COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT
RAISING
OUR CHILDREN,
RAISING OURSELVES
Cognitive Development Theories
The Four Stages of Cognitive Development Theory
Cognitive Development Theory by Vygotsky
The Two Principles of Sociocultural Theory
Piaget’s Theory and Vyotsky’s Theory Piaget
Intelligence and Individual Differences
General Intelligence by Spearman
Primary Mental Abilities by Thurstone
Multiple Intelligences by Gardner
Triarchic Theory of Intelligences by Sternberg
Cognitive Information Processing Theory by Atkinson and
Shiffrin
Factors Influencing Language Development of a Child
INTELLIGENCE AND
THEORIES
Cognitive Development Theory by Piaget
-Jean Piaget’s stage theory describes the
Cognitive Development of a children
The Four Stages of Cognitive Development Theory
1.Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years old) - a child’s entire
experience occurs through basic reflexes, senses and motor
responses.
2.Preoperational (2 to 7 years old) - a child start engaging
with words and learn to manipulate symbols.
3.Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years old) - a child become
more logical and sophisticated in their thinking.
4.Formal Operational (12 years old and up) - a child can use
their logic to come up with solutions to a problem.
Cognitive Development Theory by Vygotsky
-Lev Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory focuses the social
contributions to the process
of development of a child.
The Two Principles of Sociocultural Theory
1. Cognitive development is limited to a certain range at any
given age.
2. Full cognitive development requires social interactions.
Piaget’s Theory and Vyotsky’s Theory Piaget
Piaget emphasized the stages of child’s life are thought by
being dependent on child’s sensory while Vygotsky focuses
the importance of social interaction of a child.
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Concept of Intelligence by Binet
 -Alfred Binet is often called as the “Father of Contemporary
Intelligence Testing”.
 -He developed the Binet - Simon Scale, the first practical
test for intelligence. This test is related to the measurement
of reasoning.
General Intelligence by Spearman
-Charles Spearman first described the existence of general
intelligence / G factor in 1904.
-He believed that general intelligence is a factor of specific
mental abilities
Spearman and General Intelligence
1. Visual-Spatial Processing - skills like copying complex shapes.
2. Quantitative Reasoning - ability to solve numerical problems.
3. Knowledge - wide critical thinking skills.
4. Fluid Reasoning - flexible thinking and problem-solving skills.
5. Working Memory - use of short-term memory.
Primary Mental Abilities by Thurstone
-Louis Thurstone focused on seven different Primary Mental
Abilities about intelligence
1. Verbal Comprehension - a skill to understand words.
2. Word Fluency - ability to produce words quickly.
3. Number - a skill to solve mathematics problems.
4. Space - a skill to visualize a relationship.
5. Memory - a skill to familiarize and memorize.
6. Perception - the ability to express an opinion.
7. Reasoning - a skill to find rules.

Multiple Intelligences by Gardner
-Howard Gardener’s Multiple Intelligence defines that people are
born with their different intelligence.
Gardner Proposed the Eight Intelligences
1. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence - people who are good in
performing actions and body movements.
2. Interpersonal Intelligence - people who are good in socialising
with others.
3. Intrapersonal Intelligence - people who are good at being
aware of their feelings.
4. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence - people who are good at
reasoning and analyzing problems.
5. Musical Intelligence - people who are good in
patterns and sounds.
6. Naturalistic Intelligence - people who are good in categorizing
animals and plants.
7. Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence - people who are able to use
words well.
8. Visual-Spatial Intelligence - people who are good at visualizing
things.
Triarchic Theory of Intelligences by Sternberg
-Robert Sternberg proposed a theory, in order to understand the
human intelligence in terms of distinct components.
The Three Stages of Atkinson-Shiffrin Model. #4. Environment - orphans adopted in foster homes have a
1. Sensory Memory (Buffer Memory) - it process the information better language development compared to the orphans staying
through different senses of the channels. in orphanage.
 Example of Senses:
Iconic Memory – vision
Echoic Memory – hearing 
Haptic Memory - touch #5. Sex -boys and girls shows similarities and differences in
2. Short-term Memory (Working Memory) - it relates to what we language skills.
are thinking at any given time.
3 Long-term Memory - it is a permanent memory store that we
still hold even it is not longer attending it.
FACTORS INFLUENCING #6. Relationship with Family Members - the relationship of a
child with his family is lasting. However, it will lead to emotional
LANGUAGE problems when there is careless handling and lack of proper
parenting.
DEVELOPMENT OF A
CHILD
Language Development - includes all forms of communication
such auditory language and written language.
#7. Number of Family Members - there is more conflict in
language development on a family with large number of children.
Factors That Might Influence Language Development
#1. General Health and Physical Status - children who are ill
can affect their hearing that will lead a problem on
understanding the language.
#8. Bilingualism - it creates confusion when there is a native
language and another foreign language.

#2. Intelligence and Cognitive Development - a delay in some

months of a child because of illness has an effect on his I.Q.

Three Aspects of Triarchic Theory (Note) Children between the ages of 2-5 are vulnerable to
these influences, so it's important for parents and caregivers
1. Analytical Intelligence - ability to analyze an evaluate. to be aware of them.
2. Creative Intelligence - ability to write and create an art.
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REFERENCES:
https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457 future
futu
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-fscj-childpsychology/chapter/evaluating-piagets-theory-of-
re
cognitive-development-and-comparing-piaget-and-vygotsky/
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-general-intelligence-2795210
https://powerofthebrain.weebly.com/primary-mental-abilities.html
https://www.verywellmind.com/gardners-theory-of-multiple-intelligences-2795161
https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2104/Intelligence-TRIARCHIC-THEORY-
INTELLIGENCE.html
ttps://teacherlibrariansassociation.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/atkinson-shiffrins-information-
processing-model/