• History- chronological record of significant events,
the study of past events.
• derived from the Greek noun ἱστορία
• ἱστορία (historia) = learning; inquiry
• “the past of mankind”
• Geschichte = the German word forhistory
• Geschehen = to happen
• KASAYSAYAN - Salaysay na may saysay para sa
sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao
• saysay (narrative or salaysay)
• saysay (relevance, importance)
• the historian is many times removed from the
events under investigation
• Historians rely on surviving records
• Historical Method- The process of critically
examining and analyzing the records and survivals
of the past
• Historical Sources
• These are objects from the past or testimonies
concerning the past on which historians depend in
order to create their own depiction of that past.
• Tangible remains of the past
• materials used for the writing of history.
They are classified into two:
1. Primary Sources
2. Secondary Sources
Another type of classification are:
1. written and non-written,
2. published or unpublished,
3. textual, oral or visual sources
• Four Main Categories of Primary Sources
1. Written sources
2. Images
3. Artifacts
4. Oral testimony
• A primary source must have been produced by a
contemporary of the event it narrates
• A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary
sources. These sources are one or more steps
removed from the event.
• Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or
graphics of primary sources in them.
• What is Historical Criticism?
In order for a source to be used as evidence in
history, basic matters about its form and content
must be settled
1. External Criticism 2. Internal Criticism
• What is External Criticism?
The problem of authenticity
To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation
• Anachronism is a chronological
inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a
juxtaposition of persons, events, objects, or customs
from different periods.
• Semantics is the linguistic and
philosophical study of meaning in language,
programming languages, formal logics, and
semiotics.
• Hermeneutics is the theory and
methodology of interpretation, especially the
interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature,
and philosophical texts.
• What is Internal Criticism
The Problem of Credibility
Relevant particulars in the document – is it
credible?
Verisimilar – as close as what really happened from
a critical examination of best available sources
Tests of Credibility:
1. Identification of the author
2. Determination of the approximate date
3. Ability to tell the truth
4. Willingness to tell the truth
5. Corroboration
Andress Bonifacio
 Pen name: May Pag Asa” “Supremo,” “Anak
Bayan,” “Agapito Bagumbayan”
 Founder and leader of KKK
 Instigated revolt against Spaniards in August 1896
Emilio Jacinto
 Also known as the "Utak ng Katipunan"
 Pen name: "Pingkian," "Dimasilaw"
 Advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andres
Bonifacio
 Continued the fight against Spaniards until the
Americans even after death of Bonifacio
 Wrote the Kartilya, A La Patria and Liwanag at
Dilim
 Contributor in Kalayaan. Katipunan’s Newspaper
Kartilya ng Katipunan
 Made for new members to understand rules,
principles and teachings
 To avoid people from having change of heart in
choosing to join
 To ensure people understand that joining the
brotherhood is not easy, and they will do what is
needed wholeheartedly
 Resembles the declaration used in Manila's
Masonic lodges which was written in Spain around
1889
 Bonifacio prepared a decalogue, the Kartilya ng
Katipunan, as propaganda work to achieve unity of
the Filipinos
 Earliest reference of Kartilya was found in the
minutes of a Supreme Assembly meeting held in
December 1895
 Bonifacio formulated a code of conduct in 1896,
with 14 rules written in it, which was the Kartliya ng
Katipunan
Kartilya ng Katipunan:
 Made for new members to understand rules,
principles and teachings
 To avoid people from having change of heart in
choosing to join
 To ensure people understand that joining the
brotherhood is not easy, and they will do what is
needed wholeheartedly
 Bonifacio's "Decalogue" resembled the "Ten
Commandments"
 Jacinto's "Kartilya" resembled the declaration used
in Manila's Masonic Lodges
 Preamble in Kartilya echoed the purpose of the
masonic document
 Kartilya's division between principles and teachings broadly
parallel the division in Gran Oriente's manifesto.
 Kartilya’s asks new members to pledge allegiance to
association's objectives and affirm with signatures, just like
in Masonic document
 The line from Kartilya “A life which is not dedicated to a
great idea is useless” was likely taken from Rizal
 In Kartilya, women were regarded as “helpmate” rather
than a “plaything,” which suggested it took inspiration from
bible
 The adage that "An honorable man's word is his bond" may
be traced back to Cervantes
 "Time lost is lost forever" was mentioned in the Kartilya, this
idea may have been borrowed from Benjamin Franklin.
Antonio Pigafetta
 Studied astronomy, geography, and cartography.
 Served on board the ships of the Knights of Rhodes at the
beginning of the 16th century.
 Had an aunt, Elisabetta, who married Valerio Chiericati.
 Accompanied Monsignor Chiericati to Spain in 1519.
 Accompanied Ferdinand Magellan, together with Juan
Sebatián Elcano in the famous expedition to Moluccas which
began in August 1519 and ended in September 1522.
 The First Voyage Around The World by Antonio Pigafetta
was written on board one of the 5 ships that was first to
circumnavigate the world during an expedition that was lead
by the Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan and after his
death during the voyage, by Juan Sebastián Elcano. The
expedition started in 1519 and ended in Spain in 1522.
 The names of the 1519 Ferdinand Magellan Ships were the
Trinidad, the San Antonio, the Conception, the Victoria and
the Santiago.
 Throughout the expedition, there served a translator
named Enrique from Sumatra (present day Indonesia) and
was a slave of Ferdinand Magellan
 Contributions of the Document
 Elaborated the lifestyle back then and it described what  The sovereignty of the United States over the
the local islanders wore, what they ate, how they Philippines. – Following World War II, the US granted
communicated, and how they lived independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946 via
 Pigafetta's journal is the only known document about the Treaty of Manila. Treaty of Paris, (1898)
Lapu-Lapu's life  1964 - President Diosdado Macapagal signed
 Considered the best source today of the customs and into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating
usages of the Filipinos in the early 16th century due to the June 12 as the country's Independence Day.
daily notes Pigafetta took and details about the expedition
that he wrote about
 Contains the first vocabulary of Visayan words ever penned
by a European
 August 10, 1519 = starting point of the first expedition
around the world of Magellan.
 The book served as an evidence that the world is round and
not flat
 This book aids the researchers and students of today in
understanding the context of the Magellan expedition and
how the whole Europe-Philippines conflict commenced.
 Magellan discovered the Pacific Ocean
 Magellan proved that there was a way to the east by sailing
west

 The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared,

written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish.

 The Declaration was signed by ninety-eight people, among

them an American army officer who witnessed the
proclamation who attended the proceedings, Mr. L. M.
Johnson, a Coronel of Artillery.

 The proclamation of Philippine independence was,

however, promulgated on 1 August, when many towns had
already been organized under the rules laid down by the
Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo

 The declaration was not recognized by the U.S. nor Spain

and Spain later sold the Philippines to the United States in the
1898 Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-American War. –
Philippine-American War

 The Philippine Revolutionary Government did not recognize

the treaty or American sovereignty, and subsequently fought
and lost a conflict with United States.

 It was ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S.

forces, and issued a statement acknowledging and accepting