LESSON 1: History - An introduction for young learners What does history study?

What is history?  History studies the past of humanity.

 History studies only real things that happened to humans
 It is the study of the past.
in the past. And why do we study our past?
 History is a science/knowledge.
 History is a knowledge about past.
1. Curiosity - we are curious why we are being like this or
History/Kasaysayan that. Know the story behind our curiosity.
2. Identity - because we need to understand what happened
 From the Greek work “historia” meaning 'inquiry'
in the past in order to know who we are.
knowledge acquired by investigation.
3. Because we want to preserve our knowledge about the
 It is the past as it is described in written documents, and
past for the future generations, so that they also know
the study.
who they are.
 Events occurring before written records are considered
4. Because we must know what happened in the past, so
prehistory
that we don't make the same mistakes again in the
 “History “is an umbrella term that relates to past events
future. (History repeat itself)
as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization,
presentation, and interpretation of information about
these events.
What doesn't history study?
 Scholars who write about history are called historians.
1. The history does not study the present.
2. The history does not study the future, which nobody can
Pre-history
study, because it has never existed.
 It is the absence of history. It is the period that is no 3. The history does not study stories invented by human
written documents. beings. (Ex. Red riding hood)
 Philippine is prehistory
We cannot travel back in time so.... How can we know what
happened in the past?
- Nobody from the Roman times is alive to tell us.
- Well, we need to study what humans left behind.
History studies things like... LESSON 2: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: DEFINITION, ISSUES,
SOURCES, AND METHODOLOGY
1. Their mortals remain.
2. Their buildings. Historiography
3. Their paintings. (Materials the they used)
- Simply defined as the history of writing history
4. Their weapons.
- Making of historical research
5. The things they used for everyday life, like pottery.
6. The maps they made.
7. Old photographs. (In the past it is very valuable)
8. Old Coins
9. Old movies and above all...
History studies TEXTS, that is written documents. Written
texts, like...
1. Letters
2. Constitution
3. Laws
4. Newspaper
5. Treaties between countries
6. Old journals

Positivism
- Is the school of thought emerged between 18th and 19th
century
- For the historian to validate one historical event happened
in the past there should be supporting documents that will
support the validity of it. That is called positivism.
- This thought observable evidence before one can claim
that a particular knowledge is true.
- The mantra “no documents, no history” where historians EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY SOURCES
are required to show written primary documents in order
1. Old diary’s by the historians
to write a particular historical narrative
2. Autobiographies
Postcolonialism 3. Sound recordings and old interviews
- Is a school of thought emerged during early 20th century
where formerly colonized nations wanted the idea of
creating their own identity, own nation and society.
- Absence of system mandated to them by the former
colonizers.
- Simply defined as the absence of colonizers.

External Criticism
- Is done by examining the physical characteristics of a
source
- Consistency with the historical characteristics of the time
when it was produced.
Internal Criticism
- Is the examination of the truthfulness of the presented
evidence
- Looks at the truthfulness of the evidence by looking at the
author, source, its context, the agenda behind its creation.
LESSON 3: CONTEXT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF
SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
First Voyage Around the World of Magellan by Antonio
Pigafetta
- March 16,1521 when Ferdinand Magellan discovered the
Philippines
- He first arrived in Ladrones Islands presently known as the
Marianas Islands
- March 31, 1521 was the first mass in the Philippines
presided by the chaplain friend of Ferdinand Magellan
- April 14, 1521 when Ferdinand Magellan gathered the old
Filipino tribe and the King Don Carlos (Charles) baptized as
the catholic Christian people
- Ferdinand Magellan tells the old tribe to destroy their
anitos and idols and presented the image of Cross and the
Infant Jesus which is now popularly called in Cebu as
Magellan’s Cross and Senor Sto. Nino De Cebu.
- April 26, 1521 when the chieftain of Mactan Cebu Lapu-
Lapu meet Ferdinand Magellan and had the battle with
him
- F. Magellan Died in the Battle with Lapu-Lapu after he was
pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg.
- After the Battle, Antonio Pigafetta went back in Italy and the country. Diego Silang also known as El Rey de Ilocos
documented, published what happen in the Philippines meaning the King of Ilocos.
during their Expedition in the Philippines. - Kilosang Propaganda by ilustrados like Marcelo H. Del
Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Jose Rizal they are not
Analysis of Pigafettas Document
envisioned of total separation of the Philippines and Spain
- What was the life of the Filipino’s before they were but to have equal rights, and protection among Pilipino
colonized by the Spaniards or the so-called Pre-colonial and Spaniards.
Philippines? - The important document of the Katipunan was the Kartilya
- How was the Pilipino adopt Christianity? ng Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. It was written by
- How was the Spaniards implementation of 3 G’s (Gold, Emilio Jacinto in 1896
God and Glory) succeeded?
KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN NI EMILIO JACINTO
- Spaniards’ colonization in the Philippines was experienced
in 333 years.
The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan
- KKK – Kataas taasang, kagalang galangang, katipunan ng
mga anak ng bayan or katipunan was considered as the
most important organization formed in the Philippine
History.
- It is an organization envisioned to:
1. A united Filipino nation that would revolt against
Spaniards
2. The total independence of the Philippines against
Spain
- Previous armed revolts had already occurred prior to KKK,
but none of them envisioned to a unified Filipino nation
revolting against the colonizers.
- For example, Diego Silang was known as an Ilocano who
took up his arms and led of the longest running revolts in
Reading the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence
- The Philippine independence was proclaimed on June, 12
1898 by the first president of the Philippine Republic
Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in
Kabite El Viejo Kawit, Cavite.
- It symbolizes the end of 333 years Spaniard’s colonization
in the Philippines
- Begins the ruling of United States in the Philippines a year
after the Independence.
- Emilio Aguinaldo became dictator and became soldier and
under of Americans in managing the country.
- Emilio Aguinaldo let the Americans invade our country.
- Treaty of Paris – an agreement signed between Spain and
United States about the ownership of the Philippines.
- The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 six months
after the declaration of Philippine Independence.
- The Philippines was sold in the United States by the
Spaniards at 20$ million US dollars also the sovereignty
was sold.
Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S Congress
- Corazon C. Aquino was the first woman president in the
Philippines.
- She was the function of the restoration democracy in the
Philippines against the dictatorship of former president
Ferdinand Marcos.
THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION OF 1986
- When former senator Ninoy Aquino was shot at the
tarmac of Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983.
Protest from different sectors frequented different areas
in the country. Marco’s credibility in the international
community also suffered. He called for a snap election in
February 1986, where Corazon Aquino was convinced to
run against Marcos. The canvassing was rigged to Marco’s
favor but the people expressed their protests against the
corrupt and authoritarian government. Leading military
officials of the regime and martial law orchestrators
themselves, Juan Ponce Enrile and Fidel Ramos, plotted to
take over the presidency, until civilians in EDSA
successfully turned a coup into a civilian demonstration.
The thousands of people who gathered overthrew
Ferdinand Marcos from the presidency after 21 years.
Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S Congress
- During her speech before U.S congress she said the vision
of her husband about the restoration of democracy in the
Philippines.
- September 18, 1986 when she addressed the speech after
she became the president of the Philippines.
- Corazon Aquino helped by the Filipinos to make president
Marcos to step down in the presidency through People
Power Revolution happened on February 25, 1986
- Corazon Aquino’s Husband Benigno Ninoy Aquino Sr. was
died on August 21, 1983 in the tarmac airport in NAIA.