CHAPTER II

Abordo, Melody Malazzab, Marla

Baclig, Rhea Mae Ragusante, Girlie Beth
Benito, Kirstenmae Sambrano, Nadine
Conde, Lea Villanueva, Albert
Gisala, Jowelyn
▪ a. Introduction: History and Historians of the Philippines
▪ b. Content and Contextual Analysis of the Primary Sources
- A Brief Summary of the First Voyage Around The World by
Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta
- The KKK and the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
- Reading the “Proclamation of Philippine Independence”
- A Glance at Selected Philippine Political Caricature (Alfred
Mccoy)
- Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900 – 1941)
- Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before the U.S Congress
INTRODUCTION
▪ The Philippines is named after King Philip II of Spain (1556-
1598)
▪ It was a Spanish colony for over 300 years. (333 years, exactly)
▪ The Philippines is an archipelago of over 7,000 islands. (7641,
exactly)
▪ The first people in the Philippines were hunter-gatherers.
However, between 3000 BC and 2000 BC people learned how to
farm.
▪ From the 10th AD century, Filipinos traded with China,
▪ By the 12th AD century, Arab Merchants reached the Philippines
and introduced Islam
▪ In 1521, Magellan sailed across the Pacific, landed in the
Philippines and claimed them for Spain.
▪ Magellan demanded that other chiefs submit to Humabon (a
chief) but one chief named Lapu-lapu refused, that is why
Magellan led a force to crush him. However, the Spanish
soldiers were scattered and Magellan was killed.
▪ The Spaniards did not gain a foothold in the Philippines until
1565 when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi led an expedition, which
built a fort in Cebu.
▪ In 1571, the Spaniards landed in Luzon. Here, they built the city
of Intramuros (later called Manila), which became the capital of
the Philippines.
▪ Spanish conquistadors marched inland and conquered Luzon.
They created a feudal system where Spaniards owned vast
estates worked by Filipinos. Along with these conquistadors are
the friars who converted the Filipinos to Catholicism and also
build schools and universities.
▪ In 1762, the British captured Manila. They held it for two years
but they handed it back in 1764 under the terms of the Treaty of
Paris, signed in 1763.
▪ 1872, the rebellion called “Cavite Mutiny” was quickly crushed.
Nationalist feelings continued to grow through the novels of
Jose Rizal (1861-1896) – the Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not)
and El Filibusterismo (The Filibusterer)
▪ 1892, Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina, which called for
reform rather than revolution. As a result, Rizal was arrested
and exiled to Dapitan on Mindanao.
▪ Meanwhile, Andres Bonifacio formed a more extreme
organization called the Katipunan. In August 1896 they began a
revolution. Jose Rizal was accused of supporting the revolution,
although he did not and he was executed on 30 December
1896. Yet his execution merely inflamed Filipino opinion and
the revolution grew.
▪ Then in 1898 came the war between the USA and Spain. On 30
April 1898, the Americans defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila
Bay. Meanwhile, Filipino revolutionaries surrounded Manila.
Their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines
independent on 12 June.
▪ The war between American forces in Manila and the Filipinos
began on 4 February 1899. The Filipino-American War lasted
until 1902 when Aguinaldo was captured.
▪ American rule in the Philippines was paternalistic. They called
their policy ‘Benevolent Assimilation. They wanted to ‘Americanize’
the Filipinos but they never quite succeeded. However, they did do
some good. Many American teachers were sent to the Philippines
in a ship called the Thomas and they did increase literacy.
▪ In 1935 the Philippines were made a commonwealth and were
semi-independent. Manuel Quezon became president. The USA
promised that the Philippines would become completely
independent in 1945.
▪ However, in December 1941, Japan attacked the US fleet at Pearl
Harbor. On 10 December 1941 Japanese troops invaded the
Philippines. They captured Manila on 2 January 1942. By 6 May
1942, all of the Philippines were in Japanese hands.
▪ However American troops returned to the Philippines in
October 1944. They recaptured Manila in February 1945.
▪ The Philippines became independent on 4 July 1946. Manuel
Roxas was the first president of the newly independent nation
▪ Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989) was elected president in 1965.
He was re-elected in 1969. However, the Philippines was
dogged by poverty and inequality.
▪ In the 1960s a land reform program began. However many
peasants were frustrated by its slow progress and a Communist
insurgency began in the countryside.
▪ Today the Philippines is still poor but
things are changing. Since 2010 the
Philippine economy has grown at about
6% a year. Today there is reason to be
optimistic about the future. Meanwhile,
In 2016 the Philippines launched its
first satellite. It was called Diwata-1. In
2020 the population of the Philippines
was 106 million.
Born on March 23, 1895, Dr. Encarnacion Alzona was a
pioneering educator and suffragist. Dr. Alzona was also the first
Filipina historian, as well as the first Filipina to earn a Ph.D. She
took the lead in fighting for the Filipina’s right to vote–a battle
that she and her colleagues won in 1935. Alzona was a reputed
historian and guru to a generation of other famous historian’s and
at the same time as University of the Philippines professor in
history.

Gregorio F. Zaide (May 25, 1907 – October 31, 1986) was a

Filipino historian, author and politician from the town of
Pagsanjan, Laguna in the Philippines. A multi-awarded author,
Zaide wrote 67 books and more than 500 articles about
history, he is known as the "Dean of Filipino Historiographers."
He was one of the founders of the International Association of
Historians of Asia (IAHA), and president of the Philippine
Historical Association for three terms. As a politician, he served
as the mayor of his hometown of Pagsanjan from 1971 to 1975.
Nicolas Zafra was a Filipino historian and educator. He
was professor emeritus of history at the University of
the Philippines. He died on January 7, 1979. He was the
president of the Philippine Historical Association in
1962 and was a recipient of the Cultural Heritage
Award of the Philippines in 1969.

Trinidad Hermenegildo José María Juan Francisco

Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho was a Filipino physician,
historian and politician of Spanish and Portuguese
descent who served as Deputy Prime Minister of the
Philippines in 1899. Trinidad, also known by his name
T. H.
Carlos Quirino, a biographer, has the distinction of having
written one of the earliest biographies of Jose Rizal titled
The Great Malayan. Quirino’s books and articles span the
whole gamut of Philippine history and culture–from Bonifacio’s
trial to Aguinaldo’s biography, from Philippine cartography to
culinary arts, from cash crops to tycoons and president’s lives,
among so many subjects. In 1997, Pres. Fidel Ramos created
historical literature as a new category in the National Artist
Awards and Quirino was its first recipient. He made a record
earlier on when he became the very first Filipino
correspondent for the United Press Institute.
His book Maps and Views of Old Manila is considered as the
best book on the subject. His other books include Quezon, Man
of Destiny, Magsaysay of the Philippines, Lives of the
Philippine Presidents, Philippine Cartography, The History
of Philippine Sugar Industry, Filipino Heritage: The Making
of a Nation, Filipinos at War: The Fight for Freedom from
Mactan to EDSA.
Carmen Guerrero Nakpil (born July 19, 1922) is a
Filipino journalist, author, historian and public
servant. She has published a total of ten books:
Woman Enough, A Question of Identity, History
Today, The Philippines and the Filipinos, The
Rice Conspiracy (a novel), the Centennial
Reader and Whatever; as well as a wildly
successful autobiographical trilogy Myself,
Elsewhere; Legends & Adventures; and Exeunt.
In the 1960s, she served as Chairman of the
Philippine National Historical Commission and
in the 1990s, the Manila Historical Commission,
and director-general of the Technology
Resource Center from 1975 to 1985. She was
elected to the Executive Board of the UNESCO,
Paris in 1983 by popular vote of the international
assembly.
Region R. Ylanan was a Filipino athlete, physician,
sports administrator, physical educator, and sports
historian. He rose to fame with three gold medals in
track and field at the 1913 Far Eastern Championship
Games in Manila.

Santiago Albano Pilar more popularly known as

Jak Pilar, was a Filipino art historian, curator, and
author. He was best known for chronicling
Philippine art centered on the 19th and the 20th
century in numerous publications in both the
Philippines and overseas.
Zeus Atayza Salazar is a Filipino historian,
anthropologist, and philosopher of history, best
known in pioneering an emic perspective in
Philippine history called Pantayong Pananaw,
earning him the title "Father of New
Philippine Historiography."

Esperidión Arsenio Manuel, known as E.

Arsenio Manuel, was a Philippine academic,
historian, and anthropologist best known for his
contributions to Philippine anthropology,
history, literature, and linguistics.
Teodoro Andal Agoncillo (November 9, 1912 – January
14, 1985) was a prominent 20th-century Filipino
historian. He is one of the writers of the short History
about the Filipino People (Quezon City: University of
the Philippines, 1960) and Renato Constantino's The
Miseducation of the Filipino. He and his
contemporary Renato Constantino were among the first
Filipino historians renowned for promoting a
distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino history
(nationalist historiography). He was also an essayist and
a poet.
Ambeth R. Ocampo, the award-winning Filipino historian,
academic, journalist, and author best known for his
writings on Philippine national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal. He
is also an associate Professor and Former Chairman of
the Department of History, School of Social Sciences in
Ateneo de Manila University and also contributed to
academic, cultural, and social progress in the Philippines

Reynaldo C. Ileto's Pasyon and revolution emphasizes the

popular movements in the Philippines. It was followed by
contemporaries like Luzon at War by Milagros Guerrero, which
recalls the 1896 Philippine politically complicated disputes.
He set himself the task of finding a new way of
understanding the rise of Filipino nationalism in the
nineteenth century.
Renato Constantino. One of the preeminent
Filipino historians of the 20th century, Professor
Agoncillo authored the following works: The
Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and
the Katipunan (1956), History of the Filipino
People (1960), Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic
(1960), The Fateful Years: Japan's Adventure in the
Philippines, 1941-1945 (1965), Pilipinas Kong
Mahal: Isang Kasasayan (1981), The Burden of
Proof: The Vargas Laurel Collaboration Case
(1984), among others. In recognition of his works,
which carry a distinctive Filipino view of history,
he was posthumously awarded by the Nation
Academy of Science and Technology the title
of National scientist in 1985
 Antonio de Morga, his major contribution is the
writings about the preoccupations that occurred
in the Philippines mainly emphasizing the foods
that has been established during those periods. He is
also a lieutenant governor of the Philippines in the
late sixteenth century, and in such case, described
the food of the Indios as follows:
Their daily fare is composed of rice crushed in
wooden pillars and when cooked is called
morisqueta (this is the staple throughout the land);
cooked fish which they have in abundance; pork,
venison, mountain buffaloes which they call carabaos,
beef, and fish which they know is best when it has
started to rot and stink (Retana 1909, 174).
CONTENT AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCES
- ALBERT VILLANUEVA
▪ For this chapter, we will focus on the
chronicles of Antonio Pigafetta as he wrote
his firsthand observation and general
impression of the Far East including their
experiences in the Visayas. In Pigafetta's
account, their fleet reached what he called
the Ladrones Islands or the "Islands of the
Thieves."
 Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese
navigator and explorer who sailed under the
flags of both Portugal (1505–13) and Spain
(1519–21). He was credited with leading the
first expedition that proved that the world
is round by sailing from east to west. After
him, five more Spanish expeditions followed
between 1525 and 1542, starting Spain's
colonization of the Philippines in the next
three centuries. In March 1521 the
expedition reached the Philippines, where
relations with the indigenous people (as
depicted in this engraving) went from
peacefully trading fruit to engaging in
pitched battle and was killed by a poison
arrow during a skirmish on the island of
Mactan in what is now the Philippines.
Lapu-Lapu is widely celebrated as the first
Filipino hero, famously vanquishing
Portuguese conquistador Ferdinand
Magellan and his army in their attempt to
colonise Mactan Island. He was one of the
chiefs of Mactan Island in Visayas and was
responsible for defeating the head of the
Spanish expedition to Southeast Asia, the
Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan. Lapulapu
and his men vanquished Magellan in the
Battle of Mactan on April 1521
Antonio Pigafetta was an Venetian
scholar and explorer. He joined the
expedition to the Spice Islands led by
explorer Ferdinand Magellan under the
flag of the emperor Charles V and after
Magellan's death in the Philippine
Islands, the subsequent voyage around
the world. His literary work represents
a bridge that brought knowledge of the
Philippines to Europe and, 500 years
later, is still a reference for those who
study the pre-hispanic Philippines.
▪ The chronicle of Pigafetta was one of the most cited documents by
historians who wished to study the precolonial Philippines. As one of
the earliest written accounts, Pigafetta was seen as a credible source
for a period, which was earliest detailed documentation, it was
believed that Pigafetta's writings account for the "purest" precolonial
society. Indeed, Pigafetta's work is of great importance in the study
and writing of Philippine history. Being a scholar of cartography and
geography, Pigafetta was able to give details on geography and
climate of the places that their voyage had reached. In reading
Pigafetta's description of the people, one has to keep in mind that he
was coming from a sixteenth century European perspective. The
obsession with spices might be odd for Filipinos because of its
ordinariness in the Philippines, but understanding the context would
reveal that spices were scarce in Europe and hence were seen as
prestige goods. In that era, Spain and Portugal coveted the control of
Spice Islands because it would have led to a certain increase in wealth,
influence, and power.
▪ He wrote ;

“ The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands. These

islands are located south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii,
north of New Guinea, and east of Philippines. Ten days after they reached
Ladrones Islands, Pigafetta reported that they reached what Pigafetta
called the isle of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan decided to land in
another uninhabited island for greater security where they could rest for a
few days. The natives also gave them rice (umai), cocos, and other food
supplies. Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination the palm tree
which bore fruits called cocho, and wine. He also described what seemed
like a coconut. ”
The following day, Magellan spoke before the people of Cebu about
peace and God. Pigafetta reported that the people took pleasure in
Magellan's speech. Magellan then asked the people who would succeed
the king after his reign and the people responded that the eldest child
of the king, who happened to be a daughter, would be the next in line.
Pigafetta also related how Magellan preached about their faith further
and people were reportedly convinced.
On the 14th of April, the people gathered with the king and other
principal men of the islands. Magellan spoke to the king and
encouraged him to be a good Christian by burning all of the idols and
worship the cross instead. The king of Cebu was then baptized as a
Christian.
After eight days, Pigafetta counted that all of the island's inhabitant
were already baptized. He admitted that they burned a village down for
obeying neither the king nor Magellan. The Mass was conducted by the
shore every day.
On the 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan
(Mactan) went to see Magellan and asked him for a boat full of men so
that he would be able to fight the chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
Such chief, according to Zula, refused to obey the king and was also
preventing him from doing so. Magellan offered three boats instead and
expressed his desire to go to Mactan himself to fight the said chief.
Magellan's forces arrived in Mactan in daylight. They numbered 49 in
total and the islanders of Mactan we're estimated to number 1,500. The
battle began. Magellan died in that battle. The natives, perceiving that
the bodies of the enemies were protected with armors, aimed for their
legs instead.
Magellan was pierced with a poisoned arrow in his right leg. A few of
their men charged at the natives and tried to intimidate them by burning
an entire village but this only enraged the natives further. Magellan was
specifically targeted because the natives knew that he was the captain
general.
▪ The king offered the people of Mactan gifts of any value and
amount in exchange of Magellan's body but the chief refused.
They wanted to keep Magellan's body as a memento of their
victory.
▪ Magellan's men elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain. Pigafetta
also told how Magellan's slave and interpreter named Henry betrayed
them and told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as quickly
as possible. Pigafetta alleged that the slave told the king that if he
followed the slave's advice, then the king could acquire the ships and
the goods of Magellan's fleet. The two conspired and betrayed what
was left of Magellan's men. The king invited these men to a gathering
where he said he would present the jewels that he would send for the
King of Spain. Pigafetta was not able to join the twenty-four men who
attended because he was nursing his battle wounds.
▪ Indeed, his accounts imparts us knowledge of the
natural world and the use of its resources are themes
that run throughout his diary, as one of the purpose
of his voyage was to locate valuable natural produce
(spices) for selling. It also proved that the people of
the Visayan Islands in the 16th century lived a simple
life but they were gradually changing because of the
influence of the voyagers. hence, he has the merit to
have recorded in his chronicles a major event of the
History of the Philippines, the first encounter
between Filipinos and Europeans. His work "Report
on the First Voyage around the World" includes the
earliest documents available on the language and
culture of the islands of Samar and Cebu. It also tells
us the islander's way of life, cultural practices, and
religious beliefs was based on what they could get
or obtain in their island in 16th century.
▪ The purpose of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage
was to find a route to the Spice Islands in Asia
sailing west—specifically, he sought a sea
passage through South America, which had
already been discovered and recognized as
an obstacle to such a route. Magellan's
voyage succeeded in doing exactly that.

He sought a route around South America in

1519 and charted a passage known as the
Straits of Magellan in 1520. Magellan's
expedition was the first to circumnavigate the
globe, but Magellan did not live through the
expedition as he was killed in the Philippines
by a warrior named Lapu-lapu.
CONTENT AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCES
- MARLA MALAZZAB & JOWELYN GISALA
▪ The Kataastaasam, Kagalanggalang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or
Katipunan is arguably the most important
organization formed in the Philippine history.
While anti-colonial movements, efforts, and
organizations had already been established
centuries prior to the foundation of the
Katipunan, it was only this organization that
envisioned:

1. A united Filipino nation that would revolt

against the Spaniards for
2. The total independence of the country
from Spain.
▪Previous armed revolts had
already occurred before the
foundation of the Katipunan, but
none of them envisioned a unified
Filipino nation revolting against
the colonizers.
▪ For example, Diego Silang was known
as an Ilocano who took up his arms and
led one of the longest running revolts in
the country. Silang, however, was
mainly concerned about his locality
and referred to himself as El Rey de
Ilocos (The King of Ilocos).
▪ The imagination of the nation was
largely absent in the aspirations of the
local revolts before Katipunan. On the
other hand, the propaganda
movements led by the illustrados like
Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lópe
Jaena, and Jose Rizal did not envision a
total separation of the Philippines from
Spain, but only demanded equal rights,
representation, and protection from the
abuses of the friars.
▪ In the conduct of their struggles,
Katipunan created a complex structure
and a defined value system that would
guide the organization as a collective
aspiring for a single goal. One of the
most important Katipunan documents
was the Kartilya ng Katipunan. The
original title of the documents was
“Mang (sic) Aral Nang (sic) Katipunan
ng mga A.N.B.” or “Lessons of the
Organization of the Sons of Country.”
▪ The document was written by Emilio
Jacinto in the 1896. Jacinto was only 18
years old when he joined the movement.
He was a law student at the Universidad
de Santo Tomas. Despite his youth,
Bonifacio recognized the value and
intellect of Jacinto that upon seeing that
Jacinto’s Kartilya was much better than the
Decalogue he wrote, he willingly favored
that the Kartilya be distributed to their
fellow Katipuneros. Jacinto became the
secretary of the organization and took
charge of the short-lived printing press of
the Katipunan.
▪ On the 15 April 1897, Bonifacio
appointed Jacinto as a commander of
the Katipunan in Northern Luzon.
Jacinto was 22 years old. He died of
Malaria at a young age of 24 in the town
of Magdalena, Laguna. The Kartilya can
be treated as the Katipunan code of
conduct. It contains fourteen (14) rules
that instruct the way a Katipunero
should behave, and which specific
values should be uphold.
▪ Generally, the rules stated in the
Kartilya can be classified into two. The
first group contains the rules that will
make the member an upright
individual and the second group
contains the rules that will guide the
way he treats his fellow men.
I. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty
and reasonable purpose is a tree without a
shade, if not a poisonous weed.
II. To do good for personal gain and not for
its own sake is not virtue.
III. It is rational to be charitable and love
one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s
conduct, acts and words to what is in itself
reasonable.
IV. Whether our skin be black or white, we
are all born equal: superiority in
knowledge, wealth and beauty are to be
understood, but not superiority by nature.
V. The honorable man prefers honor to
personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
VI. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
VII. Do not waste thy time; wealth can be
recovered but not time lost.
VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the
oppressor before the law or in the field.
IX. The prudent man is sparing in words and
faithful in keeping secrets.
X. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide
of woman and the children, and the guide
leads to the precipice, those whom he guides
will also go there.
XI. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere
plaything, but as a faithful companion who
will share with the penalties of life,; her
(physical) weakness will increase thy interest
in her and she will remind thee mother who
bore thee and reared thee.
XII. What thou does not desire done unto thy
wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy
neighbor.
XIII. Man is not worth more because he is a
king, because his nose is aquiline, and his
color white, not because he is a priest, a
servant of God, nor because of the high
prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he
is worth most who is a man of proven and real
value, who does good, keeps his words, is
worthy and honest; he who does not oppress
nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves
and cherishes his fatherland, though he be
born in the wilderness and know no tongue
but his own.
XIV. When these rules of conduct shall be
known to all, the longed-for sun of liberty
shall rise brilliant over this most unhappy
portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse
everlasting joy among the confederated
brethren of the same rays, the lives of those
who have gone before, the fatigues and the
well-paid sufferings will remain. If he who
desires to enter has informed himself of all
this and believes he will be able to perform
what will be his duties, he may fill out the
application for admission.
As the primary governing
document, which determines the
rules of conduct in the Katipunan,
properly understanding the
Kartilya will thus help in
understanding the values, ideals,
aspirations, and even the ideology
of the organization.
▪ Similar to what we have done to the
accounts of Pigafetta, this primary source
also needs to be analyzed in terms of
content and context. As a document written
for a fraternity whose main purpose is to
overthrow a colonial regime, we can
explain the content and provisions of the
Kartilya as a reaction and response to
certain value systems that they found
despicable in the present state of things
that they struggled against with.
▪In the contemporary eyes, the
Katipunan can be criticized
because of these provisions.
However, one must not forget the
context where the organization
was born. not even in Europe or
in the whole of the West at that
juncture recognized the problem
of gender inequality.
▪Aside from this, the Kartilya was
instructive not just of the
Katipunan’s conduct toward other
people, but also for the
members’ development as
individuals in their own rights.
▪All in all, proper reading of the
Kartilya will reveal a more
thorough understanding of the
Katipunan and the significant role
that it played in the revolution
and in the unfolding of the
Philippine history, as we know it.
CONTENT AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCES
- RHEA MAE BACLIG & LEA CONDE
▪ The proclamation then proceed with a brief historical overview of
the Spanish occupation since Magellan’s arrival until the Philippine
Revolution.
▪ It narrates the movement, describing it as “like an electric spark,”
through the different towns and provinces like Bataan, Pampanga,
Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong and the quick decline of Spanish
forces in the same provinces.
▪ The revolt also reached Visayas, thus, the independence of the
country was ensured.
▪ The document also mentions Rizal’s execution, calling it unjust.
▪ It also narrates the Cavite Mutiny of January that caused the
infamous execution of the martyred native priest namely Jose
Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora, “whose blood was
shed through the intrigues of those so-called religious orders” that
incited the three secular priests in the said mutiny.
▪ Every year, the country commemorates the anniversary of the
Philippine Independence:
- Proclaimed on the 12th of June 1898, in the province of Cavite.
- The event saw the unfurling of the Philippine National Flag,
made by Marcella Agoncillo and Delfina Herboza.
- Performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo, as the national
anthem, now known as Lupang Hinirang, composed by Julian
Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabon Marching
Band.
- The proclamation was prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista in Spanish.
- Signed by 98 people, including United States Army officer, Mr.
L.M. Johnson
▪ 1896 – the Philippine Revolution began
▪ December 1897 – the Spanish government and the
revolutionaries signed a truce, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato,
requiring that the Spanish pay the revolutionaries and that
Aguinaldo and other leaders go into exile in Hong Kong.
▪ April 1898 – at the outbreak of the Spanish- American War,
Commodore George Dewey aboard the U.S.S Olympia sailed
into Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy.
▪ May 1, 1898 – the United States defeated the Spanish in the
Battle of Manila Bay. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the
Philippines to help American forces defeat the Spaniards.
▪ May 19, 1898 – The U.S. Navy agreed to transport him (Emilio
Aguinaldo) back aboard the USS McCulloch.
A flag represents an idea, or an ideal. It is neither a mere piece of decoration,
nor an object to be honored for itself. It is honored for what it represents.
Many flags are held on high esteem for their history; for the sacrifices made
by the people; for the qualities for which the country and people stand.

• THE 3 STARS – representing the three major island groups which are the
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
• COLOR:WHITE – representing liberty, equality, and fraternity
• COLOR: BLUE – representing peace, freedom, and justice
• COLOR: RED – representing courage, and patriotism
• THE GOLDEN SUN WITH EIGHT RAYS
- THE GOLDEN SUN – representing unity, freedom, people’s democracy,
and sovereignty.
- EIGHT RAYS – representing the 8 regions that started the revolution
against Spain such as Manila, Cavite, Pampanga, Morong (modern-day
province of Rizal), Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija.
▪ Every year, the country commemorates the anniversary of the
Philippine Independence proclaimed on June 12, 1898, in the
province of Cavite. Indeed, such event is a significant turning
point in the history of the country because it signaled the end
of the 333 years of Spanish colonization. There have been
numerous studies done on the events leading to the
independence of the country but very few students had the
chance to read the actual document of the declaration. This is in
spite of the historical importance of the document and the
details that the document reveals on the rationale and
circumstances of that historical day in Cavite.
▪ Interestingly, reading the details of the said document in
hindsight is telling of the kind of government that was created
under Aguinaldo, and the forthcoming hand of the United States
of America in the next few years of the newly created republic.
The declaration was a short 2000-word_document, which
summarized the reason behind the revolution against Spain, the
war for-independence, and the future of the new republic
under Emilio Aguinaldo.
▪ The proclamation commenced with a characterization of the
conditions in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial
period. The document specifically mentioned abuses and
inequalities in the colony. The declaration says:
▪ “.. into consideration, that their inhabitants being already weary of
bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish domination, on account of the
arbitrary arrests and harsh treatment practiced by the Civil Guard
to the extent of causing death with the connivance and even with
the express orders of their commanders, who sometimes went to
the extreme of ordering the shooting of prisoners under the
pretext that they were attempting to escape, in violation of the
provisions of the Regulations of their Corps, which abuses were
unpunished and on account of the unjust deportations, especially
those decreed by General Blanco, of eminent personages and of
high social position, at the instigation of the Archbishop and friars
interested in keeping them out of the way for their own selfish and
avaricious purpose, deportations which are quickly brought about
by a method of procedure more execrable than that of the
Inquisition and which every civilized nation rejects on account of a
decision being rendered without a hearing of the persons
accused.”
▪ The above passage demonstrates the justifications behind the
revolution against Spain. Specifically cited are the abuse by the
Civil Guards and the unlawful shooting of prisoners whom they
alleged as attempting to escape. The passage also condemns
the unequal protection of the law between the Filipino people
and the eminent personages. Moreover, the line mentions the
avarice and greed of the clergy like the friars and the
Archbishop himself. Lastly, the passage also condemns what
they saw as the unjust deportation and rendering of other
decision without proper hearing, expected of any civilized
nation.
CONTENT AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCES
- MELODY ABORDO & KIRSTENMAE BENITO
Alfred "Al" William McCoy is an
American historian and educator.
In the book of Alfred McCoy, 377
cartoons were compiled in the book,
including the extensive research of
McCoy in the Philippine and American
archives providing a comprehensive
background not only to the cartoons but
to the turbulent period as well.
▪ The caricatures are a graphic description of the events that
went on under the American colonial period: all the challenges,
scandals and influence brought to the Filipino by the Americans.
▪ - This book tackles what and how it is like to be during the time
when America takes over the Philippines. During the time
between years 1900 and 1941, each caricature illustrated in the
book symbolizes the national attitudes upon the arrival of
Americans in our land.
▪ ✓ Why political Caricatures are important?

- they offered brightly coloured alternative to formal news reporting, providing

light relief from the ever increasingly gloomy political discourse.

▪ ✓ Why are political cartoons a useful source in the study of history?

- it has a vivid primary sources that offer intriguing and entertaining insights

▪ ✓ Purpose of Caricatures

▪ It's a way to Enhance the basic essence of a person creating an interesting

version of them with a touch of humor.

▪ Their main purpose, though, is not to amuse you but to persuade you. A good
political cartoon makes you think about current events, but it also tries to sway
your opinion toward the cartoonist's point of view.
War Against Speculators
A Public Post is Not an Hereditary Crown
Flaming Youth
Death Cars
El Turno De Los Partidos
CONTENT AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCES
- GIRLIE BETH RAGUSANTE & NADINE SAMBRANO
➢ Political caricature and cartoons are rather recent form, which
veered away from the classical art by exaggerating human
features and poking fun at its subjects.
- Exaggerating human faces and used it as a symbol by creators to
project certain ideas – political and social issues(certain period
/time)
➢ Such art genre and techniques became a part of the print media
as a form of social and political commentary, which usually targets
persons of power and authority.
- Government offices – subject of caricature/cartoon – a tool to
publicizing opinion thru heavy use of symbolism
➢ It is a unique way because it project/represent opinion and captures
the audience’s imagination; it is a reason enough for historians to
examine these political cartoons.
➢ Commemorates in mass media inevitably shape public opinion and
such kind of opinion is worthy of historical examination.
➢ Alfred William Mccoy’s interest in Filipino History allowed him to
learn and master Hiligaynon dialect and understand the political,
situation, not just the Iloilo region but the while country; with the help
of Alfredo Roces, designer of the book, Mccoy published Philippine
Caricature(compiled political cartoons published in newspaper
dailies and periodical in the time period.)
➢ Philippine Cartoons is a compilation of 377 editorial cartoons and
caricatures made by various Filipino artists that tackles the situation
during the American occupation in the Philippine (1900-1941)
 The satirical cartoon from the July 27, 1907 issues of the
Lipang Kalabaw (Lipaḡ-Kalabaw), a weekly satirical
magazine published in Manila, shows Philippine
Assembly candidate Dominador Gomez as the Roman
centurion Longinus delivering the final spear blow to
be crucified freedom fighters (from left), Macario
Sakay, Francisco Carreon, Julian Montalan and
Lucio de Vega, who were all sentenced to death for
banditry by the American government. Gomez was
instrumental in the surrender of Sakay and his men but
El
Candidato the latter were subsequently arrested in spite of
Longino assurances of safe conduct by the government. Gomez
was later blamed for the death of Sakay and many
believed that he betrayed the Filipino rebels to the
Americans.
 A cartoon from the magazine Lipang-Kalabaw depicts the
festivity or parade of Filipinos celebrating the election of
their popular candidate, Fernando Ma. Guererro, who
ran for the Philippine Assembly held that month. The
momentous occasion, however, had dire results. Americans
who witnessed the event were bothered by the massive show
of support by Filipino patriots and the singular display of the
American flag amidst banners and Philippine flags.
Popular
Manifestation Irked by the patriotic display, the Philippine Commission
in Honor of the passed on August 23, 1907, Act No. 1696 otherwise known as
Triumphant the Flag Law, which banned the public display of the
Candidate of Philippine flag and other patriotic banners. When the
the Southern
Philippine Assembly opened at the Manila Grand Opera
District of
Manila House in September, only the American flag could be seen –
an ironic display for an otherwise Philippine legislative body.
➢ The transition from Spanish colonial period to the American occupation period
demonstrated different strands of changes and shifts in culture, society and
politics.
- The result of transition has brought so many changes in terms of culture, society
and politics.
➢ The selected cartoons illustrated not only the opinion of certain media outfits
about the PH society during the American period but also paint a broad image of
society and politics under the United States.
- Time period(1900-1941) – it pictured the society and politics under the American
occupation; it depicts what happened and the problem during that period.
➢ The transition from Catholic-centered, Spanish-Filipino society to an imperial
American-Assimilated one, and its complications were also depicted in the
cartoons.
- There are struggles and complications in shifting of culture; Filipinos being
conservative and the American culture and their liberal ideas that are different
from ours
➢ Lastly, the cartoons also illustrated the conditions of poor Filipinos in the
Philippines now governed by the US. From the looks of it, nothing much has
changed.
- Visible from the caricatures and cartoons the different main concepts to be
able to relay or convey the message and conditions of the Filipinos – most
especially the poor were given highlights or the highlights.
▪ In conclusion, each individual caricature recorded national attitudes
towards the coming of the Americans as well as the changing times.
▪ These caricatures clarify historical information and served as eye-opener to the
realities experienced by the people under the American occupation.
▪ The book, reflected anti-American sentiments of the Philippine society of the
past, visual its historical politics and appreciate the representations of
perceptions of the Filipinos during that era.
CONTENT AND CONTEXT ANALYSIS OF THE PRIMARY
SOURCES
- ALBERT VILLANUEVA
▪ The entire speech of Corazon Aquino prior to the U.S
Congress conference is purely biased and dishonest. This is
because the presence of derogatory remarks against ex-
president Ferdinand Marcos was clearly emphasized in all
dimensions of the speech condemning and emphasizing that the
Marcoses' were more than supreme national thieves but also the
villain behind her husband's assassination, the once President
Ninoy Aquiño she was referring to.
▪ As a reference, here's a set of what she emphasized in her
derogative speech that proves us all that is indeed prejudice:
“…Today, I have returned as the President of a free people.
In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored him by that brave and selfless act
of giving honor to a nation in shame recovered its own. A country that had
lost faith in its future, founded in a faithless and brazen act of murder. So, in
giving we receive, in losing we find, and out of defeat we snatched our
victory. For the nation, Ninoy became the pleasing sacrifice that answered
their prayers for freedom.
His loss, three times in our lives was always a deep and painful one.
Fourteen years ago this month, was the first time we lost him. A president-
turned-dictator and traitor to his oath, suspended the constitution and
shutdown the Congress that was much like this one before which I'm
honored to speak. He detained my husband along with thousands of others
- Senators, publishers, and anyone who had spoken up for the democracy
as its end drew near. But for Ninoy, a long and cruel ordeal was reserved.
The dictator already knew that Ninoy was not a body merely to be
imprisoned but a spirit he must break. For even as the dictatorship
demolished one-by-one; the institutions of democracy, the press, the
congress, the independence of a judiciary, the protection of the Bill of
Rights, Ninoy kept their spirit alive in himself.
“The government sought to break him by indignities and terror. They locked him up
in a tiny, nearly airless cell in a military camp in the north. They stripped him naked
and held a threat of a sudden midnight execution over his head. Ninoy held up
manfully under all of it. I barely did as well. For forty-three days, the authorities
would not tell me what had happened to him. This was the first time my children and
I felt we had lost him.

When that didn't work, they put him on trial for subversion, murder and a host of
other crimes before a military commission. Ninoy challenged its authority and went
on a fast. If he survived it, then he felt God intended him for another fate. We had lost
him again.

Ninoy could have made a separate peace with a dictatorship as so many of his
countrymen had done. But the spirit of democracy that inheres in our race and
animates this chamber could not be allowed to die. He held out in the loneliness of
his cell and the frustration of exile, the democratic alternative to the insatiable greed
and mindless cruelty of the right and the purging holocaust of the left.

And then, we lost him irrevocably and more painfully than in the past. The news
came to us in Boston. It had to be after the three happiest years of our lives together.
But his death was my country's resurrection and the courage and faith by which
alone they could be free again. The dictator had called him a nobody. Yet, two
million people threw aside their passivity and fear and escorted him to his grave.
▪ > Apparently, from those statements, we can already conclude the
resentment and hatred that Cora is trying to unveil somehow evidently
spilled. All throughout her speech was covered with prejudice while
white lies that were aroused by the way she voiced out about the death
of her husband.
▪ Until then, to her last statement she emphasized:
“…Wherever I went in the campaign, slum area or impoverished village.
They came to me with one cry, DEMOCRACY. Not food although they
clearly needed it but DEMOCRACY. Not work, although they surely wanted
it but DEMOCRACY. Not money, for they gave what little they had to my
campaign. They didn't expect me to work a miracle that would instantly put
food into their mouths, clothes on their back, education in their children
and give them work that will put dignity in their lives. But I feel the pressing
obligation to respond quickly as the leader of the people so deserving of
all these things, after all, we face a communist insurgency that feeds on
economic deterioration even as we carry a great share of the free world
defenses in the Pacific.”