READINGS IN PHILIPPINE

HISTORY
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY:
DEFINITION, ISSUES, SOURCES
AND METHODOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be
familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the
discipline.

• To apply knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in assessing

and analyzing existing historical narratives.

• To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidence and

sources.

• To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of

the Philippines.
DEFINITION AND
SUBJECT MATTER
HISTORY
• It was derived from the Greek word historia which means “knowledge
acquired through inquiry and investigation”

• As a discipline, it existed for around 2,400 years and is old as mathematics

and philosophy.

• It was adapted to classical Latin where it acquired a new definition.

• It became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group of

people through written documents and historical events.
 HISTORY
AS ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINE
• History progressed and opened to the possibility of valid historical
source, which were not limited to written documents , like
government records , chronicles’ accounts or personal letters.

• The loophole of the “no document , no history” mantra of traditional

historians was recognized by historians who started using other kinds of
historical sources , which may not be in written form were just as valid.

ORAL TRADITION EXAMPLES

• Epic and Songs
• Artifacts *History became more inclusive and started
• Architecture collaborating with other disciplines as its
• Memory auxiliary disciplines.
QUESTIONS AND ISSUES
IN HISTORY
HISTORY HISTORIOGRAPHY

 The object of study is  History of History

the past, the events
that happened in the  The object of study is
past, and the causes history itself.
(i.e., How was certain historical text
of such events. written? Who wrote it ? What was the
context of its publication ? What particular
historical method was employed ? What
were the sources used?
POSITIVISM

Is the school of thought that emerged between the 18th and 19th century.

This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one

can claim that a particular knowledge is true.

It also entails an objective means of arriving at a conclusion.

POSTCOLONIALIZATION

Is the school of thought that emerged in the early twentieth century
when formerly colonized nations grappled with the idea of creating
their identities and understanding their societies against the shadows
of their colonial past.

Post-colonial history looks at two things in writing history.

1. Tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity free
from that of colonial discourse and knowledge.
2. Criticize the method , effects and idea of colonialism.
HISTORY AND THE
HISTORIAN
HISTORIANS
 an expert in or student of history, especially that of a particular period,
geographical region, or social phenomenon.

* A historian’s job does not only seek historical evidence and facts but also
interprets these facts.

*He is a person of his own who is influenced by his own context, environment,
ideology, education , and influences, among others.

Can history still be considered as an academic and scientific inquiry?

Historical research requires Rigor.

Despite the fact that historian cannot ascertain absolute objectivity , the study of history
remains scientific because of the rigor of research and methodology that historians
employ.

HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY

– comprises certain techniques and rules that historians follow in order to properly utilize
sources and historical evidences in writing history.

ANNALES SCHOOL OF HISTORY

- Is a school of history born in France that challenged the canons of history.

- This school of thought did away with the common historical subjects that were almost
always related to the conduct of states and monarchs.
HISTORICAL SOURCES

PRIMARY SOURCES

SECONDARY SOURCES
Primary Sources are those sources produced at the same time
as the event, period or subject being studied.

Secondary Sources , are those sources, which were produced

by an author who used primary sources to produced the
material
External Criticism – is the practice of verifying the authenticity
of evidence by examining its physical characteristics ,
consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it
was produced , and the material used for the evidence.

Internal Criticism - is the examination of the truthfulness of the

evidence. It looks at the content of the source and examines the
circumstances of its production.
 ANCIENT FILIPINOS
- Narrates their history through
communal songs and epic

SPANIARDS
PHILIPPINE - Their chronicles starts recording
through written accounts.
HISTORIOGRAPHY - Bipartite view

EARLY NATIONALIST
- Tripartite view
THANK YOU!!!