GOOD MORNING

FYE FLAFUS
MAPIYA MAPITA
INSTRUCTOR: JUNREL L. DABI
Phi l i p pi n e
HIST OR Y
 Chapter 1
Introduction to History:
Definition, Issues, Sources, and
Methodology
Do you believe that “History
Repeat Itself”?
Learning Objectives
At the end of the unit, the students should be able to:
• understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline
and to be familiar with the underlying philosophy and
methodology of the discipline;
• apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in
assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives;
• examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences
and sources; and
• appreciate the importance of history in the social and national
life of the Philippines.
Why do we need to study
HISTORY?
1. Pre-History
• period where no written records exist or when the writings of people
were not preserved.
• analyzed through fossils and artifacts by Archaeologists and
Anthropologists
2. History
• period when man started to write and record events using a system of
writting
• analyzed through wood carves, engraved metals, written papyrus,
written papers
History was derived from the Greek word “HISTORIA” which means
"knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation."
Historia became known as the account of the past of a person or of a group
of people through written documents and historical evidences.
• Study of the past.
• Chronological record of significant events often including an
explanation of their causes.
Traditional historians lived with the mantra of "no document, no history" It
means that unless a written document can prove a certain historical event,
then it cannot be considered as a historical fact.
This dynamism inevitably produced various perspectives on the
discipline regarding different questions. In simple terms,
historiography is the history of history. History and historiography
should not be confused with each other. Historiography is the
study of the history and methodology of history as a discipline. On
the other hand, is history itself.
Historiography
"Writing of history" (Historical Writing)
• Based on critical examination of sources, selection of
particular details from authentic materials in those sources
and the synthesis of those details into a narrative.
• Done through "Historical Research" with the aid of
"Historical Methodology"
History has played various roles in the past. States use history to
unite a nation. It can be used as a tool to legitimize regimes and
forge a sense of collective identity through collective memory.
Lessons from the past can be used to make sense of the present.
Learning of past mistakes can help people to not repeat them.
Being reminded of a great past can inspire people to keep their
good practices to move forward.
Positivism is the school of thought that emerged between the
eighteenth and nineteenth century. This thought requires
empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a
particular knowledge is true. The mantra "no document, no
history" stems from this very same truth, where historians were
required to show written primary documents in order to write a
particular historical narrative. Positivist historians are also
expected to be objective and impartial not just in their arguments
but also on their conduct of historical research.
Postcolonialism is a school of thought that emerged in the early
twentieth century. Postcolonial history looks at two things in
writing history: first is to tell the history of their nation that will
highlight their identity free from that of colonial discourse and
knowledge, and second is to criticize the methods, effects, and idea
of colonialism. Postcolonial history is therefore a reaction and an
alternative to the colonial history that colonial powers created and
taught to their subjects.
Postcolonialism is a school of thought that emerged in the early
twentieth century. Postcolonial history looks at two things in
writing history: first is to tell the history of their nation that will
highlight their identity free from that of colonial discourse and
knowledge, and second is to criticize the methods, effects, and idea
of colonialism. Postcolonial history is therefore a reaction and an
alternative to the colonial history that colonial powers created and
taught to their subject.
 Distinction of
Primary and
Secondary Sources;
External and
Internal Criticsm
Primary Source
Primary Sources
• Produced at the same time as the event being studied
(Contemporary Accounts)
• Include documents or artifacts created by a witness or
participant of the event
• "Firsthand testimony,"
• "Eyewitness accounts" Include documents or artifacts created
by a witness or participant of the event
• It may include diaries, letters, interviews, photographs,
newspapers
 Secondary
• Produced by authors who used and interpreted primary sources

evidence Source
• Analyzed a scholarly question and often use primary source as

• Include books, theses, dissertations, journals, magazines,

knowledge of historians
• Written few years after the exact time of the event
External criticism is the practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical characteristics; consistency
with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced;
and the materials used for the evidence.
Internal criticism, on the other hand, is the examination of the
truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at the content of the source
and examines the circumstance of its production. Internal
criticism looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence
by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda
behind its creation, the knowledge which informed it, and its
intended purpose, among others.
Importance of
To unite a nation
To make sense of the present
History
To not repeat mistakes of the past
To legitimize regime and forge a sense of collective identity
through collective memory
To inspire people to keep their good. To legitimize regime and
forge a sense of collective identity through collective memory
To inspire people to keep their good practices to move forward
QUESTION?
True or False. Write true if the statement is true. Otherwise, write
false in the space provided.
1. _______History is the study of the past.
2. ______ Historical sources that were not written should not be used
in writing history.
3. ______ The subject of historiography is history itself.
4. ______ History has no use for the present, thus, the saying "past is
past" is true.
6. ______ Only primary sources may be used in writing history.
7. ______ There are three types of sources: primary, secondary, and
tertiary sources.
8. ______ External criticism is done by examining the physical
characteristics of a source.
9. ______ Internal criticism is done by looking at a source's quality of
paper and type of ink, among others.
Maraming
Salamat!