What is HISTORY?
 History is the study of the beliefs and desires,
practices, and institutions of human beings.
 “The English word HISTORY is derived from the
Greek noun istoia, meaning learning. As used by
the Greek philosopher Aristotle, history meant a
systematic account of a set of natural
phenomena, whether or not chronological
factoring was a factor in the account. By its most
common definition, the word history now means,
“the past of mankind.”
Relevance and Importance of History
1. History Helps Us Understand People and Societies
2. History Helps Us Understand Change and How
the Society We Live in Came to Be
3. The Importance of History in Our Own Lives
a. History Contributes to Moral Understanding
b. History Provides Identity
c. Studying History Is Essential for Good
Citizenship
GREAT MEN
“If history repeats itself, and the unexpected always
happens, how incapable must Man be of learning
from experience.”
-George Bernard Shaw
“We are not makers of History. We are made by
History.”
-Martin Luther King, Jr
“History does not repeat itself, but it does rhyme.”
-Mark Twain
“History repeats itself, but in such cunning disguise
that we never detect the resemblance until the
damage is done.”
-Sydney J. Harries
“Live as you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you
were to live forever.”
-Mahatma Gandhi
“The more you know about the past, the better
prepared you are for the future.”
-Theodore Roosevelt
“No great man lives in vain. The history of the world
is but the biography of great men.”
-Thomas Carlyle
Primary sources
 are documents created by individuals or groups
who were directly involved in the event or issue
under investigation. These individuals are either
participants in the incident or eyewitnesses to it.
Eyewitness reports, diaries, letters, legal papers,
official documents (government or private), and
even pictures are among the sources.
Examples of Primary Sources
1. Photographs that may represent historical and
contemporary social circumstances.
2. Old sketches and drawings that may depict the living
circumstances of bygone cultures
3. Old maps that show how space and geography were
employed to emphasize trade routes, structural
development, and other things.
4. Cartoons for political or propagandist purposes
5. Prehistoric material evidence such as cave paintings,
archaic syllabaries, and ancient texts
6. Tables, graphs, and charts with statistical data
7. .Oral history or electronic recordings of eyewitness or
participant stories, which were subsequently transcribed
and utilized for study.
Secondary Sources
Secondary sources, according to Gottschalk, are
"testimony of anybody who is not an eyewitness—that is,
of someone who was not there at the incident of which
he relates." This category includes books, essays, and
scholarly publications that have interpreted primary
sources or utilised them to address certain historical
topics.
Examples of secondary sources
1. Bibliographies
2. Nonfiction works like biographies
3. Periodicals
4. Newspapers
5. Magazines
6. Journals
7. History books
8. Critical and interpretative works
9. Commentaries and treaties
10. Textbooks
11. Video documentaries
12. Multimedia reports
Types of Primary Sources
1. Published Documents. Some primary sources are
documents that have been published. They were made
for a big audience and widely disseminated. Books,
periodicals, newspapers, government documents, non-
government reports, and other types of literature, as well
as ads, maps, pamphlets, posters, legislation, and court
rulings, are all examples of published documents (Pappas,
2012).
2. Unpublished Documents. Unpublished records of all
kinds have been preserved and can be used as primary
sources. They include personal letters, diaries, journals,
wills, deeds, family Bibles with family histories, school
report cards, and a range of other materials. Unpublished
corporate papers that give insight into the past include
correspondence, financial ledgers, client information,
board meeting minutes, and research and development
files (Pappas, 2012).
3. Oral Traditions/Oral Histories. Oral histories and oral
traditions are another approach to learn about the past
from those who lived through historical events directly.
Oral histories, which consist of spoken words, have
recently acquired prominence as primary sources.
Historians and others learn about regular people's lives
through listening to oral stories and narratives. Oral
histories give valuable historical facts about people,
particularly minority groups, who were either omitted
from mainstream media or did not leave written primary
materials behind (Pappas, 2012).
4. Visual Documents and Artifacts. Photographs, videos,
paintings, and other kinds of artwork are examples of
visual documentation. Visual documents can give proof of
changes throughout time since they capture moments in
time. Visual records chronicle a culture's conventions,
tastes, styles, special events, work, and leisure at certain
times in history (Pappas, 2012).
Antonio Pigafetta
 an Italian scholar and adventurer from the
Republic of Venice who lived from 1491 until
1531.
 On the command of King Charles I of Spain, he
joined the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan and his crew on their trip to the Indies.
 During the voyage, he aided Magellan and wrote
a detailed record, which subsequently helped him
translate Cebuano, one of the Philippine
languages. It's the first time this language has
been documented.
 Pigafetta was from a wealthy Vicenza family. He
studied astronomy, geography, and mapping
throughout his adolescence.
 The Knights of Rhodes' ships during the start of
the 16th century. He traveled to Spain with the
papal nuncio, Monsignor Chieregati, until 1519.
 Pigafetta was one of 18 soldiers who returned to
Spain in 1522, out of a total of 240 who had left
three years before. After Magellan's death in the
Philippines during the trip in 1521, Juan Sebastián
Elcano took over as captain and completed the
first circumnavigation of the globe. Much of what
we know about Magellan and Elcano's expedition
comes from Pigafetta's preserved notebook
The age of Exploration
 From the end of the 15th century to the
beginning of the 18th century, the Age of
Discovery or the Age of Exploration was a loosely
defined European historical period during which
widespread foreign exploration developed as a
strong force in European culture and the
beginning of globalization. It also marks the
beginning of the age of extensive colonialism and
mercantilism in Europe.
 The Age of Discovery saw the entrance of
invaders from previously undiscovered
continents, according to many non-Europeans
 One of the advantages that the Europeans
acquired from the Crusades was the discovery of
items that were not accessible in their own
countries.
 The Silk Road or the Arabian-Italian trade route
were both used to bring Asian commodities to
Europe.
 Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal
established a nautical school to teach sailors who
would eventually find an eastern sea passage
between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean
to the Spice Islands (modern-day Mollucas
Islands) and other Southeast Asian islands.
The Content of the Journal
 Ferdinand Magellan's trip around the world in
1519-22 is chronicled in this manuscript book,
which dates from approximately 1525.
 The book is credited to Antonio Pigafetta, a
Venetian scholar who accompanied Magellan on
his journey and was born in Vincenza, Italy, about
1490.
  Pigafetta kept a thorough journal, which has since
been lost. However, four manuscript versions of
Pigafetta's narrative of the journey, written
between 1522 and 1525, survive: one in Italian
and three in French.
 This French edition, from Yale University's
collection, is the most complete and beautifully
crafted of the four surviving manuscripts.
 There are 23 maps in all, all of them are
wonderfully made and lighted.
 Pigafetta also created 23 hand-drawn color maps,
one for each text. Pigafetta's map of the Magellan
Strait, as published in Carlo Amoretti's 1800
publication of the sole Pigafetta manuscript in
Italian.
 Amoretti (1741–1816), an Italian priest, writer,
scholar, and scientist, found the book, which had
been assumed to be lost, while working as a
conservator at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in
Milan.
PLASENCIA’S ACCOUNT ON THE CUSTOMS OF THE
TAGALOG
The "Relacion de las Costumbres of Los
Tagalos" discusses Tagalog governance, justice
administration, slavery, inheritance, social structure,
and weddings. It discusses the barangay, which consists
of one hundred houses and is governed by a datu or
maginoo; the people, who are divided into three social
classes: maharlica (nobility and freemen), aliping
namamahay (commoners), and aliping sa guiguilir
(slaves); property ownership; natural and adopted
children; marriage; and crimes and punishment. It also
discusses how these social classes are related and
where they came from. As a result, it specifies three
ways in which a man might behave. As a result, it
specifies three ways in which a man might become a
slave: birth, debt, and military imprisonment. It also
talks about the monarch and his responsibilities to his
subjects.
Juan de Plasencia
 Juan de Plasencia (Spanish pronunciation: Juan de
Plasencia) was a Franciscan friar from Spain. He
spent the most of his missionary life in the
Philippines, where he built many cities in Luzon
and wrote various theological and linguistic
works, including the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian
Doctrine), the Philippines' first book ever printed.
 Juan de Plasencia was born in Plasencia,
Extremadura, Spain, in the early 16th century as
Juan Portocarrero. He was one of Pedro
Portocarrero's seven children, the captain of a
Spanish schooner.
 Juan de Plasencia grew up during the Siglo de
Oro, a Golden Age in which the arts and literature
flourished across Spain, including his home
Extremadura. The "Relacion de las Costumbres de
Los Tagalos" is another work ascribed to him
(1589).
Background of His Time
 After a stay in Mexico, he is thought to have
landed in the Philippines in 1578.
 He teamed up with another missionary, Fray
Diego de Oropesa, and began preaching in
Laguna de Bay and Tayabas, Quezon, in
Quezon Province, where he built numerous
settlements, as soon as he arrived.
 The colonial administration struggled to
administer local politics throughout the first
century of Spanish rule due to the small
number of Spaniards who preferred to reside
outside of Intramuros. As a result of this
scenario, Spanish officials agreed to allow
Filipinos to serve as gobernadorcillo.
 This type of work may be seen in Plasencia's
Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalogs
(1589). It offers a wealth of data that
historians may utilize to piece together the
Tagalog region's political and socio-cultural
past. Because he saw the events firsthand
and recorded his views, his work is a primary
source.
About the Book
o The original Tagalog Customs document
is presently housed at Seville, Spain's
Archivo General de Indias (A.G.I.). The
Archivo Franciscano Ibero-Oriental
(A.F.I.O.) in Madrid, Spain, has a duplicate
copy. Blair and Robertson's The Philippine
Islands, Volume VII, included an English
translation. Another English translation
appeared in the second series of the
Filipiniana Book Guild's book on
precolonial Philippines.
o The earliest copy of this work may be
found in Autos de buen gobierno prove
dos por la Audiencia de Filipinas, unos de
 oficio y otros a peticion del Fiscal (desde
el 8 de Junio de 1598 al 13 Julio de 1599).
The Relacion, unquestionably Plasencia's
most important work, was frequently
quoted, cited, and even copied in its
entirety by later authors such as La Llave,
San Antonio, Pablo Rojo, Pardo de
Tavera, Alejandro Paterno, A. Morga,
Colon, Lorenzo Perez, Blair and
Robertson, as well as other contemporary
historians and writers.
JACINTO’S KARTILYA AND THE 1898
PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE
 The Kartilya ng Katipunan was one of the most
important Katipunan documents. The document's
original title was "Manga Aral Nang Katipunan,"
and it was penned by Emilio Jacinto in 1896.
 On June 12, 1898, at Cavite II el Viejo (modern-
day Kawit, Cavite), the Philippines, the Philippine
Declaration of Independence was signed. Filipino
revolutionary forces led by General Emilio
Aguinaldo announced the Philippines' sovereignty
and independence from Spanish colonial
authority with the public reading of the Act of the
Declaration of Independence (Spanish: Acta de la
proclamación de independencia del pueblo
Filipino).
About the Author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan
(EMILIO JACINTO)
 The Philippine Declaration of Independence
was signed on June 12, 1898, at Cavite II el
Viejo (modern-day Kawit, Cavite), Philippines.
With the public reading of the Act of the
Declaration of Independence (Spanish: Acta
de la proclamación de independencia del
pueblo Filipino), Filipino revolutionary forces
commanded by General Emilio Aguinaldo
declared the Philippines' sovereignty and
independence from Spanish colonial rule.
 Emilio was born in Trozo, Tondo, Manila, on
December 15, 1875, to Mariano Jacinto and
Josefa Dizon. Emilio has been without his
father since he died when he was a baby.
 Emilio's mother and uncle, Don José Dizon,
reared him. Emilio was bilingual (Spanish and
Tagalog), and although preferring Spanish, he
was a prolific writer in Tagalog.
 Emilio went to San Juan de Letran College and
then to the University of Santo Tomas to
study law before joining the Katipunan at the
age of eighteen.
 Emilio and his cousin were inducted into the
Katipunan in Don Restituto Javier's house in
1893. Emilio served as the Katipunan's fiscal
adviser and secretary when it was founded
and led by Andrés Bonifacio (Supremo of the
Katipunan). He was known as Pingkian in the
Katipunan and was dubbed the "Brains of the
Katipunan" because of the numerous
documents he had produced, including the
constitution.
 Emilio produced poetry, manifestos, laws,
and the majority of the newspaper's articles
and editorials under the pen name Dimasilaw
for the journal Kalayaan. In 1896, he
published the first version of the Kartilya ng
Katipunan, a guidebook to the Katipunan's
laws and ideals.
Background of the Time
 When the Spanish authorities found Katipunan,
an anti-colonial underground society, in August
1896, the Philippine Revolution started.
 The Katipunan, headed by Andrés Bonifacio, was
a liberationist organisation aiming for armed
insurrection to gain independence from Spain.
Much of the Philippines was influenced by the
organization.
 During a mass meeting in Caloocan, Katipunan
leaders formed a revolutionary government,
dubbed it "Haring Bayang Katagalugan," and
launched a nationwide armed revolution.
 Bonifacio called for an invasion on Manila, the
Philippines' capital. Although the invasion failed,
the surrounding regions revolted. Early wins were
achieved by rebels in Cavite commanded by
Mariano Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo (from two
distinct Katipunan groups). Bonifacio died in 1897
as a result of a power dispute among the
revolutionaries, and authority was passed to
Aguinaldo, who formed his own revolutionary
government. That year, the revolutionaries and
the Spanish negotiated the Biak-na-Bato Pact,
which halted hostilities for the time being.
Aguinaldo and other Filipino commanders fled to
Hong Kong to live in exile. The fighting, on the
other hand, never entirely stopped
The Content of the Document
 According to Jim Richardson, who studied
Katipunan history and documents, the Kartilya is
 "the best known of all Katipunan texts" and "the
only document of any length set in print by the
Katipunan prior to August 1896 that is known to
be still extant."
 The Kartilya was printed as a small pamphlet and
distributed to Katipunan members. Its name
comes from the Spanish cartilla, which was a
grade school primer during the Spanish period.
And, like the cartillas, this text functioned as the
Katipunan's major source of instruction.
 The Kartilya contains not just instructions for the
novice Katipunero, but also the society's
governing ideals.
 The Kartilya concludes with a member's
endorsement of the society's teachings.
 The Kartilya was more than simply a Katipunan
document.
17 PRESIDENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
recall the mother who gave birth to and raised
thee.
12. Do not do to others' wives, children, or siblings
what you would not do to your own wife,
children, or siblings.
13. It is not a person's worth to be sovereign, to have
an aquiline nose or a white face, to be a priestly
SUBSTITUTE FOR GOD, or to have a prominent
position in life. Even if he or she was raised in the
forest and speaks only his or her own language,
the person who has beautiful behavior and only
one sentence (which is) honor and virtue; who
does not oppress others or allow oneself to be
oppressed; who knows how to be sensitive and
knows how to cherish the land of his birth is pure
and truly highly esteemed, beloved, and noble.

1. Emilio
The Kartilya of the Katipunan
1. A life that is not dedicated to a great and holy
grandeur is a shady tree, if not a deadly plant.

Aguinaldo
2. Kindness does not exist when good effort is
motivated by selfish interests rather than a
genuine desire for greatness.
3. Genuine piety is hard effort and love for one's
fellowman, with each deed, labor, and word
being judged by true Reason.
4. All individuals are equal, regardless of skin color;
(January 23,
1899 – March
each may be greater in education, riches, and
beauty, but there is no superiority in human
dignity.

23, 1901)
5. A person with a high inner spirit prioritizes honor,
goodness, and virtue over self-interest; a person
with a poor inner spirit prioritizes self
6. The individual who suffers from shame regards
his or her words as sacrosanct.
7. Do not squander time: money may be lost and
regained, but time that has already passed cannot
2. Manuel L.
Quezon (1935-
be retrieved.
8. Fight the oppressor while defending the
downtrodden.

1944)
9. A wise person is one who is cautious in whatever
he or she says and learns to keep private what
should be kept private.
10. Man is the guide of women and children on the
rocky path of life; if the guide leads to evil, the
fate of those being led is equally wicked.
11. Thou must not see woman as a simple toy, but as
a partner and empathetic companion in life's
trials; in your strength, consider her frailty, and
3. Jose P. 6. Elpidio R.
Laurel Quirino (April
(October 14, 17, 1948 –
1943 – August December 30,
17, 1945) 1953)
4. Sergio 7. Ramon
Osmeña Sr. Magsaysay Sr.
(August 1, (December 30,
1944 – May 1953 – March
28, 1946) 17, 1957)
5. Manuel A. 8. Carlos P.
Roxas (May Garcia (March
28, 1946 – 18, 1957 –
April 15, December 30,
1948) 1961)
9. Diosdado P. 1986 – June
Macapagal 30, 1992)
(December 30, 12. Fidel V.
1961 – Ramos (June
December 30, 30, 1992 –
1965) June 30, 1998)
10. Ferdinand 13. Joseph E.
E. Marcos Estrada (June
(December 30, 30, 1998 –
1965 – January 20,
February 25, 2001)
1986) 14. Gloria
11. Corazon C. Macapagal
Aquino Arroyo
(February 25, (January 20,
2001 – June of the
30, 2010)
15. Benigno
Philippines
Aquino III –
(June 30, 2010 Achieveme
– June 30, nts and
2016)
16. Rodrigo Contributio
Roa Duterte ns
(June 30, 2016 1. Emilio
– June 30, Aguinaldo
2022) (January 23,
List of 1899 – March
Presidents 23, 1901)
2. Manuel L. 28, 1946 –
Quezon (1935- April 15,
1944) 1948)
3. Jose P. 6. Elpidio R.
Laurel Quirino (April
(October 14, 17, 1948 –
1943 – August December 30,
17, 1945) 1953)
4. Sergio 7. Ramon
Osmeña Sr. Magsaysay Sr.
(August 1, (December 30,
1944 – May 1953 – March
28, 1946) 17, 1957)
5. Manuel A. 8. Carlos P.
Roxas (May Garcia (March
18, 1957 – 11. Corazon C.
December 30, Aquino
1961) (February 25,
9. Diosdado P. 1986 – June
Macapagal 30, 1992)
(December 30, 12. Fidel V.
1961 – Ramos (June
December 30, 30, 1992 –
1965) June 30, 1998)
10. Ferdinand 13. Joseph E.
E. Marcos Estrada (June
(December 30, 30, 1998 –
1965 – January 20,
February 25, 2001)
1986)
14. Gloria – June 30,
Macapagal 2022)
Arroyo List of
(January 20,
2001 – June
Presidents
30, 2010) of the
15. Benigno Philippines
Aquino III –
(June 30, 2010
– June 30, Achieveme
2016) nts and
16. Rodrigo Contributio
Roa Duterte
(June 30, 2016
ns
1. Emilio (August 1,
Aguinaldo 1944 – May
(January 23, 28, 1946)
1899 – March 5. Manuel A.
23, 1901) Roxas (May
2. Manuel L. 28, 1946 –
Quezon (1935- April 15,
1944) 1948)
3. Jose P. 6. Elpidio R.
Laurel Quirino (April
(October 14, 17, 1948 –
1943 – August December 30,
17, 1945) 1953)
4. Sergio 7. Ramon
Osmeña Sr. Magsaysay Sr.
(December 30, 10. Ferdinand
1953 – March E. Marcos
17, 1957) (December 30,
8. Carlos P. 1965 –
Garcia (March February 25,
18, 1957 – 1986)
December 30, 11. Corazon C.
1961) Aquino
9. Diosdado P. (February 25,
Macapagal 1986 – June
(December 30, 30, 1992)
1961 – 12. Fidel V.
December 30, Ramos (June
1965) 30, 1992 –
June 30, 1998)
13. Joseph E. – June 30,
Estrada (June 2016)
30, 1998 – 16. Rodrigo
January 20, Roa Duterte
2001) (June 30, 2016
14. Gloria – June 30,
Macapagal 2022)
Arroyo List of
(January 20,
2001 – June
Presidents
30, 2010) of the
15. Benigno Philippines
Aquino III –
(June 30, 2010
Achieveme 3. Jose P.
Laurel
nts and (October 14,
Contributio 1943 – August
ns 17, 1945)
1. Emilio 4. Sergio
Aguinaldo Osmeña Sr.
(January 23, (August 1,
1899 – March 1944 – May
23, 1901) 28, 1946)
2. Manuel L. 5. Manuel A.
Quezon (1935- Roxas (May
1944) 28, 1946 –
April 15,
1948)
6. Elpidio R. 9. Diosdado P.
Quirino (April Macapagal
17, 1948 – (December 30,
December 30, 1961 –
1953) December 30,
7. Ramon 1965)
Magsaysay Sr. 10. Ferdinand
(December 30, E. Marcos
1953 – March (December 30,
17, 1957) 1965 –
8. Carlos P. February 25,
Garcia (March 1986)
18, 1957 – 11. Corazon C.
December 30, Aquino
1961) (February 25,
1986 – June 2001 – June
30, 1992) 30, 2010)
12. Fidel V. 15. Benigno
Ramos (June Aquino III
30, 1992 – (June 30, 2010
June 30, 1998) – June 30,
13. Joseph E. 2016)
Estrada (June 16. Rodrigo
30, 1998 – Roa Duterte
January 20, (June 30, 2016
2001) – June 30,
14. Gloria 2022)
Macapagal 1. Emilio
Arroyo Aguinaldo
(January 20, (January 23,
1899 – March 5. Manuel A.
23, 1901) Roxas (May
2. Manuel L. 28, 1946 –
Quezon (1935- April 15,
1944) 1948)
3. Jose P. 6. Elpidio R.
Laurel Quirino (April
(October 14, 17, 1948 –
1943 – August December 30,
17, 1945) 1953)
4. Sergio 7. Ramon
Osmeña Sr. Magsaysay Sr.
(August 1, (December 30,
1944 – May 1953 – March
28, 1946) 17, 1957)
8. Carlos P. February 25,
Garcia (March 1986)
18, 1957 – 11. Corazon C.
December 30, Aquino
1961) (February 25,
9. Diosdado P. 1986 – June
Macapagal 30, 1992)
(December 30, 12. Fidel V.
1961 – Ramos (June
December 30, 30, 1992 –
1965) June 30, 1998)
10. Ferdinand 13. Joseph E.
E. Marcos Estrada (June
(December 30, 30, 1998 –
1965 –
January 20, (June 30, 2016
2001) – June 30,
14. Gloria 2022)
1. Emilo January 23, April 1,

Macapagal 2
Aguinaldo
Manuel
Quezon
1899
November 15,
1935
1901
August 1,
1944

Arroyo 3

4
Jose P.
Laurel
Sergio
October 14,
1943
August 1, 1944
August 17,
1945
May 28,

(January 20,
Osmeña 1946
5 Manuel May 28, 1946 April 15,
Roxas 1948
6 Elpidio April 17, 1948 December

2001 – June 7
Quirino
Ramon
Magsaysay
December 30,
1953
30, 1953
March 17,
1957

30, 2010)
8 Carlos P. March 18, 1957 December
Garcia 30, 1961
9 Diosdado December 30, December
Macapagal 1961 30, 1965

15. Benigno 1
0
1
Ferdinand
Marcos
Corazon
December 30,
1965
February 25,
February
25, 1986
June 30,

Aquino III 1
1
2
Aquino
Fidel Ramos
1986
June 30,
1992
1992
June 30,
1998

(June 30, 2010

1 Joseph Estrada June 30, January
3 1998 20, 2001
1 Gloria January June 30,
4 Macapagal- 20, 2001 2010

– June 30, 1
5
Arroyo
Benigno Aquino
III
June 30,
2010
June 30,
2016

2016)
1 Rodrigo Duterte June 30, June 30,
6 2016 2022
1 Ferdinand June 30, incumbent
7 "Bongbong" 2022

16. Rodrigo Marcos Jr.

Roa Duterte