READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION TO
Bicol University HISTORY
 DEFINING HISTORY

HISTORY AND
HISTORIOGRAPHY

HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED

SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT

THEORIES IN HISTORY

RELEVANCE AND
COMMENTS
Source: Books A Million
 DEFINING HISTORY
From Greek word ‘Historia’ which
means “knowledge acquired
through inquiry or investigation.”
-Candelaria, J.L. and Alphora, V.

Topic 1 Source: Goodreads

DEFINING HISTORY
The English word history is derived from the Greek
noun istoiά, meaning learning. As used by the Greek
philosopher Aristotle, history meant a systematic
account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not
chronological factoring was a factor in the account. In
the course of time, however, the equivalent Latin word
scientia (English, science) came to be used more
regularly to designate non-chronological systematic
accounts of natural phenomena; and the word history
was reserved usually for accounts of phenomena
(especially human affairs) in chronological order. Source: Goodreads
By its most common definition, the word history now
means “the past of the mankind”
Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Methods by Topic 1
Louis Gottschalk
 DEFINING HISTORY
The study of the past in order to
understand the meaning and
dynamics of the relationship between
cause and effect in the overall
development of human societies.
-Nasson, Bill
The first meaning of history is "tale,
story," and the second meaning is "a
chronological record of significant
past events.“
-US Department of Education
Topic 1 Source: Goodreads
 DEFINING HISTORY
“In my history class, I always propose
the working definition of kasaysayan
or history as a narrative (which can be
written, visual, oral or a combination
of all three) about past events that
have meaning to a certain group of
people in a given time and place.
These two components of kasaysayan
salaysay and saysay are inseperable
without both, you cannot have true
history” (Ocampo, 2014)

Topic 1 Source: Goodreads

 HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
A study of the present in the light of
the past
History is concerned with man in space
History is concerned with man in time
Objective record of happenings
History is a dialogue between the
events of the past and progressively
emerging future ends
Continuity and coherence are the
necessary requisites of history
Topic 1
Historian
A person who specialize in the study of
history, and who writes books and articles
about it.
Historiography
The study of how history is written and how
our historical understanding changes over
time.
A set of works of history, meaning texts
about the human past that were written at a
specific time and place using a roughly
consistent methodological and/or ethical-
political approach
 HISTORIOGRAPHY
“the writing of history, especially the
writing of history based on
the critical examination of
sources, the selection of particular
details from the authentic materials in
those sources, and the synthesis of those
details into a narrative that stands the
test of critical examination”
https://www.britannica.com/topic/historiography

Topic 1
 HISTORIOGRAPHY

“When you study historiography, you are

not studying the past directly. Instead,
you are studying the changing
interpretations of past
events through historians' eyes”
https://www.nmu.edu/writingcenter/historiography

Topic 1
 HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
PAST is the period of time that has already
happened
PREHISTORY is the period of human
activity prior to the invention of writing
system.
HERSTORY a history written from a
feminist perspectives.
ORAL HISTORY a result of an interview
being transmitted to primary source.
Topic 1
Historical Facts and Interpretation
FACTS are things shown conclusively by
evidence and accepted as true.
INTERPRETATION is the process by which we
describe, analyze, evaluate, and create an
explanation of past events. We base our
interpretation on primary [firsthand] and
secondary [scholarly] historical sources.
HISTORICITY is the authentication of
characters in history.
 TYPES OF HISTORY

Political history The story of government, political leaders,

electoral activities, the making of policy,
and the interaction of branches of
government.

Diplomatic history The study of the relations between nations,

diplomats, and ideas of diplomacy.

Social history The study of ways and customs, of family,

education, children, demography
(population change), and voluntary
institutions (churches, for example).

Topic 1
 TYPES OF HISTORY
Cultural history The study of language and its uses, of the
arts and literature, sport, and
entertainment, in constructing cultural
categories.

Economic history The study of how an entire system of

production and consumption (or of any of
its parts) works, of markets, industry, credit,
and working people at all levels of the
system.

The study of ideology and epistemology,

Intellectual history analyzing how ideas affect human actions
and how the material world affects human
Topic 1 ideas.
 THEORIES OF HISTORY
Cyclical View of History Great ManTheory
History was just a repetition of destined events, It suggests that dominant personalities determine
which could not be affected by human power, so the course of history.
that history had no meaning or goal.
The Great MindTheory
Linear View of History History is drawn forward or driven ahead by
It views history is progressive, moving forward some ideal force in order to realize its
and not having a cyclical return. preconceived ends.

Great God View The Best PeopleTheory.

The most primitive attempts to explain the origin All such interpretations contain infusions of the
and development of the world and man are the prejudice that some elite, the Best Race, the
creation myths to be found among preliterate favored nation, the ruling class alone make
peoples. history

Topic 1
 THEORIES OF HISTORY
The Human NatureTheory
History in the last analysis has been
determined by the qualities of human
nature, good or bad.
EconomicView of History
Sees economic factors as the most
important determinant of history.
Everyman View of History
Sees history as being a record of the
collective experience of the ordinary
person.
Topic 1
The Philosophy of Life View of History
History grows with the growth of life.
Unification View of History
Views history as a spiral movement that has
both the forward-moving nature of developing
toward a goal (realization of the original ideal
world of creation) and the circular movement
nature of restoring the lost original ideal world
through the law of indemnity by establishing
providential figures.
Other View of History
History is the result of geographic factors, war,
race or climate.
 LESSONS OF HISTORY
1. Life is a competition and humans are born 5. 5Ideas are the strongest things of all in
unequal. history.
6. There is no significant example in history,
2. Our personalities, morals and social
before our time, of a society successfully
customs are a product of the time and
maintaining moral life without the aid of
culture we’re raise in.
religion
3. Democracy is the best form of 7. Civilizations always face challenges; how
government. But it is fragile and requires they handle them determines whether
an educated population. they flourish or decay

4. Concentration of wealth is natural and 8. Socialist experiments have failed

can only be prevented through throughout history, but they may work if
compulsory redistribution. paired with capitalism
Topic 1
 COMMENTS IN HISTORY

Source: Picture Quotes and Quotes Book

Chapter 1
Topic 1 Historical Sources and Research Introduction to History
 HISTORICAL
SOURCES
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Bicol University
 WHAT ARE HISTORICAL
SOURCES?

PRIMARY SOURCES

SECONDARY SOURCES

EXTERNAL CRITICISM

INTERNAL CRITICISM

WHERE CAN WE FOUND

HISTORICAL SOURCES?
Source: Books A Million
 Events Witnessed
Witnessed and
remembered
Witnessed, remembered
and recorded
Recorded events with
Surviving Records
Useful and Believable
Surviving Records

Narrated Events
Primary Sources
• Materials produced by people or groups
directly involved in the event or topic being
studied;
• Examples:
• Photographs that may reflect social conditions of
historical realities and everyday life;
• Old sketches and drawings that may indicate the
conditions of life of societies in the past;
• Old maps that reveal how space and geography
were used to emphasize trade routes, structural
build-up, etc.
• Cartoon for Political expression or propaganda
• Material evidences of the prehistoric past like cave
drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient writing
• Statistical tables, graphs, and charts
• Oral History or recording
https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/
ASBMD/palawanmanunggulreplica.gif
Primary Sources
• Literary or Cultural Sources:
Novels, plays, poems (both published and
manuscript form)
Television shows, movies, or videos
Paintings or photographs
Accounts that describe events, people or ideas
Newspapers
Chronicles or historical accounts
Essays and speeches
Memoirs, diaries and letters
Philosophical treaties or manifestos

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/
ASBMD/palawanmanunggulreplica.gif
Primary Sources
• Finding information about people:
Census records
Obituaries
Newspaper articles
Biographies
• Finding information about
organizations:
Archives (sometimes held by libraries,
institutions, or historical societies) search
Mirlyn or World Cat using the name of the
organization as an author

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/
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Primary Sources
• Finding information about a place:
Maps and atlases
Census information
Statistics
Photographs
City Directories
The local library or historical societies

https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/nationalmuseumbeta/
ASBMD/palawanmanunggulreplica.gif
https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-
s/06/0a/d7/68/butuan-national-museum.jpg
https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-sskSq39d2aw/UGnFvdA6XZI/AAAAAAAAAkw/1Rw1Dz94J5Y/w1200-h630-p-
k-no-nu/Enrile.Car.1.jpg
https://www.imoa.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2016/08/IMOA01_3800_2781.jpg
https://philippinepresshistory.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/
01-unang-editor-ng-pahayagang-la-solidaridad.jpg
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/images/uploads/Marcos-
September-22-1972.png
https://pictures.abebooks.com/BKCOLLTR/223370238.jpg
Secondary Sources
• sources that came from primary sources;
• are created after the studied event/work
took place or the studied work was
created. They can therefore take into
consideration other events and place a
primary source in its historical context.
Secondary sources are not evidence but
rather commentary on and discussion of
evidence;
• “the testimony of anyone who is not the
eyewitness – that is of one who was not
present at the event of which he tell” (Louis
Gottschalk)
https://live.staticflickr.com/5811/20617293834_a269b8b7b0
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Secondary Sources
• Books
• Journal Articles
• Encyclopedia
• Scholarly Books
• Magazines
• Newspapers

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 What is Historical Criticism?
 In order for a source to be used as evidences in history, basic
matters about its forms and content must be settled;
 A broad term that covers techniques to (1) date documents
and traditions, (2) to verify events reported in these
documents, (3) to use the results in historiography to
reconstruct and interpret

1. External Criticism
2. Internal Criticism
 External Criticism
 the practice of verifying the authenticity of evidences by
examining its physical characteristics, consistency with
the historical characteristics of the time it was produced,
and the materials used for the evidences (Alporha and
Candelaria, 2018).
 The problem of AUTHENTICITY
 To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
 To distinguish a hoax or misinterpretation
 External Criticism: Test of Authenticity
1. Determine the material of the document to see whether
they are anachronistic
2. Determine the author
3. Anachronistic Styles e.g. idiom, orthography, punctuation
4. Anachronistic references to events
5. Provenance or custody
6. Semantics – determining the meaning of a text or word
7. Hermeneutics – determining ambiguities
 Internal Criticism
 Alporha and Candelaria (2018) Internal criticism is the
examination of the truthfulness of the evidences. It
assesses the content of the sources and the circumstances
of its production. Internal Criticism answers the problem
of credibility
 The problem of Credibility
 Relevant particulars in the document – is it credible?
 Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from a
critical examination of best available sources
 Internal Criticism: Test of Credibility
1. Identification of the author e.g. to determine his reliability; mental
processes, personal attitudes;
2. Determination of the approximate date e.g. handwriting, signature,
seal;
3. Ability to tell the truth e.g. nearness to the event, competence of
the witness, degree of attention;
4. Willingness to tell the truth e.g. to determine if the author
consciously or unconsciously tells falsehood;
5. Corroboration i.e. historical facts – particulars which rests upon
the independent testimony of two or more reliable witnesses
 Repositories of Primary Sources
ARCHIVES
 Archives are the documentary by-product of human activity retained for their
long-term value.
 They are contemporary records created by individuals and organizations as they
go about their business and therefore provide a direct window on past events.
They can come in a wide range of formats including written,
 photographic, moving image, sound, digital and analogue.
 Archives are held by public and private institutions and individuals around the
world.
 Repositories of Primary Sources
HISTORICAL SOCIETIES AND ORGANIZATIONS
 A group of people who work to preserve the
history of a place.
-Merriam-Webster Dictionary
 A historical society is an organization that
collects, researches, interprets and preserves
information or items of historical interest.
They often preserve historic architecture and
maintain period houses for tour. Many
historical societies publish journals or
maintain museums to showcase their field of
study.
-Definition Dictionary
 Repositories of Primary Sources
MUSEUMS
 Non-profit, permanent institution in
the service of society and its
development, open to the public, which
acquires, conserves, researches,
communicates and exhibits the
tangible and intangible heritage of
humanity and its environment for the
purposes of education, study and
enjoyment.
-International Council of Museums
 Repositories of Primary Sources
SPECIAL COLLECTION
 A special collection is a group of items,
such as rare books or documents, that
are either irreplaceable or unusually
rare and valuable. For this reason
special collections are stored
separately from the regular library
collections in a secure location with
environmental controls to preserve the
items for posterity. Special collections
are created to benefit scholars by
grouping related materials together in
one repository.
 SOURCES
1. Candelaria, J. L. P. and Alphora, V. C. 2018. Readings in Philippine History. Quezon City, REX Printing
Company, Inc.
2. Aggarwal, Mamta. (n.d.). What are the Important Definitions of History?-Answered! Retrieved from
https://www.historydiscussion.net/history/what-are-the-important-definitions-of-history-answered/636
3. Nasson, Bill. (n.d.). History: The Meaning and Role of History in Human Development. Retrieved from
https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-22-00-00.pdf
4. The Basics of History. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/pubs/parents/History/Basics.html
5. Talekau, Pallavi, Nayak, Jyotrimayee and Harichandan, S. (n.d.). History. Retrieved from
https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_Education/Education_Paper_5_history.pdf
6. Collins. (n.d.). Historian. In Collins dictionary.com. Retrieved July 11, 2020 from
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/dictionary-entry-references#1
7. Llewellyn, Jennifer and Thompson, Steve. 2019, Novermber. What is Historiography? Retrieved from
https://alphahistory.com/what-is-historiography/
8. Sanchez-Marcos, Fernando. 2020. What is Historiography? Retrieved from http://culturahistorica.org/what-is-
historiography/
9. Camagay, M. L. T., Ancheta, J. A. C., Bernal, M. S., Guiang, F. J. P. A., Malban, F. J. M., Ramos II, D. P. G.
2018.Unraveling the Past.Quezon City, Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
 SOURCES
10. What is Historical Interpretation. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/hist_interp.htm#:~:text=Interpretations%20are%20in%20essence
%20thoughtful%20efforts%20to%20represent%20and%20explain%20past%20events.&text=We%20refer%2
0to%20the%20collection,primary%20sources%20or%20historical%20evidence.
11. The Annales School. (n.d.) Retrieved from
http://individual.utoronto.ca/bmclean/hermeneutics/braudel_suppl/annales_school_dir.htm
12. Sapitula, Manuel Victor. (n.d.). Pook at Paninindigan: A critical Appraisal of Pantayong Pananaw. Retrieved
from https://harvard-yenching.org/features/pook-paninindigan-critical-appraisal-pantayong-pananaw
13. Types of History By Subfield. (n.d.). Retreived from http://www.uky.edu/~dolph/HIS316/handouts/types.html
14. Why It’s Important That We Study History? (n.d.) Retrieved July 12, 2020 from
https://www.arcadiapublishing.com/Navigation/Community/Arcadia-and-THP-Blog/June-2016/Why-
It%E2%80%99s-Important-That-We-Study-History
15. The Lesson of History by Will and Ariel Durant. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2020 from
https://jamesclear.com/book-summaries/lessons-of-history
16. The Lesson of History by Will and Ariel Durant. (n.d.). Retrieved July 12, 2020 from
https://www.nateliason.com/notes/lessons-history-will-ariel-durant
 Supplementary
Readings

1. Steinmetz. Katy. 2017, June 23. This is Where the Word History Comes From. Retrieved from
https://time.com/4824551/history-word-origins/
2. Nasson, Bill. (n.d.). History: The Meaning and Role of History in Human Development. Retrieved from
https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-22-00-00.pdf
3. Matloff, Maurice. (n.d.). The Nature of History. Retrieved from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5b8f/ceb5a8636f4c1d4959bb2deb82a4d416f981.pdf