Chapter 16

Life and Works
of
Rizal
Chapter 16: Biography and National History
Learning Objectives
One Two
Explain the history of Appraise the
biographical writing in importance of
the Philippines. biography and national
history.
Vocabulary Biography
The story of one’s life written by
someone else.
National History
The study of a nation’s past events.
Social Context
Physical and social setting in which
people live.
Chapter 16:
Biography and
National History
Part 1: Biography in Philippine History
Part 1: BIOGRAPHY IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
● the first biographies focused on the lives of missionaries who

worked in the evangelization of the locals
● Spanish-written narratives can be read in religious chronicles
and histories citing the missionaries important role in building
churches or even bridges and fortresses.
● Filipino biographies can only be found in the account of the
Spanish priest.
● Narrative of Filipino fighters were seen as “Enemy of the
State".
● These references are still used by historians and researchers
who write the biographies of Filipino heroes such as Palaris,
Sultan Kudarat, Tamblot, and Dagohoy.
E. Arsenio Manuel
• He was a Philippine academic,
historian, and anthropologist best
known for his contributions to
Philippine anthropology, history,
literature, and linguistics.
● A book about the lives of 400 Filipinos and their

achievement.
The authors mentioned: D.H. Soriano and Isidro

For many years now, there has been an L. Retizos
imperative need for a simple and handy guidebook on
notable living Filipinos and prominent residents if the
Philippines who are successfully established in their various
professions and callings. Students, businessmen here and
abroad, organization and associations everywhere, and the
General public have the need for such a book– to save both
time and effort in gathering concise essential facts about
well-known people in this country.
 the National Historical Institute's

first book in its five-volume
project in 1965.
 The preface of the book was

written by Carlos Quirino.
Scores of men and women have been buried in the obscurity Carlos Lozada Quirino
(14 January 1910 – 20 May 1999)
of the past. Their lives have been resurrected from musty  was a Philippine biographer
archives and forgotten volumes and from the memory of the and historian.
still living few in order that their deeds may serve as a guide  Director of the National Library
and inspiration to our people.
Gregorio Zaide
 A Historian and biographer who also published
"Great Filipinos in History" in 1970.
 Together with his daughter, they revised the
book in 1988 with the title "Rizal and Other
Great Filipinos“ featuring the Biographies of
forty heroes, foremost of which is Rizal.
The purpose of the revised book, as summed up by

Sonia Zaide was “to inspire the younger generations of
Filipinos to love and serve their country.”
Among the most known Biographies of Rizal include the

books of:
1. Austin Craig (1913)
-was an American historian born in Eddyton, New
York. Being one of the first biographers of the Philippine
national hero, José Rizal
2. Carlos Quirino (1940)

-was a Philippine biographer and historian and has the
distinction of having written one of the earliest
biographies of Jose Rizal.
3. Rafael Palma (1949)

-was a Filipino politician, Rizalian, writer, educator
and a famous Freemason.
4. Leon Ma. Guerrero (1963)

-León María Ignacio Agapito Guerrero y Francisco,
better known simply as Leon Ma. Guerrero III, was a
Filipino diplomat and novelist, and was one of the
foremost Filipino nationalists of his era.
5. Gregorio Zaide (1981)
-Gregorio F. Zaide was a Filipino historian, author and
politician from the town of Pagsanjan, Laguna in the
Philippines. A multi-awarded author, Zaide wrote 67
books and more than 500 articles about history, he is
known as the “Dean of Filipino Historiographers.”
6. Austin Coates (1992)

-Austin Coates was a British civil servant, writer and
traveller. He was the son of noted English composer Eric
Coates. Austin Coates wrote extensively on topics related
to the Asia-Pacific region, particularly Hong Kong and
Macau.
Conclusion
Historical Biographies, therefore, serve as means or tools to study the lives and experiences of
Filipinos, particularly of Philippine heroes from which one can learn and be inspired to
serve the country.
Chapter 16:
Biography and
National History
Part 2: Biography and National History
“Read a society through an
individual’s story”
—Ferraroti, 1983
In history, it is always important to connect the

individual’s life story with the historical
situation he/she was in.
● The date in which the person lived.

● The state of the surrounding.
● The cultural state.
Before Rizal was born
Industrial Revolution
Transition to new manufacturing
processes from hand to machines.
Industrial Revolution
In the arrival of the first Governor-General in the Philippines, the
state of the Galleon Trade was already dire. As the Spain sought
to find ways to fix this, the Industrial Revolution of Europe and
West countries became the silver lining.
This means an increased demands on the raw materials, which

made the Philippines main economy shifted to exportation of
Agricultural Products.
Before Rizal was born
American Revolution
Supplying the war.
American Revolution
Spain played a signal role in the American Revolution as a
supply source for munitions and other material for the
Americans. After 1779, Spain's military forces won
significant victories against Great Britain, thereby helping
to bring the war towards a conclusive defeat of the British.
Spain, along with her ally France, had been a traditional and
long-standing international rival of the British since the
beginnings of the colonial era.
The National
Hero
—Dr. Jose P. Rizal
1861 - 1896
What events shaped Rizal’s views and ideas?
• Opening of the Suez Canal and the

Philippines to free trade
Specific Episodes
Frailocracy Suez Canal

A type of governing that was created by the
Bringing the Spain and
Friars/ Prayle. They handle the Education and
Philippines closer. Western Ideas
the Religion of the country. They are also the
reach Philippines.
one implemented Polo y Servicio.
Opening of Suez Canal

The opening on November 17, 1869 of the Suez Canal in
Egypt, one of the most important artificial sea-level
waterways in the world, paved the way for the Philippines'
direct commercial relations with Spain instead of via
Mexico.
As travel time from the Philippines to Spain and vice versa

was shortened to 30 days from more than two months, this
positively affected the development of agricultural exports,
which brought economic prosperity to native indios or the
so-called "ilustrados" (Filipinos with money and
education).
• the liberal rule of Carlos Ma.

De la Torre
• the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 that resulted
in the execution of Gomburza
Specific Episodes
Carlos Maria de la Torre Cavite Mutiny of 1872

A liberalist Governor General who governed
Uprising of Filipino Military
Philippines and implement Liberal Reforms.
Personnel at Fort San Felipe that
leads to the Gomburza to be
accused.
Carlos Maria de la Torre

Spain has sent Carlos Maria dela Torre to serve as governor-
general. He was a Spanish liberal thought. He served from 1869 to
1871 and during this period, he felt prompted Filipino’s to discuss
the problems of the country so that they could be fixed.
He removed the guards from the palace and 'censorship', and he was
in touch with the crowd. He also established the Guardia Civil of
the Philippines and Secularizing Education System.
Cavite Mutiny of 1872

On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the
arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in
arms and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in
sight. This due to the dissatisfaction of soldiers and laborers to the
abolition of their privileges.
Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced

life imprisonment while members of the native friars headed by the
GOMBURZA were tried and executed by garrote.
El Filibusterismo was made as a dedication for the three martyrs.

• the founding of the

Propaganda
Movement in the
1880s
Conclusion
Rizal was born and grew up in a period of massive changes not just in Europe but also in Spain
and the Philippines.
In the field of history and social sciences, biography is best undestood with a contextual
backdrop. By looking at the individual and broader historical and social context, one can frame a
biography that is rooted in national history.

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Chapter 16

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Life and Works

● the first biographies focused on the lives of missionaries who

● A book about the lives of 400 Filipinos and their

The authors mentioned: D.H. Soriano and Isidro

 the National Historical Institute's

 The preface of the book was

The purpose of the revised book, as summed up by

Among the most known Biographies of Rizal include the

2. Carlos Quirino (1940)

3. Rafael Palma (1949)

4. Leon Ma. Guerrero (1963)

6. Austin Coates (1992)

In history, it is always important to connect the

● The date in which the person lived.

This means an increased demands on the raw materials, which

• Opening of the Suez Canal and the

Frailocracy Suez Canal

Opening of Suez Canal

As travel time from the Philippines to Spain and vice versa

• the liberal rule of Carlos Ma.

Carlos Maria de la Torre Cavite Mutiny of 1872

Carlos Maria de la Torre

Cavite Mutiny of 1872

Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced

El Filibusterismo was made as a dedication for the three martyrs.

• the founding of the

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