It was derived from the Greek word “ historia ”

which means “knowledge acquired through

inquiry or investigation”.

As a discipline, it existed for around 2,400

years and is as old as mathematics and
philosophy.
This term as then adapted to classical Latin where
it acquired to new definition.

It became known as the “account of the past o

person or of a group of people through written
documents and historical evidences”.
 • History became an important
academic discipline.
• It became the historian's duty
All about history?? to write about the lives of
important individuals like
monarchs, heroes, saints and
nobilities.
• History was also focused on
writing about wars, revolutions
and other important
breakthroughs.
 Traditional Historians lived
with the mantra of “no document,
no history”
• This loophole was
recognized by historians
who started using other
kinds of historical sources, • A few of these examples
which may not be in are oral traditions in
written form but were just
forms of epics and
as valid.
songs, artifacts,
architectures and
memory.
 HISTORY collaborates with other discipline.
Archaeologists helps historians use artifacts from a bygone era to
study ancient civilization

Linguists also helps through tracing historical evolutions, past

connections among different groups, and flow of cultural
influence by studying language and the changes that it has
undergone.

Even scientist like biologist and biochemist helps to study the

past through analyzing genetic and DNA patterns of human
societies.
What is history? History for whom?

Why study history?

These questions can be answered by

HISTORIOGRAPHY.
 It is the history of history

The former's object of study is the past, the events that happened in
the past and the cause of such events.

It teaches student to be critical in the lessons of history presented to

him.
The latter's object of the study, on the otherhand, is history
itself (i.e.,
• How was a certain historical text written?
• Who rote it?
• What was the context of its publication?
• What particular historical method was employed?
• What were the sources used?
 POSITIVISM is a school of thought that emerged
between the 18th and 19th century.
üThis requires emperical and observable evidence
before one can claim that a particular knowledge is
true.
üIt also entails an objective means of arriving at a
conclusion.
 POST COLONIALISM is a school of taught that emerged in the
early 20th century when formerly colonized nations grappled with the
idea of creating their identities and understanding their societies against
the shadows of their colonial past.
POSTCOLONIAL HISTORY looks at two things in writing history:
1. to tell history of their nationthat will highlight their identity free from
that of colonial discourse and knowledge
2. to criticize the methods, effects, and idea of colonialism.
It is therefore a reaction and an alternative to the colonial history
that colonial poers cred and taught to their subjects.
• One of the problems confronted by history is the
accusation that the history is always written by
victors.
• This connotes that the narrative of the past is always
written from the bias of the powerful and the more
dominant player.
 v It is the job of the historian to give meaning to those facts and
organize them into a timeline, establish causes and write
history.

v Historian is a person of his own who is influenced by his own

context, environment, ideology, education, and influences
among others.
 It comprises certain techniques and rules that
historians follow in order to properly utilize sources and
historical evidences in writing history.
ØThe sources produced at the same time as the event,
period, or subject being studied.

For example,
if a historian wishes to study the Commonwealth
Constitution Convention of 1935, his primay sources can include
the minutes of the convention, newspapers, clippings, Philippine
Commission reports of the U.S Commisionaries, records of thr
convention, the draft of the costitution and even paragraphs of
the event.
ØThe sources produced at the same time as the event,
period, or subject being studied.

Examples:
Eyewitness accounts of convention delegates and their
memoirs can also be used. Archival documents, artifacts,
memorabilia, letters, census and government records.
ØThese are the sources produced by an author who used
primary sources to produce the material.
ØIn other words, these are the historical sources, which
studied a certain historical subject.
Example
On the subject of the Philippine Revolution of 1896, student can
read Teodoro Agoncillo's Revolt of the Masses: The story of Bobifacio
and the Katipunan published originally in 1956. The Philippine
Revolution happened in the last year of the 19th century while
Agoncillo published his work in 1956 which makes the Revolt of the
Masses a secondary source.
More than this, in writing the book, Agoncillo used primary
source with his research like documents of the Katipunan, intervie
with the veterans of the revolution, and correspondents between and
among Katipuneros.
 However, don't be confused about what counts
as a primary and secondary source.
The classification of sources between the two
depends not on the period when the source was
produced or the type of the source but on the subject
of the historical research .
• The historians should be able to conduct an external and internal criticism of the
source, especially primary sources which can age in centuries.
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
INTERNAL CRITICISM
 It underwent several changes since the pre colonial period
until the present. Ancient Filipinos narrated their history through
communal songs and epics that they passed orally from a
generation to another.
When the Spaniards came, their chroniclers started
recording their observations through written accounts. The
perspective of historical writing and inquiry.