PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES ON THE READINGS ABOUT PHILIPPINES HISTORY

Library of Congress Federal Research Division country profile: Philippines

External criticism: Primary Source source the article is the original online copy of the Library of
Congress report.
Internal criticism: Secondary source the article is the generalized and summarised copy of reports on
laws from around the world, legal research guides, and digitized collections from the Law Library of
Congress.
Remembering our past by Jommel P. Tactaquin
External criticism: Secondary source the article is presented using powerpoint which is not authentic or
can be used as a primary source
Internal criticism: Secondary source the information in the article is the analysis of the author
(jmdacatimbang) and the author uses primary sources as references
Kasaysayan The Story of the Philippine people:A timeline of Philippine history by Henry S. Totanes:
External criticism: Secondary source because it was just part of the book of Henry S. Totanes
Internal criticism: Secondary source because it contains the original content of the book but the
published book is a secondary source.
Referrences
PRIMARY SOURCES
“El Filibusterismo and Noli mi Tangere"
La Solidaridad
Arnaldo Dumindin, Spanish-American War http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com
Retaking the Philippines: America's Return to Corregidor and Bataan, October 1944-March 1945
SECONDARY SOURCES

Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan (Zweig, Stefan)

Over The Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe. -Bergreen, Lawrence
(October 14, 2003)
Introduction to Filipino History. Garotech Publishing, and David Hawthorne (1964).-Agoncillo, Teodoro
(2006)
The Discovery and Conquest of the Philippines 1521-1581, 1983- Noone, Martín J.
History of the Philippine Islands. Volume 1 and 2. The Project Gutenberg, or go to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Lopez_de_Legazpi - De Morga , Antonio. (2004)
Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763. Harper, Collins -Kamen, Henry (2004)
FILIPINOS: Forgotten Asian Americans by Fred Cordova
Manila Ransomed: The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Year War, University of Exeter Press-
Tracy, Nicholas (1995),
https://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/28063.html
The Propaganda Movement, 1880-1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, The Making of the
Revolution
Cristobal, Adrian (2005) [1997],The Tragedy of the Revolution,University of the Philippines Press
Zaide, Gregorio F. (2003) Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist and
National Hero. Manila: National Bookstore.
In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines Reissue Edition
The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All Nations Publishing Co. By Zaide, Sonia M. (1994),
Warrior as wordsmith- Douglas MacArthur
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military
In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., -Karnow,
Stanley.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomasites
Keats J. 1990. They Fought Alone. Time Life

Major Historical Events in the Philippines: How it Cultivate our Society Today.
A Nation’s history is the mirrored image of its today’s culture, beliefs, and values which
consequently omits the importance of understanding one's history to apprehend the Nation’s identity
and the way it shaped us today.
The Philippines, as one of the smallest countries in Asia, is undeniably wealthy in historic events
which might be well worth spreading from a generation to another. From the discovery of the
Philippines by Magellan, which give birth to our Christianity and impact our culture and beliefs, the
Battle of Mactan, displays each Filipino's faith and perseverance to our country, and on December
1941, Japan invaded the Philippines and this was followed by the Spanish and American colonization
to our country that brought trauma and cruelty to our countrymen’s life but through the fierce and
burning passion of our ancestors to the country, we claim independence today.
The major event within the Philippines History that we would like to highlight is the Marcos Era
because of its relevance on today’s notion that brought confusion to many of us and divides our political
opinion of which sentiments give off the true happenings from history. As the election for the next
presidency occur, and another Marcos would like to rule the nation, knowledge from the past have been
subjected to queries and people tend to seek reliable sources of information as the fickleness of minds
that may willfully tamper data to suit prejudices and whitewash personal responsibility in the
deconstruction and revision of what may be a notorious past. Young generations, who did not directly
experience the horrors of martial law played out in reality, are more open for discussion to historical
revisionism of Ferdinand Marcos 14 years dictatorship but this may seem taboo to the people who
primarily experience those tremulous times. the historian Carl L. Becker said that “Every generation
writes its history… we build our conceptions of history partly out of our present needs and purposes…”
(1955). Hence, while the older generation focuses on upholding the truth as what they see it, the
younger generations are focusing on establishing their way of truth that varies from what they presently
and purposely need.
As part of this young generation, we can not seem to claim a stand for what action may be relevant
to clear this part of our history but as we put it in generalization, what matters today is we need to open
our minds and heart to any discussion with regards this matter to improve the oppose of cultivation of
ignorance. Being mindful of what is happening around us may lead to a greater good for our country. In
the midst of this crisis and our country put on a pedestal of over-indebtedness, may we be guided
accordingly on who is capable of ruling us and clearing the anomaly in our governance. May we set
more prominent standard on picking who to ellect on this coming political election as we,are part of
Philippines country, have the more noteworthy obligation of choosing mindful forerunners in our nation
to correct the conduct of the past and set up worth engendering history to our next ages.

TIMELINE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1500 - Islam had been established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao.

1521 - Ferdinand Magellan landed in the Philippines during his circumnavigation of the globe.

1565 - Islam reach Manila and the fist permanent settlement of spanish in Cebu.

1571 - Spanish move their capital to Manila and They named their new colony in
in honor of King Felipe II of Spain.

1756 -1763 British East India Company forces captured Manila.

1785 - Royal Company of the Philippines was founded.

1815 - The galleon trade ended.

1834 - The Royal Company of the Philippines was abolished and the free trade was formally
recognized. Manila also became an open port for Asian, European, and North American traders.

1873 - additional ports were opened for foreign trade and at the end of the 19th century in , three
crops (tobacco, abaca, and sugar) dominated Philippine exports.

1892 - Rizal's books were banned and he lived in self-imposed exile. Rizal returned from abroad in
1892 in to form the Philippine League, a nonviolent national political organization, but he was arrested
and exiled and the league was disbanded.

1896 - The year that Katipunan rebelled against Spain. Although Rizal, who returned to the
Philippines in , was not a member of the Katipunan, he was arrested on December 30, 1896 for his
alleged role in the rebellion and executed in.
 1897 - Spanish troops defeated the insurgents, and Aguinaldo and their government were exiled in
December 1897 in Hong Kong.

1898 - Spanish-American war broke out. June 12, 1898 Aguinaldo declared the independence of
the Philippines.

1899 - A revolutionary congress convened in Malolos, north of Manila, promulgated a constitution

on January 21, 1899 and inaugurated Aguinaldo two days later as president of the Philippines.
1901 - Aguinaldo had been captured and his forces defeated.

1905 - Federalista Party was renamed the National Progressive Party and took up a platform of
independence.

1907 -The Nacionalista Party was formed and dominated Philippine politics until after World War II.

1934 - The country’s first constitution was framed in 1934

1935 - Manuel Quezon was elected president of the commonwealth.

1941 - Japan attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941 and occupied Manila on January 2,
1942. Tokyo established a supposedly independent republic, opposed by underground and guerrilla
activities that eventually took large-scale proportions.

1945 - Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945.

1946 - Independence from the United States came on July 4, 1946, and Roxas was sworn in as its
first president.

1947 - 1950 The United States continued to provide military aid, training, and equipment until
March 1947. As the Huk guerrillas rose up again, this time against the new government, such
assistance was timely.They changed their name to the People's Liberation Army (Hukbong
Mapagpalaya ng Bayan) and demanded that the government release them. Participation in politics,
disbandment of the military police, and a general amnesty are all on the table. Negotiations after the
coup failed, a communist-backed uprising began in 1950. The goal was to overthrow the government.

1965 - Ferdinand Marcos was elected as a President.

1967 - The Philippines became a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN).

1972 - Marcos declared martial law.

1979 - The US reaffirmed Philippine sovereignty over US military bases and continued to support
the Marcos regime militarily and economically.

1983 - Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. was assassinated at Manila International Airport.

1998 - Joseph Estrada was elected as a President.

1943 - The Second Philippine Republic, otherwise known as the “Puppet Government” was
established in October 14, 1943 under Japanese occupation
 2000 - Senate investigators accused Estrada of having accepted bribes from illegal gambling
businesses. Estrada was forced out of office on January 20, 2001.

2004 - Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was elected as a President.

2010 - Benigno S. Aquino III is inaugurated as the 15th President of the Philippines at the Quirino
Grandstand.

2016 - The first Mindanao President, former Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Roa Duterte takes over as
President.

2017 - President Duterte declared martial law in Mindanao Island in response to the ISIS-affiliated
Maute group's rebellion in Marawi City.

2020 - many parts of the country have been shut down at various levels due to the Corona virus
(COVID19), pushing Asia's fastest growing economy into recession.