RPH

LESSON 1
• Comes from the Greek word- historia “knowledge gathered through
inquiry and investigation”
• The study of the past events, particularly in human affairs 1
• The past of mankind 2

1 https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/history
2 Gottschalk, Louis (1969). Understanding history: A primer of historical method. New York: A.A. knopf.
Historiography- the writing of history based on the critical
examination of sources

• https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/historiography
Important questions to ask about the text
How was a certain text written?
Who wrote it?
What was the context of its publication?
What particular method was employed?
What were the sources used?
 Some examples of sources
• Written documents, historical evidences, accounts, personal
letters, birth certificates, education, marriage records are
examples of visible sources

• Oral traditions, epics, songs, artifacts, architecture and

memory are also recognized by historians as historical
sources.
 Primary Source/s
• They are from the time period involved and have not been
filtered through interpretation or evaluation.
• They are usually the first formal appearance of results in
physical, print or electronic format. They present original
thinking, report a discovery, or share new information.

https://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=295913&p=1975839
 Examples of Primary Sources
• archives and manuscript material
• photographs, audio recordings, video recordings, films
• journals, letters and diaries
• speeches
• scrapbooks
• published books, newspapers and magazine clippings published at the time
• government publications
• oral histories
• records of organizations
• autobiographies and memoirs
• artifacts, e.g. clothing, costumes, furniture
• research data, e.g. public opinion polls
https://www.lib.uci.edu/examples-primary-sources
 Secondary Source/s
• Secondary sources are not evidence, but rather commentary
on and discussion of evidence 1

• A secondary source of information is one that was

created later by someone who did not experience first-hand
or participate in the events or conditions you’re researching
2

1 https://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=295913&p=1975839
2 https://www.library.illinois.edu/village/primarysource/mod1/pg2.htm
 Examples of Secondary Sources
• journal articles that comment on or analyze research
• textbooks
• dictionaries and encyclopedias
• books that interpret, analyze
• political commentary
• biographies
• dissertations
• newspaper editorial/opinion pieces
• criticism of literature, art works or music
https://www.library.unsw.edu.au/study/information-resources/primary-and-secondary-sources
• Create your own list of primary, secondary sources and prepare for a quiz
on Thursday.

Take note: some sources could be both primary and secondary. For example
newspapers could be both primary and secondary depending on the content
of your study. For example if you want to study World War 2! You can go and
check newspapers that were published during the 1940's to get primary
information. It becomes secondary when you get newspapers that were
published after the war or current newspapers that include World War 2.
Another example is a map. If it was the "original" map then of course it is a
primary source. It becomes secondary when these maps has been
reproduced, added and redrawn numerous times. Another example is the
Bible. It could be both primary and secondary depending on the content of
your study.
Quiz 1-20
Examining Sources
External Criticism
• Check its physical appearance
• Materials used for evidence
• Check consistency with historical characteristics at that time
produced
• Quality of paper
• Type of ink
• Language and words used

• Alporha C. Veronica; Candelaria P. John Lee. Readings in Philippine History. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, Inc. Philippines, 2018
Internal Criticism
• Truthfulness and factuality of the evidence
• Looking at the author’s source, context, the agenda behind
its production and intended purpose

• Alporha C. Veronica; Candelaria P. John Lee. Readings in Philippine History. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, Inc. Philippines, 2018
Examining the Philippine National Anthem
• Read the three versions of our Philippine National Anthem that is in
Spanish, English and Filipino.
• You may pick the version of your choice and explain why it has more
meaning to you. (Sheet will be provided )
• (Additional info) Our original National Anthem was in Spanish and
was originally a poem. In the early part we sang our national anthem
in these three versions. In 1998, it was confirmed by Republic Act No.
8491 that we would be only singing in the Filipino version.
• Julian Felipe-composed the music
• Jose Palma- wrote the lyrics
Comparing Primary and Secondary Document
Primary document - Memoirs of a General by Santiago Alvarez
Secondary document – The Revolt of the Masses by Teodoro Agoncillo

❖Questions to be answered after analyzing both documents.