1B MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY: RPHH PRELIMINARIES REVIEWER
execution of the Greco-Persian Wars (his most known work)
Based on the Chapter 1: The Uses of History
4 points based on the article:
 What is the significance of History?
- use of the past to give solutions for the present
- may expose the truth and enhance our cognitive skills
 “A country without a memory is a country of madmen”
- this means that when we ignore our past, we tend to
repeat our mistakes therefore we have to learn from our
mistakes
 “The future is an abstraction, the present but a fleeting
moment, all else is history”
- abstraction is defined as something unknown. The future
is an uncertainty wherein we have no idea of what’s to
come
 Why can’t we escape history?
- without a collective memory of our history, we would be
rootless.
- “what we are now is a product of what we have been”
- if we forget the past, we forget our identity
“Etymology” – study of origin of words and the way in which their
definitions have changes all throughout history
“History” – from Greek word “Historias” meaning: inquiry
Created by Herodotus (Father of History)
~ Roman born in about 485 B.C. in the Greek city of
Halicarnassus, center on the southwestern coast of Asia Minor
(Turkey).
~ A well traveled individual Mediterranean to Egypt and
traveled through Palestine to Syria and Babylon. He headed
to Macedonia and visited all the islands of the Greek
Archipelago: Rhodes, Cyprus, Delos, Paros, Thasos,
Samothrace, Crete, Samos, Cythera and Aegina.
~ When he wasn’t travelling, he’d be in Athens
~ He migrated to Thurumi, Italy
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~ He created, The Histories, an account of the origins and
“History” – defined as man’s record of the past. This is
discussed chronologically using time as a criterion
- It is the story of mankind, wherein mankind is the main
character
- It is like a puzzle wherein we get to construct things
about the past. Where we dig evidences and try to fit
them together to see the bigger picture
- It is a process because it is systematic where historians
follow a series of steps to chronologically fix the past
Sources of History
 Primary Source - original documents created or
experienced contemporaneously with the event being
researched
Examples: documents, images or artifacts that provide
firsthand testimony or direct evidence
 Secondary Source - work that interprets or analyzes an
historical event or period after the event has occurred and,
generally speaking, with the use of primary sources.
Examples: reviews, critiques, biographies, encyclopedias
“Oral History” – spread of history by word of mouth
Views of Historians about what history is:
1. Cyclical View
- aka “Fatalist View of History”
- history was just a repetition of destined events, which
could not be affected by human power, so that history had
no meaning or goal.
- does not admit that the development of history depends
on human effort, because it accepts the development of
circumstances as necessary.
- Also, it cannot offer a future image of the world, because it
sees no goal in history
2. Providential View
- aka “Christian View of History”
- history has a beginning and advances in a straight line
 toward a definite goal.
- God is actively involved in every aspect of life, telling His
story throughout history for His plans and purposes.
- history became meaningful in the sense that it pursues a
certain goal; still, the human being was no more than an
instrument moved by God.
3. Progressive/ Linear View
- aka “Spiritual View”
- it was the human being, rather than God's providence,
that drove history.
- The view considered that history was progressing in a
straight line and necessarily according to the progress of
the human spirit.
4. Marxist/ Leftist/ Socialist View
- History is a series of uprisings or clashing
5. Relativist View
- History is viewed differently, therefore, there is no
absolute truth
Difficulties of Historians
- Had difficulty on studying about the past
- Based on problems concerning the writer & what is written
 Difficulty with evidences : may be lacking or conflicting
from each other
 Different claims of historians
 We all have our own psychological view of history
History as an Art or Science? BOTH
- Art: it’s writing style must be of interest to the readers
- Science: it is systematic
Ph History writing
- Started with the Spaniards
- Wrote about observations or trading
- 19th Century:
- writing focused on changes we wanted from Spain =
propaganda movement
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- Then the Americans came, from the Americans we learned
that they keep an evidence to back up all their historical
claims
- 20th Century:
- Filipinos wrote using their own language
- They focused on writing about what happened in the past
Placencia’s Code on the Ancient Customs of the Tagalogs (1589)
Environment of the time/ Historical Context:
- Was written in 1589-1591 by Fray Juan de Placencia
- Organizes accounts on early explorations regarding the
island (people, political, economic, and religious
conditions)
- Consists of 2 relations
1. Government administration of justice, slaveries,
inheritance, and dowries
2. Worship, gods, burials, and superstitions
BUT BEFORE THAT
- 1521 Magellan’s ship arrived on the Philippines, Why were
they there?
- Europeans embarked on colonialism (defined by practice
of acquiring full or partial political control over another
country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it
economically)
Where one country is more powerful, influential,
independent, and dominant than the other powerless and
not influential, dependent, submissive country. Europeans
had an ethnocentric mindset
-Synonymous to bullying, where the upper hand is with the
more powerful
-As early as 14th century Europeans have been colonizing
3Gs
God – to spread Christianity. They thought their culture was more
powerful
Gold – to acquire more resources
Glory – expanding their power (power was gauged/ measured by
the number of colonies)

**Spain VS Portugal became rivals because of the trading business
of spices wherein Portugal was assigned to the West route and
Spain on the East route but because of Magellan’s Voyage, passing
the West route, the 2 countries became rivals.
Author: Fray Juan De Placencia OFM (Order of the Friars Minor)
- He was a Friar of the Franciscan Order
- Believed to arrive in the Philippines on the year 1578
- Franciscans were only assigned to a group of places
(specifically around Luzon) because different
congregations were assigned to different places to convert
the Filipinos
- He wrote Doctrina Cristiana in English as the “Christian
Doctrine”
- first book made in 1593
- Authorized the book
- Was also translated to tagalog for filipinos to know
Salient points:
Historical Content:
- Filipinos had a Caste System which consisted of:
 Chiefs (Datu)
- Ruled the barangay captains in their wars who should be
obeyed and respected. If disrespected the people will have
sanctions (punishment/ payment through gold / Death/
slavery)
 Nobles (Maharlika)
- Born – free and they do not pay taxes but must accompany
the datu to war, to build a house, to row the datu’s boat.
 Commoners (Aliping Namamahay)
-The aliping namamahay can serve any master even if it is
not the datu, they accompany him whenever he went
beyond the land. A commoner also has a property of his
own. Their children can inherit and enjoy the wealth of
their commoner parent. They cannot be sold
 Slaves (Aliping Sagigilid)
- serve their master in his house and on his cultivated
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lands. They are granted a portion of their master’s harvest
if he was seen fit and the master has profited, so that they
may work faithfully. Can be sold. If slaves from war, they
have enough gold they can be a commoner.
- Can we say that the caste system was rigid? NO because
anyone from the caste system could marry anyone who
they wanted
- Is it possible that our ancestors were not particular about
classes? NO because intermarriage could happen
- Was Justice system evident? Yes because they involved the
community in hearings by having it in an open space. Also
made use of an “Arbiter” – someone with the power to
decide a dispute
- Inheritance was evident and it is concluded that children
were given inheritance even illegitimate children. But there
are factors on who would have what inheritance
- Is it safe to say that the barangays formed alliances? YES
because of their relationship with the other barangays
“Alliance” – unification between two groups.
Formation of alliances were made to satisfy their need or
share their resources. This helped in avoiding war, by
establishing camaraderie.
- What is “Balangay”– made up of 30-100 families
- Of the 2 alipins who was more desolate that time? –
sagigilid because property of their master
- Was there a democratization of lands? – chief divides the
lands for the people
- Tael? a weight used in China and East Asia, of varying
amount but fixed in China at 50 grams (1 3/4 oz.). a former
Chinese monetary unit based on the value of a tael of
standard silver.
- Litigant? A person involved in a lawsuit
- Disputant? A person who argues about a subject, especially
in a formal manner. Debater
 - Plaintiff? a person who brings a case against another in a
court of law
- Usuruy? the illegal action or practice of lending money at
unreasonably high rates of interest.
- Dowry? A payment or property
Relevance :
- shows the similarities and differences from that time before
to our time now
- prove the idea that we had a culture of our own before the
Spaniards came to the Philippines
Magellan’s Voyage Around the World
Historical Context:
 In the 15 th Century “spices” were the epicenter of the
world
- were used as flavoring such as nutmeg, black pepper,
cinnamon and etc.
- spices were great in demand were not common in
Europe, but were common in Asia specifically, Maluku,
(Moluccas Islands or Spice Island) Indonesia
- Magellan was a Portuguese but why did he go to
Spain?
1513, King Manuel I of Portugal did not allow for the
expedition because the unfavorable reports that
Morocco was illegally trading
 1519 Magellan convinced the King Charles I of Spain to
support his voyage of travelling west to the Spice
islands.
- He wanted to go in this expedition to prove that the
Earth is not flat
- The king promised Magellan 1/5 of the profit since he
knew this would benefit and add more power to Spain
- Left August 10 with 270 crew members in the Ships:
Trinidad (leading ship) , Santiago, Concepcion, Victoria
(the only ship that remained with 18 crew members
left).
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Author: Antonio Lombardo or more commonly known as Francisco
Antonio Pigafetta
- Famous Italian explorer
- Was part of the crew members who joined Magellan in his
voyage
- Pigafetta took daily accounts of their journey which
includes nautical and linguistic data that aided future
voyagers of their time.
- He went back to Spain and reached the port of of Sanlúcar
de Barrameda in the modern Province of Cadiz in
September 1522, Pigafetta went back to Venice where he
wrote Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo (Report
on the First Voyage Around the World) to relate his
experience during the voyage.
- Firs use of the “Pacific Ocean”
Historical Content:
March 16, 1521
• They dock on an island names Zamal (Samar) to rest and get
some water
• They saw a boat approaching and they met the Chief
• He gave them fishes and coconuts in return for the food
that was offered to them
• Humunu (Homonhon), they found a spring with the clearest
water and they called it “Acquada da li buoni Segnialli” (the
watering-place of good signs), for they found gold in those
districts
• They named the district as the archipelago of San Lazaro
(the discovered it on the Sabbath of St. Lazaruz
March 22
• The men were back with two boats with food
• The signior is old and has tattoos. He wore golden accessories
• Chiefs wore cotton clothes embroidered with silk
• Dark skinned, tattooed, and had long hair
• They used daggers, knives and spears
Holy Friday
• Magellan met with the king
• The king brought 3 porcelain jars filled with raw rice
• In exchange magellan gave him a red and yellow cloth made in
turkish fashion and a red cap. The king’s men were given knives
and mirrors
• They wanted to be casi casi with each other (brother)
Sky= Abba
Best port to get food
Ceylon- Leyte
Zubu- Cebu, largest and the one with the most trade
Calagham- Calagan
April 7
• Magellan together with his men entered the port of Cebu
• They fired the artillary and frightened the people of Cebu
• The king commanded them to pay tribute in order to show
courtesy but magellan declined
• The trade between Magellan and the king of Cebu was sealed
with blood compact to represent their friendship
First Filipino mass was held in the Philippines at Homonhon Island
April 14, 1521
• Magellan’s cross was erected
• They taught sign of the cross
• Islanders were instructed to burn their idols
• 800 people were baptized
April 26, 1521
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• They arrived on Matan Island (Mactan) where they were
welcomed by Chief Zula
• Cilapulapu AKA Lapu-Lapu, the other chief of the island and the
rival of Zula, refused to obey the requests of the Spaniards
• Because of this, a fight was set between Magellan and Lapu-
Lapu
Midnight of April 27, 1521
• Magellan with his 49 troops were up against Cilapulapu and his
over 1500 warriors armed with lances of bamboo and stakes
hardened with fire
Relevance
• Impacted the worlds geographical knowledge and proved that it
was possible to sail around the world and he left a record on
how to do it
• Magellan’s voyage can be considered as the greatest single trip
ever undertaken
• Spain rose to supreme power in building colonial empire
• Saved the economy of sapin and portugal
• Discovered philippines and namd it “archipelago of san lazaro
Paved way to spanish colonialization and christianization of the
philippines
Questions:
- Casi casi? Brotherhood
- When the Spanish arrived in Mactan? They were welcomed
by Chief Zula but not Lapu-Lapu
- Lapu-Lapu VS Magellan? Battle of Mactan
- Why is the rediscovery of the Philippines credited to Spain?
-Ferdinand Magellan approached King Manuel of Portugal,
proposing that they go westward to find other sources of
 spice. However, the king refused so Magellan went to King
Charles I of Spain.
- Did the early Filipinos accessorize? -Yes, evident in their
golden jewels.
- What is Pintados? Tattoos around the body
- Did they know how to weave? Yes, they wore cloth
embrodied with gold used with barks of trees
- Do we know how to mine? – Yes, the most common method
was river mining
- Porcelain and silk were given to Magellan by Filipinos, how
did they get those items? – there was already trade within
china and the Philippines
- Did they know how to make weapons – yes, Lances with
bamboo and stakes hardened with Fire
- Did Spaniards practice slavery? – yes because Magellan had
a slave

*In contrast to the Spanish records, Rizal stated that prior to

Magellan finding us we already had our own culture and
traditions.

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