III.

Tests Hierarchical Model of Intelligence

Intelligence Testing - Thurstone and Spearman’s
- Intelligence - many abilities as compromise.
central to intelligence: speed of - Specific abilities existed and were
mental processing, sensory important but they were at least
capacity, abstract thinking, somewhat related to one another.
imagination, adaptability, capacity
to learn through experience, Guilford’s Classification
memory, reasoning, and inhibition - 6 kinds of operation
of instinct. 1. Cognition (understanding,
discovering)
Classic Theories of Intelligence 2. Memory recording (to
Charles Spearman: Intelligence is One integrate and encode
Thing information)
- 1900 3. Memory retention (ability to
- Intelligence is a singular recollect information)
characteristic: “g” for general 4. Divergent production
intelligence. (develop different ways to
o Argued that it represented a solve problems and be
person’s global, overall creative)
intellectual ability. 5. Convergent production
- Based on his research in which he (derive singular answers to
measured different capabilities and problems from a set of rules)
found strong correlation between 6. Evaluation (determine if
such suggesting that a single factor piece of information is
underlies them all. reliable, correct)
- “s” – more specific abilities; play - 6 kinds of products
minor role in intelligence. 1. Units (discrete pieces of
Louis Thurstone: Intelligence is Many information)
Things 2. Classes (groups of units that
- Among the first and strongest have characteristics in
opponents to Spearman’s singular common)
theory of intelligence. 3. Relations (linked together as
- Intelligence should not be opposites or in correlations,
understood as a single, unified ability parallels)
but as numerous distinct abilities 4. Systems (multiple relations
that have little relationship with one that are interconnected)
another. 5. Transformations (shift in
- Multiple factor analysis – 1900s viewpoint)
o Identify underlying factors in 6. Implications (expectations,
a large data set. conclusions, outcomes)
o Where he found several - 5 kinds of contents
independent factors: [1] 1. Visual
verbal comprehension, [2] 2. Auditory
numerical ability, [3] spatial 3. Symbolic
reasoning, and [4] memory. 4. Semantic
 5. Behavioral - Three separate Wechsler
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of intelligent tests, current editions:
Intelligence o Wechsler Adult Intelligence
- Person’s ability to react and adapt Scale – Fourth Edition
to the world around them, as well as (WAIS-IV)
creativity when measuring  2008
individual’s overall intelligence.  16 to 90
- Intelligence comprises set of abilities o Wechsler Intelligence Scale
that can be developed for Children – Fifth Edition
o Practical intelligence: street (WISC-V)
smarts and common sense  2014
o Creative intelligence:  6 to 16
imaginative and innovative o Wechsler Preschool and
problem solving Primary Scale of
o Analytical intelligence: Intelligence – Fourth
academic problem solving Edition (WPPSI-IV)
and computation  2012
 2 years and 6 months
Diathesis-Stress Model to 7 years and 3
- Offers a theory of how psychological months
disorders come about. - The three Wechsler intelligence tests
- Diathesis – innate predisposition to cover the entire life span.
that disorder or vulnerability. - They yield a single full-scale
- First, existence of diathesis. Second, intelligence score, 4 or 5 index
set of challenging life circumstances scores and about a dozen specific
which trigger the development of subtest scores.
disorder. - One-on-one and face-to-face
- Each subtest is brief (2-10 minutes),
History of Testing items increase in difficulty.
- Francis Galton – pioneered use of - WAIS 4 Factors
statistics in psychological research; o Verbal Comprehension
eugenics. Index – measure of verbal
- James Cattell – mental tests and concept formation.
measurements. o Perceptual Reasoning Index
- Alfred Binet – new methods for – measure of fluid reasoning.
diagnosis of intellectual level. o Working Memory Index –
- William Stern – mental quotient or measure of the capacity to
IQ (IQ = MA/CA). store, transform and recall
- Lewis Terman – modified Simon- information in short-term
Binet scale. memory.
- Robert Yerkes – Army Alpha o Processing Speed Index –
(verbal test) and Army Beta ability to process simple
information rapidly.
Wechsler Intelligence Tests - Q-interactive system – digital
- David Wechsler platform to administer and score
- 1900 Wechsler tests.
 - High reliability and validity;  Object memory –
feature normative data. visual assortment of
common objects,
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales identifies objects.
- 1900s  Spatial memory –
- SB5 – recent edition. recalls placement on
- Face-to-face and one-on-one 3x3 or 4x4 grids.
- Employs hierarchical model of  Symbolic memory –
intelligence, therefore yields a recalls and recreates
singular measure of full-scale IQ, sequences of visually
five factor scores, and many more presented symbols.
specific subtest scores. o Reasoning
- Covers the entire life span as a  Cube design –
single test (2-85 and up years old) arrange colored
- 5 Factors blocks in a specific 3-
o Fluid reasoning – ability to dimensional design
solve novel problems.  Mazes – complete
o Knowledge – general maze puzzles
information  Analogic reasoning –
o Quantitative reasoning – examinee solves
ability to solve numerical analogy problems
problems presented visually
o Visual-spatial processing – - Asses more limited range of
analyze visually presented abilities
information; spatial
orientation, detecting visual Achievement Testing
patterns, etc. - Achievement – what individual has
o Working memory – ability accomplished.
to hold and transform Wechsler Individual Achievement Test –
information in short-term Third Edition
memory. - WIAT-III – for clients aged 4 to 50
years
Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test-2 - Mean of 100, SD of 15
(UNIT-2) - Achievement in four broad areas in
- 5 to 21 years of age normed on two to four subtests:
1,800 people o Reading
- 1996, 2015 (revised)  Word reading –
- Language-free test of intelligence reading isolated
- Instructions via 8 specific hand words
gestures.  Pseudoword
- Answers consist of either pointing decoding – use
or minor manipulation of objects. phonetic skills to
- Acceptable reliability and validity. sound out nonsense
- Organized into two-tiered model words
with 6 subsets  Reading
o Memory comprehension –
 reading and
answering questions
about its content
o Math
 Numerical
operations – written
math problems
 Math problem
solving – word
problems, numerical
patterns, statistics
o Written language
 Spelling
 Sentence
composition
 Essay composition –
constructing
sentences, paragraphs
o Oral language
 Listening
comprehension –pay
attention to orally
presented information
and answering
questions about it.
 Oral expression –
using speech to repeat
spoken material,
create stories, provide
directions.
Aptitude tests or cognitive ability tests are
standardized instruments assessing specific
cognitive, perceptual, or physical skills.
Flynn Effect – refers to a secular increase
in population intelligence quotient (IQ)
observed throughout 20th century. Measured
intelligence increasing around 3 IQ points
per decade. Objective Personality Tests
Panukat ng Katalinuhang Pilipino
- Aurora R. Palacio
- Developed to validate mental ability
of Filipinos aged 16 and above. Minnesota
Inventory-2 (MMPI-2)
- For school setting, business, and
industry.
- Test is limited to the assessment of
an individual’s verbal proficiency as
manifested in his capacity to
comprehend meanings (vocabulary),
perceive relationships (analogy),
apply simple mathematical concepts
and problem-solving (numerical),
and to think and reason out with
abstract concepts and ideas.
o Vocabulary (Talasalitaan) –
30 items
o Analogy (Ugnayan) – 30
items
o Numerical ability
(Kakayahan sa bilang) – 25
items
o Non-verbal ability
(Isinasalarawang problema) –
50 items
- The raw scores obtained from each
subtest is converted to a standard
score with mean of 50 and SD of 10.
- 3 types of intelligence obtained from
PKP:
o Crystallized intelligence
obtained from sum of
standard scores in
vocabulary, analogy and
numerical ability.
o Fluid intelligence obtained
from standard score of non-
verbal subtests.
o General intelligence
obtained by adding scores on
crystallized and fluid.
- 70 minutes (10, 10, 25, 25)
- Include inambiguous test items
- Limited range of responses,
objectively scored
- Either true/false or multiple-choice
Multiphasic Personality
 - Most popular and most a disorganiz
psychometrically sound objective ed
personality test. 9 Mania Ma Manic,
- 567 self-descriptive sentences, using elevated
a pencil-and-paper answer sheet, mood,
marks each sentence either true or flight of
false as it applies to him or her. ideas
- Original MMPI – 1943 10 Social Si Introverted
- Hathaway and McKinley – Empirical Introversion , shy
criterion keying method in test - MMPI and MMPI 2 contain three
construction. specific validity scales: L (lying,
Scale Scale name Ab Descriptio faking good), K (Defensiveness,
numb b. n of high faking good), F (Infrequency, faking
er scale bad)
scores
1 Hypochondri Hs Somatic Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
asis problems, - 344 items
excessive - Four responses: totally false, slightly
bodily true, mainly true, very true.
concern - 18-89 years old
2 Depression D Depressed, - 4th-grade reading level
unhappy - 11 clinical scales
3 Hysteria Hy Vague
medical Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory IV
reactions - Self-report, pencil and paper,
to stress, true/false format
denial of - Emphasis on personality disorders
conflict - Theodore Millon, 1977
4 Psychopathic Pd Antisocial,
Deviate poor NEO Personality Inventory-3
considerati - Assess normal personality
on of characteristics
consequen - Paul Costa, Robert McCrae
ces of - Five-Factor Model of Personality
actions o Neuroticism – high = prone
5 Masculinity- Mf Rejection to emotional distress, low =
Femininity of emotionally stable.
traditional o Extraversion – high =
gender sociable, low = introverted.
roles o Openness – high =
6 Paranoia Pa Suspicious imaginative, low = traditional
guarded o Agreeableness – high =
7 Psychastheni Pt Anxious, cooperative, low = egocentric
a tense, o Conscientiousness – high =
obsessive methodical, low =
8 Schizophreni Sc Psychotic, spontaneous.

Back Depression Inventory-II
- Focus exclusively on one
characteristic (depression, anxiety,
or eating disorders)
- Brief (21 items, 5-10 minutes)
- Self-report, pencil and paper that
assess depressive symptoms in adults
and adolescents (13-80 years old).
- Each item comprised of four
statements regarding a symptom of
depression, listed in order of
increasing severity.
Projective Tests
- Based on assumption that personality
is projected unto presented
ambiguous stimuli.
- Performance-based test
- Lack objectivity; far too inferential
Rorscach Inkblot Method
- Hermann Rorschach, 1921
- Hypothesized that his patients’
responses to ambiguous stimulus
(inkblot) would reveal their
personality characteristics.
- John Exner – Comprehensive
system
o Become the most common
method of scoring the
Rorschach.
o Location. Does response
involve whole inkblot?
o Determinants. What aspect of
the inkblot caused the client
to make a particular
response?
o Form Quality. Is response
easily identifiable?
o Popularity. How often does
client offer popular
responses?
o Content. What kind of objects
with unusual frequency in the
client’s responses?
- Weak reliability and validity
- Scoring and interpretation guidelines
are complex
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- Henry Murray and Christiana
Morgan
- Presenting client with series of cards,
each featuring ambiguous stimulus.
- TAT cards feature interpersonal
scenes where clients are asked to
create a story.
- 31 cards, psychologists select their
own subset of cards.
- Scoring system emphasize needs of
main characters, press from
environment, and other variables.
- No formal scoring.
Sentence Completion Tests
- Ambiguous stimuli are beginnings of
sentences.
- Assumption is clients’ personalities
are revealed by endings they add and
the sentences they create.
- Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank
(RISB)
o Most widely known and
used.
o 40 written sentence stems.
- Can flesh out information obtained
through other tests.