CHAPTER 1
11. History is comprehensive.
HISTORY - Greek word “Historia”, meaning
inquiry or knowledge acquired from
investigation. It is the study of the past as it
is described in written documents.
It provides the analysis and interpretation of
the human past enabling us to study
continuity and changes that take place over
time.
Definition of History by other Historians
Burckhardt - History is the record of what
one age finds worthy of note in another.
Henry Johnson - HIstory is everything that
has happened.
V.S. Smith - The value and interest of
history depend largely on the degree in
which the present is illuminated by the past.
Jawaharal Nehru - The story of man’s
struggle through time against nature and its
elements; against wild beasts and the
jungle and some of his own kinds who have
tried to keep him down and to exploit him for
their own benefit.
Nature of History
1. History is a study of the present in
the light of the past.
2. History is the story of man.
3. History is concerned with man in
time.
4. History is concerned with man in
space.
5. History provides an objective record
of happenings.
6. History is multi sided.
7. History is a dialogue between the
events of the past and progressively
emerging future ends.
8. History is not only narration but it is
also an analysis.
9. Continuity and coherence are the
necessary requisites of history.
10. History is relevant.
Relevance of History
1. History helps us understand people
and societies.
2. History contributes to moral
understanding.
3. History provides identity.
4. Studying history is essential for good
citizenship.
5. History is useful in the world of work.
PRIMARY SOURCES - The use of primary
sources is necessary. A primary source
provides direct or firsthand evidence about
an event, an object, a person, or a work of
art. These primary sources provide the
original materials on which other research is
based.
EX: Autobiographies and memoirs; diaries,
personal letters, and correspondence,
interviews, surveys, etc.
Different Kinds of Primary Sources
Literary or Cultural Sources - Novels,
plays, poems, TV shows, photographs, etc.
Accounts that describe events, people,
or ideas - Newspapers, historical accounts,
memoirs, diaries, journals, letters, etc.
Information about people - Census
records, biographies, autobiographies, etc.
Finding information about a place -
Maps, statistics, city directories, libraries,
etc.
Finding information about an
organization - Archives (from libraries or
institutions)
THREE TYPES OF WRITTEN SOURCE
Narrative sources/literary sources - Tell a
story or message. (Diaries, films,
biographies)
Diplomatic sources - Include charters and
other legal documents which observe a set
format.
Social documents - Records created by
organizations, such as registers of births
and tax records.
5. Who constituted the intended
audience? Was this source meant
for one person’s eyes, or for the
public?
6. What can a careful reading of the
text tell you?

SECONDARY SOURCES - Secondary 6 C’s in Analyzing Primary Sources

sources generally describe, discuss,
interpret, comment upon, analyze, evaluate,
summarize, and process primary sources.
EX: Articles in newspapers or popular
magazines, book or movie reviews, etc.
INTERNAL CRITICISM - It looks within the
data itself to try to determine the truth - fact
and reasonable interpretation. It indicates
the accuracy, trust, worthiness, and integrity
of the materials on which historical data will
be based.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM - It applies
experimental science to certify the
authenticity of the material that holds the
data on which historical information will be
based. It evaluates the authenticity of
genuineness of data.
1. Content - What is the main idea?
2. Citation - Who created the
document?
3. Context - What was going on in the
world, the country, the region, or the
locality when this was created?
4. Connection - Link the primary
source to other things that you
already know or have learned about.
5. Communication - Is this source
reliable?
6. Conclusion - How does the primary
source contribute to our
understanding of history? ​

CHAPTER 2

ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES -

Everyone can be a historian. Remember
that no one ’ s interpretation is correct.
(Sinearch ko ‘tong steps, same lang kay
ma’am pero in simple terms)
1. Look at the physical nature of your
source.
2. Think about the purpose of the
source.
3. How does the author try to get the
message across?
4. What do you know about the author?
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MEANING OF HISTORY
● the branch of knowledge dealing with
past events and the study of change
over time
● was derived from the Greek word
historia which means ”knowledge
acquired through inquiry or
investigation.”
● It existed for around 2,400 years.
● Historia became known as the account
of the past of a person or of a group of
people through written documents and
historical evidences.
MATERIAL EVIDENCES
● Material evidence is evidence that is
directed at establishing a “fact of
consequence.” has to be seen in its
context, and not in isolation.
ORAL EVIDENCES
● Oral evidence can only be given by such
a witness who has heard the crime/
issue themselves
MALAY’S
● a member of a people of the Malay
Peninsula and neighboring islands
TABON MAN
● Tabon Man refers to the remains of a
human fossil discovered in Tabon Cave.
● These remains are believed to be
around 24,000 years old, making them
some of the oldest human remains
found in the Philippines.
● The discovery has provided valuable
insights into the prehistoric human
occupation of the region.
NEGRITOS
● Negritos are an ethnic group
characterized by dark skin, tightly curled
hair, and relatively small stature.
SOCIAL SOCIETY SPANISH ERA
● The Spanish colonial authorities divided
the population into various social
classes based on their ancestry,
occupation, and ethnicity.
MAHARLIKA
● man of wealth, knowledge, or ability
● Maharlika are well respected warriors
of the barangay
TIMAWA
● doesn't pay taxes. Instead, they provide
protection to the community and they
prepare their own weapons at their
own expense.
● timawa used to refer to privileged
middle classes but during the Spanish
period, the sense demoted to “freemen
● “a poor person”.
ALIPIN SA GUIGUILID
● Known as the ordinary men (also called
indios ) became the lowest strata in the
colonial society synonymous with slave,
miserable, impoverished,and poor.
ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
● refers to alipin that had their own
houses, which was usually built on the
property of their masters.
ANTONIO PIGAFFETA
● was an Italian scholar and explorer. He
joined the expedition to the Spice
Islands led by explorer Ferdinand
Magellan under the flag of the emperor
Charles V and after Magellan's death in
the Philippine Islands.
ANTONIO PIGAFFETA WRITING

● Pigafetta's writings have become a BLOOD COMPACT OF MIGUEL LOPEZ DE

crucial historical source for LEGAZPI?
understanding the early European
● The Blood Compact was a traditional
explorations and the challenges faced
ritual in Filipino culture, symbolizing
during these maritime endeavors. His
friendship and alliance. In this case,
detailed account contributes
both parties made a small incision in
significantly to the knowledge of the
their arms, drew a few drops of blood,
geography, cultures, and navigation of
and mixed it with wine or other liquid.
the early 16th century.
● Si Datu Sikatuna ang naka blood
WHO IS MAGELLAN compact ni Miguel lopez de legazpi

● Portuguese explorer who is credited RADUCCION

with masterminding the first expedition
● The built a pueblo or town and forcibly
to circumnavigate the world
obliged everyone and families to move
NAMES OF THE 5 SHIPS OF MAGELLAN in the town they created. Then Spanish
authorities built their outpost encircling
1. Trinidad = FLAGSHIP OF MAGELLAN
the town for them to monitor all
2. Santiago,
movements confined in the said area.
3. Victoria,
4. Concepción, INSTRUCCION
5. San Antonio.
● Ang salitang "instrucción" ay nagmula
SHIP OF MAGELLAN sa Kastilang "instrucción," at ito'y
nangangahulugang "pamamahayag ng
● TRINIDAD
mga utos o kagustuhan."
WHO IS LAPU LAPU?
ROYAL AUDIENCIA
● the Philippine's first successful defender
● The Highest court or supreme court
of our shores, and was a native Muslim
during the Spanish regime
on Mactan and a representative of the
Sultan of Sulu. MEANING OF GOBERNADOR GENERAL
● He is best known for his role in the
● The highest ranking official in the colony
Battle of Mactan
appointed by the king of spain, he also
served as the king alter ego.

WHO IS MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI? RESIDENCIA

● López de Legazpi is best known for ● a court or inquiry held in Spanish

leading the first successful Spanish countries for a period of 70 days by a
expedition to the Philippines and specially commissioned judge to
establishing the first Spanish examine into the conduct of a retiring
settlements in the archipelago. high official
● The first Governor -General of the
GOBERNADORCILLIO
Philippines
 ● Highest political position that the
Filipino can have during the period of
Spanish colonization.
KABESA DE BARANGGAY
● This individual is elected by the
residents of the barangay and is
responsible for local governance and
community leadership.
WHO ARE THOSE PILIPINO WHO CALLED
ILLUSTRADOS
● Filipino who study abroad served as the
instrument in spreading nationalistic
ideas and promoting a sense of Filipino
identity
● Graciano López Jaena,
● Marcelo H. del Pilar,
● Mariano Ponce,
● Antonio Luna
● José Rizal,
OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL
● is an artificial waterway that cuts across
the Isthmus of Suez in Egypt to connect
the Mediterranean Sea and the Red
Sea.
CAVITY MUNITY
● brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and
workers at the Cavite arsenal, which
became the excuse for Spanish
repression of the embryonic Philippine
nationalist movement
WHO IS DELA TORE
● was a Spanish soldier and politician.
MARCELO H DEL PILAR
● father of Philippine journalism
● He played a crucial role in the
Propaganda Movement, a reformist
campaign advocating for political and
social changes in the Philippines during
the late 19th century
GRECIANO LOPEZ JAENA
● founded the newspaper La
Solidaridad in Barcelona
JUAN LUNA
● Filipino painter, sculptor and a political
activist of the Philippine Revolution
during the late 19th century. He became
one of the first recognized Philippine
artists.
WHO IS MARIANO PONCE
● was a Filipino physician, writer,
statesman, and active member of the
Propaganda Movement. In Spain, he
was among the founders of La
Solidaridad and Asociación
Hispano-Filipino.
WHO IS PIO VALLENZUELA
● was a Filipino physician and
revolutionary leader. At the age of 23,
he joined the society of Katipunan, a
movement which sought the
independence of the Philippines from
Spanish colonial rule and started the
Philippine Revolution.
● His role in the Cry of Balintawak and his
dedication to the cause of Philippine
independence have secured his place in
Philippine history as a patriot and
revolutionary leader.
GABRIELLA SILANG
● military leader best known for her role
as the female leader of the Ilocano
independence movement from Spain
WHO IS MIGUEL VICOS
● a Spanish-Ilocano mestizo named
Miguel Vicos killed Diego silang
WHO IS EMILIO JACINTO

● one of the greatest military geniuses of

his time
● Brains of the Katipunan,

WHO IS APOLINARYO MABINI

● He is known in Philippines History as

the The sublime Paralytic

KATIPUNAN

● The organization established by some

radical members of the la liga filipina
after Rizal’s Arrest on July 1892

PROPAGANDA

● Propaganda is defined as the use of

media to convince people to believe in
something.

(SINO ANG NAMUNA)

MAGDIWANG

● led by Mariano Alvarez

● Magdiwang under Bonifacio.

MAGDALO

● It was officially led by Baldomero

Aguinaldo,
● Magdalo under Aguinaldo