READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

LESSON 1: MEANING OF HISTORY WHO QUALIFIES AS A HISTORIAN?

“HISTORY OF HISTORY”  History is taught and studied in schools; thus, teachers are
commonly regarded as “experts” of history.
 History was derived from the Greek word historia, which  Historian is obscure and strange image for those who did
means knowledge acquired through inquiry or not have the chance to have a closer study of history.
investigation.  Nevertheless, all of the historical knowledge that we
 Historia became known as the account of the past of a study and utilize at present are products of meticulous
person or a group of people through written documents research done by historians who dedicated their intellect
and historical evidence. and skills in writing history.
 History is a discipline or a field of study and investigation  “A historian is someone who continuously pursues
that is primarily concerned with human activities done in historical knowledge.”
the past.
TASKS OF HISTORIANS
MEANING IN THREE DIMENSIONS:
 Historians are needed to examine and interpret them
 History is focus on human activities; through sources that survived through time.
 History as an inquiry;  To convert historical sources to historical knowledge.
 History is concerned with the past.  The historian’s interests and life’s work are inevitably
influenced by various factors such as nationality, political
“Answering the question of why” ideology, religion, educational background, and overall
experiences.
Father of History
“Historical sources cannot speak for themselves”
 Herodotus
OBJECTIVITY OF THE HISTORIAN
Father of Scientific History
 “Facts cannot speak for themselves”
 Thucydides
 Historian’s job to interpret these facts.
ISSUES AND QUESTIONS  Historical methodology consists of certain techniques and
rules that historians follow to properly collect and select
Positivism sources and historical evidence.
 Central to the creation of historical knowledge.
 is an essential philosophy that would serve as a vital
anchor of the scientific method.
 “HISTORY IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS OF INTERACTION
 for an idea to be real, it must be verified with sensory
experience. BETWEEN THE HISTORIAN AND HIS FACTS, AS UNENDING
DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE PRESENT AND THE PAST.”
“No document, no history” –Edward Hallert Carr

Historiography LESSON 3: HISTORICAL SOURCES

 History of history PRIMARY SOURCES

 The study of history as a historical discipline
 To have a better and deeper understanding of the past.  historical sources that were produced and created in the
same period as the historical subject being studied.
Historicism
SECONDARY SOURCES
 The belief that history should be studied only for its own
sake.  Historical works that were written and produced through
 That the task of the historian should be to bring the the use of primary sources.
past back to life.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
“Merely to show how things actually were” - Leopold
 This kind of criticism is done to establish the authenticity
von Ranke.
of a primary source.

INTERNAL CRITICISM

 The kind of criticism employed in analyzing the content of

LESSON 2: HISTORY and the HISTORIAN a primary source.
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
LESSON 4: PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY
 Kasaysayan- narrative of the past that has a significance
to the community where it belongs.
 Nationalist historiography- history that is focused on the
masses and not on the colonizers.
 Pantayong Pananaw- the philosophical anchor of bagong
kasaysayan. It emphasizes the need to foster an internal
discourse among the masses in writing their history.
 “THINKING ABOUT THINKING”
 Historiography is both philosophical and scientific.
 Historian as the primary agent of historical knowledge.
KASAYSAYAN IN ANCIENT PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 The ancient concept of kasaysayan does not only
refer to records of the past experiences, but also to
broader stories significant to the communities
such as their experiences, legends and epics that
reflect belief, norms, and their culture.
SPANISH HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE PHILIPPINES
 The Spanish colonizers viewed Philippine history
as divided into two parts: the period of darkness
and the period of light.
THE HISTORY OF THE ILUSTRADOS AND THE KATIPUNAN
 The propagandistas and the Katipuneros held a
tripartite view of history. The first period was a
period of prosperity, the second period brought
about by colonization was a period of darkness, and
the period after colonization will be a period of
freedom and redemption.
AMERICAN HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE PHILIPPINES
 Benevolent assimilation- The assimilation of a group
of foreigners by absorbing them into a new culture,
with the primary stated reason being that it is an act
of benevolence.
PHILIPPINE NATIONALIST HISTORIOGRAPHY
 Nationalist historiography emerged as a reaction to
the colonial interpretation of history. Nationalist
historians aimed at placing the masses at the center
of history.
PANTAYONG PANANAW AND BAGONG KASAYSAYAN
 Pantayong pananaw is a philosophical guide of
bagong kasaysayan. It underscores the
importance of fostering internal dialogue among
people in writing and teaching history. To use
Filipino language to reach wider audiences.
 Zeus Salazar-A Filipino historian, an anthropologist,
psychologist, and a leading proponent of Pantayong
Pananaw.
LESSON 5: EARLY PHILIPPINE SOCIETY AND FIRST SPANISH
CONTACT (FERDINAND MAGELLAN’S FIRST VOYAGE AROUND
THE WORLD BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA)
Antonio Pigafetta
 -Born around 1490 in the town of Vicenza, Venice
Italy
 -Died in the same city in 1534
 -Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography
 -Describe by biographers as “well-educated young
man possessing an avid curiosity of the world around
him.”
 -Presented his credentials to Magellan to the Casa de
la Contratacion, the office in charge of voyages to
the New World and was admitted as one of the
sobresalientes (supernumeraries), or men coming
from prominent families who will join the trip for the
love of adventure and for the advancement of
military service.
 He is the author of Magellan’s Voyage around the
World.
HISTORICAL CONTEXTS
 The First Voyage around the World was written in
one of the 5 ships of the Magallanes-Elcano
expedition.
 King Charles V provided the Spanish fleet names
Armada de Molucca which was led by Magellan.
 These 5 ships were first one to circumnavigate
around the world that was led by Ferdinand
Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, and when he died
in the Battle of Mactan, Juan Sebastian Elcano took
over.
5 Ships
Santiago
 Crew: 32
 Under the command of Juan Serrano
 Smallest of the 5 ships
 Called as a ‘caravel’
 First ship that has been lost
San Antonio
 Crew: 60
 Under the command of Juan De Cartagena
 Soon led by Alvarado De Mesquita
 Largest in the fleet
 Second ship that has been lost.
Concepcion
 Crew: 43
 Under the command of Gaspar de Quesada
READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

 Captain was executed because of mutiny
 Burned
 Third ship that has been lost.
Trinidad
 Crew: 55
 Under the command of Ferdinand Magellan
 The Flagship
 Was attacked by Portuguese ship.
 Left shipwrecked.
 Fourth ship that has been lost.
Victoria
 Crew: 43
 Under the command of Luiz Mendoza, soon led by
Juan Sebastian Elcano
 Antonio Pigafetta on board
 The first ship circumnavigated the world.
 Only ship to complete the voyage.
Out of the 5 ships, only 3 ships reached in the Philippines.
After the Battle of Mactan, their man is enough to man two
ships: Trinidad and Victoria. They returned to Spain, only
one ship survived which is the Victoria, one of the survivors
was Antonio Pigafetta which kept the journal about their
expedition.
Pigafetta’s account is the longest and most comprehensive in
describing their encounters during the Magallanes-Elcano
expedition.
Timeline during their stay in the Philippines
March 16, 1521 (Arrival in Samar)
 Held mass with Raja Humabon and baptized 800
souls
 Pigafetta showed the image of child jesus and a cross
to the queen and asked to keep in place of her idols
 The Child Jesus is known today as Santo Nino, which
is celebrated every January in Cebu.
April 27, 1521 (Battle in Mactan)
 Datu Zula, chief of the island Matan (Mactan)
welcomed them. But Cilapulapu, the other chief,
refused to obey to the king of Spain.
 Datu Zula requested the captain to defeat
Cilapulapu, which started the battle
 Natives outsmarted them, used patibongs to defeat
them. The voyagers were losing in this battle.
April 28, 1521 (Death of Magellan)
 Magellan was shot in the leg with a poisoned arrow.
He died, their “mirror” “comfort” and “true guide” as
what Pigafetta described.
September 8, 1522
Victoria- the only ship that returned, arrived at Senile. Ending
the Magallanes-Elcano Expedition.

 Arrived in Zamal (Samar), the island was called

Humunu (Homonhon).
 Locals welcomed them by giving them their native
products such as fish, figs, coconuts, palm wine.
March 31, 1521 (First Mass in the Philippines)

 Sunday morning
 Held at Mazaua (Limasawa)
 Attended by local islanders, Spanish voyagers, the
two Rajas, and Magellan

April 7, 1521 (Arrival in Zubu)

 Arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu), the largest and

the most trade island.
 Pigafetta described the inhabitants ‘houses that were
made of logs’.
 Fired mortars as a “sign of peace and friendship”.
 Tension between the king Zubu and the voyagers and
Magellan threatened them to rage war.

April 14, 1521 (Image of Child Jesus)