good Citizens
Historical
Method:
the process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survivals of the past
 WHAT COUNTS AS HISTORY?
●Traditional historians lived with the
mantra of
It means that unless TRADITIONAL
a written document HISTORIANS

can prove a certain

historical event,
then it cannot be DOCUMENT HISTORY
considered as a
historical fact.
WHAT COUNTS AS HISTORY?
●But as any other academic
disciplines, history progressed
and opened to the possibility
of valid historical sources.
●Historical sources were no longer
limited to written documents.
 HISTORY IS LIMITED?
●Nobilities, monarchs, the elite, and the middle class
would have their birth, education, marriage, and
death as matters of government and historical record.
Restricting historical
evidence as exclusively
written is also
discrimination against
social classes who Emilio Aguinaldo
Marcelo Azcarraga
were not recorded in Palmero
paper.
How about the peasant families or
indigenous groups who were not
given much thought about being
registered to government records?
Does the absence of written
documents about them mean that
they were people of no history or
past? Did they even existed?
 LOOPHOLE IN HISTORY?
●Because of the “loophole” in history, it
became more inclusive and started
collaborating with other disciplines.
●Archeologists, historians can use artifacts to study ancient
civilizations
●Linguists can be helpful in tracing historical evolutions by
studying language and the changes that it undergone
●Even scientist help study in the past through analyzing
genetic and DNA patterns of human societies.
Historical Sources
How do we know what we know about history
when we were not there?
 HISTORICAL SOURCES
●With the past as history’s subject matter,
the historian’s most important tools are
historical sources.
●In general, historical sources can be classified
between two categories: the primary and
secondary sources.
 PRIMARY SOURCES
●Primary sources are those sources
produced at the same time as the event,
period, or subject being studied.
●These sources were present during an experience
or time period and offer an inside view of a
particular event.
 PRIMARY SOURCES
News clippings

How do we know
Minutes of the convention
that the
Commonwealth Records of the convention
Constitution Draft of constitution
Convention of
Photographs
1935 happened?
Philippine Commission reports of the US Commissioners
 PRIMARY SOURCES
●Written record – Letters, diaries,
newspapers, books, government records,
archival documents, census…
●Oral record – Stories, music, speeches…
●Visual record – Photographs, artwork, TV…
●Artifacts – Things left behind (buildings,
clothing, pottery, memorabilia…)
 SECONDARY SOURCES

●These sources are one or more steps removed

from the event.
●Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or
graphics of primary sources in them.
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

PRIMARY
SOURCE

SECONDARY
SOURCE
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

SECONDARY
SOURCE
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

PRIMARY
SOURCE
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

PRIMARY
SCULPTURE SOURCE
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

PRIMARY
SOURCE
SPEECH
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

SECONDARY
SOURCE
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

PRIMARY
SOURCE
MAP
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

PRIMARY
SOURCE
CENSUS
 ACTIVITY
Is this historical source: primary or secondary?

SECONDARY
SOURCE
 HISTORICAL SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES
• Diaries • Photographs • Encyclopedias
• Journals • Maps • Chronologies
• Letters • Postcards • Fact books
• Speeches • Oral Histories • Biographies
• Interviews • Deed • Monographs
• Autobiography • Sculptures • Dissertations
• Books • Patents • General Histories
• Newspaper articles • Census Data • Most journal articles
• Audio and Video • Paintings • Most published books
recordings
HISTORICAL SOURCES

Both primary and

secondary sources may
be reliable or unreliable
HISTORICAL SOURCES
HOW CAN WE
IDENTIFY PRIMARY
SOURCES
MATERIALS?
IDENTIFYING PRIMARY SOURCES
●The journey towards finding primary sources
usually begins with looking at secondary sources.
• At the back of a book or end
of an article or webpage, you
may find a bibliography
which cites other sources,
including primary ones that
the author used.
IDENTIFYING PRIMARY SOURCES
●The internet can also open up other pathways to
primary sources.
• Searching online bookstores or libraries may
reveal books that are reprints of original
editions as well as materials printed to meet
the interest of new audience.
• You may also find sites that sell artifacts or
productions.
• You may even find eyewitnesses accessible
through e-mail
 Repositories of Primary Sources

National Archives of the National Library of

Philippines the Phils.

National Historical National Museum of

Commission of the Phils. the Philippines
 Repositories of Primary Sources:

U.P. Main Library ADMU Rizal Library

DLSU Library UST Library

 Repositories of Primary Sources

Library of Congress National Archives and Records

Administration

Archivo General de Indias Archivo General de la Nación

 Repositories of Primary Sources

American Historical Collection Lopez Memorial Museum

Ayala Museum
 ●The historian is many times removed from the
events under investigation
●They rely on surviving records
●History is a reconstruction
Final ●Only a part of what was observed was
remembered, only a part of what was
thoughts remembered was recorded, only a part of what
was recorded survived, only a part of what
survived came to the historian’s attention. Only
of a part of what is credible has been grasped,
only a part of what has been grasped can be
expounded and narrated by the historian.
END OF
TOPIC
 ASSIGNMENT
1. LOOK FOR 1 SECONDARY SOURCES IN THE INTERNET AND GIVE
THE FOLLOWING:
a. Summary of the source (around 6-10 sentences),
b. Citation

2. ALSO, OUT OF YOUR SECONDARY SOURCE, IDENTIFY 3 PRIMARY

SOURCE THAT THE ARTICLE CITED.