Topic 2: RA 1425 and Who and What made Rizal our Foremost national hero.

RA 1425 – An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and
universities courses on the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other
purposes.
Objectives of RA 1425
1. Re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and
died.
2. Honoring them particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with
special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national
character.
3. Life works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, are constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of
the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be
suffused
Mandates of Rizal Law
1. Courses on the life, works and writing of Rizal, particularly his novel Noli me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges, and
universities, public or private.
2. Obligatory on all schools, colleges, and universities to keep their libraries an adequate
number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of Noli me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.
3. The board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the
principal Philippine dialects.

Who and What made Rizal our foremost National Hero and why? (By Esteban A. De Ocampo)
 The most prominent man of his own people but the greatest man the Malayan race has
produced
 Esteban A. De Ocampo is Jose Rizal’s best friend
What made Rizal our National Hero?

 Hero – According to Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English

Language
1. A prominent person or central personage taking an admiral part or any
remarkable action or event
 When the Noli me Tangere was published made a huge impact
 When Andres Bonifacio was able to read the Noli me Tangere, it ignited
his spirit to lead the revolution to separate against the frairers. He was
able to create KKK (Kataastaasan, Kagalannggan na Katipunan ng Anak ng
Bayan).
 Without Rizal writing the Noli me Tangere there will be no other
revolutionaries, no Andres Bonifacio, no Katipuneros and June 12, 1898.
Also, there will be no freedom, no holidays, and no free people. This
made Rizal as a prominent man
2. A person distinguished valor or enterprise in danger, fortitude in suffering.
 Rizal sacrificed himself.
3. A man honored after death by public worship because of exceptional service
to mankind.
Additional informations on “What made Rizal our National Hero”

 No single person or groups of person were responsible for making the Greatest
Malayan then number one hero of its people. It is:
o Rizal himself.
o His own people.
o The foreigners.

Why study Rizal?

1. Because it is mandated by Law (RA 1425)
 An act to include in the curricula of all public and private schools, colleges and
universities courses on the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his
novels Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and
distribution thereof, and for other purposes.
Reasons:
 To rededicate the lives of the youth to the ideals of freedom and nationalism, for which
our heroes lived and died.
 To pay tribute to our national hero for devoting his life and works in shaping the Filipino
character.
 To gain an inspiring source or patriotism through the study of Rizal’s life, works and
writings.
2. Because of the lessons contained within the course
 To recognize the importance of Rizal’s Ideals and teachings in relation to
present conditions and situations in the society.
 To encourage the application of such ideals in current social and personal
problems and issues.
 To develop an appreciation and deeper understanding of all Rizal fought
and died for.
 To foster the development of the Filipino Youth in all aspects of
Citizenship.
Topic 3.1: Rizal and his time: Prologue
Jose Rizal (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896)

 Rizal was born and grew up in 19th century, A period of massive changes in
Europe, Spain, and in the Philippines
 During this era, the glory of power and Spain had waned both in their colonies
and in the world
The Global context: The Three Great Revolutions
1. The Industrial Revolution – Economic revolution which started the invention of steam
engine and resulted to the use of machinery in the manufacturing sector in the cities of
Europe.
2. The French Revolution – The French Revolution started a political revolution in Europe
and in some parts of the world.
3. The American Revolution – In this period the colonies first rejected the authority British
Parliament to govern without representation, and formed self-governing independent
states.
The Rise of Social Sciences: Period of Enlightenment – Reliance on human reason rather on
faith and religion.
The Opening of Suez Canal – The distance of travel between Europe and the Philippines was
significantly shortened and brought the country closer to Spain.
What were the effects of the development or modernization at the turn of the 21 st Century?
 February 19, 1861 – the liberal Czar Alexander II issued a proclamation emancipating
22,500,000 serfs to appease the rising discontent of the Russian masses.
 June 19, 1861 – The birth of Rizal, the American Civil war was raging furiously in the
United States on the negro slavery.
 April 12, 1861 – The negro slavery in the United states Erupted.
 September 22, 1863 – President Lincoln issued his famous Emancipation proclamation.
 June 1, 1861 – Benito Suarez, a full blooded Zapotec Indian was elected in the President
of Mexico
 June 12, 1864 – Emperor Napoleon III of the Second French Empire with his imperialistic
desire to secure a colonial stake in Latin America invaded and conquered Mexico. He
installed Archduke Maximillian of Austria as puppet Emperor of Mexico.
The times of Rizal saw the Flowering of Western Imperialism
England
 Emerged as the world’s leading imperialist power
 People asserted that “Britannia Rules the Waves”
 Won in the first Opium war (1840-1842) against Chinese Empire under the
Manchu Dynasty
 Acquired the island of Hong Kong
 Won again in the Second Opium War (1856-1860) and forced Manchu Dynasty
to cede Kowloon Peninsula
Spain
 Spain who was once upon a time the “Mistress of the World”, was stagnating as
a world power
 Lost her rich colonies in Latin America (Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and
Ecuador, Costa Rica, Honduras, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua,
Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, and Uruguay.
 Colonies that remained under her rule was Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Philippines.
 The reason why Spain lost their rich colonies because Spain has a lot of issues
like political, economic, and so many things that lead to injustices.
The Philippines of Rizal’s Time
Evils of Spain in the Philippines
1. Instability of The Colonial Administration – 4 constitutions, 529 ministers, 28
parliamentarians and a lot of revolutions. The Government of Spain in the
Philippines is unstable, they are not functioning well.
2. Corrupt Colonial Officials
3. No representation in the Spanish Cortes – No one will voice out our concerns in our
country
4. Human Rights denied to Filipinos
5. No equality before the Law – Racism
6. Maladministration of Justice
7. Frailocracy - is a form of government in which the friars are the rulers. The priests
during the Spanish colonial period were so powerful that they practically ruled the
Philippine Islands. The Spanish term can be transliterated into Tagalog as
praylokrasya.
8. Forced Labor (Polo y servicio) – is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from
16-60 years of age who were obligated to give personal services to community
projects. One could be exempted from Polo by paying the Falla, a daily fine of one
and a half real. In 1884, labor was reduced to 15 days. The polo system was
patterned after the Mexican repartimento, selection for forced labor.
 9. Guardia Civil – One of the frightening experiences of Rizal and his family. They are
policemen in Spaniards in their time. Indios (Before we were called as Filipinos) were
instructed that whenever they see Guardia Civil, they must bow their heads and
show respect to them. Once you will not respect them, they will punish you.
10. Hacienda owned by Frairs – owned a lot of lands in the Philippines and rent it to the
Principals (high and middle class).
Question: When did the Filipinos begin to think of themselves as Filipinos and not simply as
Tagalogs, Ilokanos or Visayans?
- “We were called Indios not Filipinos in the past” Jose Rizal did was
Patriotism and Heroism in order to achieve the Filipino term by Rizal,
Filipino was not given to us but earned by the Heroism of Rizal in
order to be free from the Colonization of the Spaniards.
Souce: Joann May.
Topic 3.2: Advent of a National Hero
Zaide describe Rizal as: poet, dramatist, essayist, magician, folklorist, novelist,
historian, architect, painter, sculptor, surveyor, grammarian, philosopher, traveller,
educator, linguist, grammarian, prophet, and above anything else Zaide was able to
describe Rizal as Hero and Political Martyr.
Rizal was born on Moonlit night of Wednesday it was June 19, 1861. Born in Lakeshore
town of Calamba, Laguna, Philippines.
His mother almost died during delivery because “medyo Malaki ulo niya”. Rizal is Big
head because he might be intelligent person as he grow up.
During baptism of Rizal, Fr. Rufino Collantes said something “Take good care of this
child, for he will become a great man”.
Why Donya Teodora chose “Jose” name?
o Chosen by his mother who was a devotee for the Christian saint “San Jose” or “Saint
Joseph”.
Complete name of Rizal – Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
Rizal’s Parents
 Francisco Mercado Rizal
 Born in Binan, Laguna on May 11, 1818.
 Tenant of the Dominican-owned Hacienda
 Independent-minded man
 Talked less and worked more
 Rizal affectionally call him “a model of fathers”
 Teodora Alonzo
 Educated at the College of Santa Rosa
 Possessed refined culture, literary talent, business ability, and a fortitude of a
Spartan women
 Rizal said that “My mother is a woman of more than ordinary culture; she knows
literature and speaks Spanish better than I. She corrected my poems and gave
me good advise when I was studying rhetoric”.
 A worthy mother of a national hero
 According to Rizal “My family has never been patriotic for money. If the government
has plenty of funds and does not know what to do with them, better reduce the taxes”.
The Rizal Children - There are only two boys in their family. All in all, Rizal has 11 siblings.
1. Saturnina (1850-1913) – the oldest of Rizal children, nicknamed Neneng. She is married
Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan, Batangas.
 2. Paciano (1851-1930) – older brother and confidant of Jose Rizal. After his younger
brother’s execution, he joined the Philippines Revolution and became a combat general;
after the revolution, he retired to his farm in Los Baños, where he lived as a gentleman
farmer and died in April 13,1930 an old bachelor aged of aged 79. He had two children
by his mistress (Severina Deccena) – a boy and a girl
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) – her pet name was Sisa and he was married to Antonio Lopez
(nephew of Father Leoncio Lopez) a school teacher in Morong.
4. Olimpia (1855-1877) – Ypia was he pet name. She is married to Silvestre Ubaldo, a
telegraph operator from Manila.
5. Lucia (1857-1919) – She married Mariano Herbosa of Calamba, who was a nephew of
Father Casanas, Herbosa died of Cholera and was denied Christian burial because he
was a brother-in-law of Dr. Rizal
6. Maria (1859-1945) – Biang was her nickname; she is married to Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna.
7. Jose (1861-1896) – the greatest Filipino hero and peerless genius; his nickname was
Pepe; during his exile in Dapitan, he lived with Josephine Bracken, Irish girl from Hong
Kong; he had a son by her, but his baby-boy died a few hours after his birth; Rizal named
him “Francisco” after his father buried him in Dapitan.
8. Conception (1862-1865) – her pet name was Concha; she died of sickness at the age of
3; her death was Rizal’s first sorrow in his life.
9. Josefa (1865-1945) – her pet name was Panggoy; she died an old maid at the age of 80.
10. Trinidad (1868-1951) – Trining was her pet name; she died also an old maid in 1951 at
the age of 83
11. Soledad (1870-1929) – youngest of Rizal children; her pet name was Choleng; she
married Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba.

Rizal Sisters
 Affectionate relationship
 He used to play games with them
 Respects his sisters
 Called them Dona (if married) or Senora (if single)
Paciano (Rizal’s Kuya)
 10 years older than Rizal
 Rizal regarded him as his second father
 “He is much finer and more serious than I am; he is bigger and more slim; he is
not so dark; his nose is fine, beautiful, and sharp; but he is bow-legged”
Rizal Ancestry
 Mixture of races: Malay, Japanese, Chinese, Indonesian, Negrito and Spanish.
The surname of “Rizal”
 Real Surname – Mercado (Only Jose used the surname Rizal)
 The connection on why “Rizal” is his surname because it was given by Spanish Alcalde
Mayor (Provincial Governor) of Laguna, a family friend.
 Rizal in Spanish means “A field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts again”.
The Rizal home
If you have this type of house in the Spanish
colonial Era then the family considered as
Middle-class or Principalia
Two-storey building
Rectangular
Roofed with red tiles
Hard wood
Adobe Stones
“Such as a wholesome home, naturally, bred a
wholesome family.”

What made them a good and middle class family?

 Evidence of their affluence (What they have owned)

1. Farm
2. Able to raise live stocks
3. Small flour mill
4. Home-made ham press
5. General good store
6. Large stone house
7. Kalesa
8. Library
9. Sent their children to colleges in Manila
Home life of the Rizals

 Simple, contented, and happy live

 Intimately close
 Love their children but they never spoil them
 Prayed daily at home
 Given ample time to play
 MAXIM: “Spare the rod and spoil the child”
Childhood years in Calamba
Earliest childhood years in Calamba
 Happy days in the Family garden – because he is frail, sickly, and undersized. His
father builds a nipa cottage in the garden. The purpose of it was he will be able
to play in daytime.
 Kind old Aya – She looks after him. Relayed to him many stories about fairies and
tales. Aroused Rizal’s enduring interest in legends and folklores.
 Nocturnal walk in town – especially when there is a moon. Rizal wrote “Thus my
heart fed on sombre and melancholic thoughts so that even while still a child, I
already wandered on wings of fantasy in the high regions of the unknown.”
 Daily Angelus Prayer – Everyday, his mother gathered all children at the house to
pray the Angelus.
 Happy Moonlight Night at the Azotea – Azotea means a flat roof on the top of a
house or other building.
Rizal’s First sorrow
 Death of Concha.
His other talents
 Devoted son of the church
 Sketches with his pencil
 Molding using clay and wax
 Boy magician
Influences in his childhood
1. Hereditary Influence
Malayan
 Dove for freedom
 Desire to travel
 Courage
Chinese
 Serious nature
 Frugality
 Patience
 Love for children
Spanish
 Elegance of bearing
 Sensitivity to insult
 Gallantry to ladies
Father
 Self-respect
 Love for work
 Independence thinking
Mother
 Religious nature
 Self-sacrifice
 Arts and Literature
2. Environmental Influence
Places
Associates
Events
3. Aid of Divine Providence

Topic 3.3: Rizal’s Education in Biñan, Ateneo and UST

Rizal’s First Teacher
 Doña Teodora was Jose’s first non-formal teacher. On her lap, Jose learned prayers and
the alphabet at the age of 3
Private Tutors of Rizal
 Maestro Celestino was Jose’s first private tutor.
 Maestro Lucas Padua was the second private tutor.
 Maestro Leon Monroy became the hero’s tutor in Spanish and Latin. He was the
classmate of Don Francsisco
Uncles of Rizal
 Uncle Jose Alberto gave wise directions in the studies of Jose.
 Uncle Gregorio instilled into the mind of Jose the love for education.
 “Work hard and perform every task very carefully; learn to be swift as well as thorough;
be independent in thinking; and make visual pictures of everything” – Uncle Gregorio
 Uncle Manuel Alberto seeing Jose was frail in nature, concerned with the development
of his nephew. He also taught Jose the love for open air and admiration for the beauty
of nature.
Jose goes to Biñan
 Don Leon died five months later and Jose was sent to a private school in Biñan.
 June 1869 – Jose goes to Biñan with Paciano
 Carromata – mode of transportation
 Aun’t house – where Jose lodged
First day in School
 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – Formal teacher
 Rizal described his teacher as tall, thin, long-necked, sharp-nosed, with a body
slightly bent forward
 The school was in Maestro Justiniano’s house
First school brawl
 Pedro (teacher’s son) – Wrestling
 Andres Salandanan – Arm Wrestling
Painting lessons in Biñan
 Old Juancho – freely gave Jose painting lessons
 Rizal and his classmate Jose Guevarra became apprentices of Old Juancho
Daily life in Biñan
 Hears mass at 4am or studies lesson before going to mass.
 Goes to orchard to look for mabolo to eat
 Breakfast
 Goes to class at 10am
 Lunch break
 Goes back to school at 2pm
 Goes to home at 5pm
 Prays with cousins
 Studies lessons, then draws a little
 Has supper
 Prays again
Best student in his school
 Jose surpassed his classmates in Spanish, Latin, and other subjects
 His older classmates were jealous and squealed to the teacher whenever he had
fights.
 Jose usually received five or six blows while laid out on a bench
End in Biñan Schooling
 December 17, 1870 – Jose left in Biñan
 Talim – the streamer that Jose rode
 Arturo Camps – a Frenchman and a friend of Don Francisco, he took care of Jose
during the trip
Martyrdom of GOMBURZA
 January 20, 1872 – Cavite mutiny
 February 17, 1872 – Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were
implicated and executed.
 The GOMBURZA were leaders of the secularization movement.
 The martyrdom of the three priests inspired Rizal to fight the evils of Spanish tyranny
 In 1891, Rizal dedicated his second novel El Filibusterismo to GOMBURZA
Injustice to the Hero’s mother
 in 1872, Doña Teodora was arrested on a malicious charge that she aided his brother
Jose Albert in trying to poison his wife
 Jose Alberto planned to divorce his wife because of her infidelity
 50 kilometers – Doña Teodora was made to walk from Calamba to the provincial prison
in Santa Cruz
 Don Francisco de Marcaida & Don Manuel Mazano – most famous lawyers in Manila,
defended Doña Teodora on the court.
 After 2 and ½ years – the Royal Audencia acquitted Doña Teodora.
Chapter 4 : Scholastic Triumphs, Ateneo de Manila (1872-1877)
 4 months after the execution of GOMBURZA and with Doña Teodora still in prison, Jose
was sent to Manila. He studied in the Ateneo Municipal under the supervision of the
Spanish Jesuits. Bitter rival of the Dominican-owned College of San Juan de Letran.
 Former Escuela Pia (Charity School)
 Established by City Government in 1817 for poor boys in Manila
 1768 Jesuits expelled from Philippines
 Returned to manila in 1859
 Later became Ateneo de Manila
Rizal enters the Ateneo
 June 10, 1872 – entrance exam
 Father Magin Ferrando – College Registrar
 Manuel Xerez Burgos – nephew of Father Burgos
 He used “Rizal” instead the surname of Mercado
 Boarded in a house outside Intramuros, on Carabello Street.
 Titay (A spinster) – owned the boarding house, and owed the Rizal’s family the amount
of P300
Jesuit system of Education
 Promotes physical culture, humanities, and scientific studies
 Vocational courses on Agriculture, Commerce, Mechanics and Surveying
 Religiously operate the school – mass every morning and classes/subjects are open and
close with prayer
 Students were divided in to two: Roman Empire – Internos (Boarders) and Carthaginian
Empire – Externos (Non-Boarders)
Each empire has its ranks
 Best student- emperors
 2nd best – tribune
 3rd best – decurion
 4th best – centurion
 5th best – standard bearer
 Student could challenge any officers in his “Empire” to answer questions on the day’s
lesson
 Failure to answer correctly (3) times an officer could lose his position.
Rizal’s First year in Ateneo (1872-1873)
 June 1872, first class of Ateneo
 Fr. Jose Bech, first professor of Rizal
 He was an Externo and was assigned to Carthaginians
 At the end of the month he became “Emperor”
 He was the brightest pupil in the whole class
 He took private lessons in Santa Isabel College and paid three pesos for extra Spanish
lessons
 He placed seconds at the end of the year although his grades marked “excellent”
Summer Vacation (1873)
 March 1873, Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation. His sister Neneng
(Saturnina) brought him to Tanawan to cheer him up. He visited his mother in prison at
Santa Cruz without telling his father. After the vacation, he returned to Manila for his 2 nd
year tem in Ateneo. He boarded inside Intrauros at No. 6 Magllanes Street.
 Dona Pepay was his landlady, an old widow with a widowed daughter and 4 sons.
Second year in Ateno (1873- 1874)
 He repented having neglected his studies the previous year because he was offended by
the Teacher’s remarks.
 Rizal studied harder and once more he became an “Emperor” after losing his class
leadership
 He had 3 classmates from Biñan who had also been his classmates in the school of
Maestro Justiniano
 At the end of the school year, he received excellent grades in all subjects and a gold
medal
Teenage interest in Reading (1874-1875)
 During the summer vacation in Calamba 1874
 1st favorite novel of Rizal was the “The Count of Monte Cristo” by Alexander Dumas
 A voracious reader
 Cesar Cantu’s historical work entitle “Universal History”
 “Travels in the Philippines” by Dr. Feodor Jagor, German scientist-traveler (1859-1860)
Third year in Ateneo
 Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother was released from prison
 In the previous years, Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies
 He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his spoken was not fluently sonorous
 March 1875, Rizal returned to Calamba for summer vacation
Fourth year in Ateneo (1875-1876)
 June 16,1875
 He became an interno in Ateneo
 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez inspired him to study harder and write poetry. “model of
uprightness, earnestness and love for advancement of his pupils”
 Rizal won five medals
Fifth year in Ateneo (1876-1877)
 June 1876, last year of Rizal in Ateneo
 He was truly “the pride of the Jesuits”
 Obtained highest grades in all subjects
Graduation with Highest Honors
 “Excellent” scholastic records from 1872 to 1877
 March 23, 1877, Commencement Day
 Received the degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest honors
Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo
 Became “Emperor” in the classroom and campus leader outside
 Secretary of the Marian Congregation
 Member of Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy of Natural Sciences
 Studied painting under the famous Spanish painter Agustin Saez
 Sculpture under Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor
 Engaged in gymnastics and fencing
 Father Jose Vilaclara advised him to stop communing with the muses and pay more
attention to practical studies such as philosophy and natural science
Sculptural Works in Ateneo
 Carved an image of “The Virgin Mary” on a piece of “batikuling” (Philippine hardwood)
 Father Lleonart requested him to carve an image of the Sacred heart of Jesus
 The old Jesuit forgot to take the image with him to Spain
 Ateneo boarding students placed the image on the door of the dormitory and remain
there for many years
First Romance of Rizal
 16 years old, experienced his first romance
 Segunda Katigbak, a pretty 14-year-old Batangueña from Lipa
 Sister of his friend Mariano Katigbak
 His sister Olimpia was a close friend of Segunda in La Concordia College
Studies in UST
 Rizal had to go the University of Santo Tomas for higher studies
 The Bachelor of Arts course.
 Don Francisco and Paciano – who wanted Jose to pursue higher learning in the
University
 Mother’s opposition to higher Education
Rizal enters the University
 April 1877 – Rizal who was then nearly 16 years old, matriculated in the University of
Santo Tomas, taking the course of Philosophy and Letters. There are two reasons why
Rizal enrolled on that course 1. His father liked it and 2. He was “still uncertain as to
what career to pursue”.
 Fr. Pablo Ramon – Rector of the Ateneo, who have been good to him during his student
days in that college, asking for advice on the choice of the career
 1877-1878 – Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, Theodicy, and History of Philosophy
in the University of Santo Tomas during his first-year term.
 1878-1879 – Rizal took up the medical course
 Finished surveying course in Ateneo (1878)
 1877-1878 – Rizal took the vocational course leading to the title of perito agrimensor
(expert surveyor)
 November 25, 1881 – At the age of 17, Rizal passed his final examination in the
surveying courses.
 Dominicans – Who loves and inspires Rizal to ascend to greater heights of knowledge.
  Leonor “Orang” Valenzuela – Rizal met her when he was a sophomore student at the
UST. She was a charming Manila girl who was living next door to Rizal’s boarding house.
And their romances lasted in 1 year
The charming daughter of Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela
Tall girl with a regal bearing
Rizal sent Leonor a love notes written in invisible ink
Sweetheart of Rizal
 Leonor Rivera – the beautiful daughter of his landlord Antonio Rivera
Rizal feel inlove with Leonor
Tender romances lasted 11 years (1879-1890)
 Additional infos:
Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) – Poem entitled by Rizal. The
price winning poem
1879 – Liceo Artistic – Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila held
the literary contest.
Victims of Spanish officer’s Brutality
 Rizal was a freshman medical student at the UST when he experiences Spanish brutality.
 General Primo de Rivera – Spanish governor general of the Philippines
 March 21, 1887 – a letter to Bluementritt
Rizal’s visit to Pakil and Pagsanjan
 Rizal still study in UST
 Vicenta Ybardoloza – who skillfully played the harp at the Regalado home
 Noli me Tangere
Rizal was unhappy at the UST
 The Dominican professors where hostile to him
 The Filipino students racially
 The Filipino students against by experience
 The method of instruction
 El Filibusterismo
Decision to Study in Abroad
 Rizal decided to study in Spain