History

 The possession and transmission of a culture that man differs from other animals
 As culture is not merely a chronological reconstruction of the past events but process of creation
or a formation of culture specifically a national culture (Nick Joaquin).
 The study of past events, recording of analysis and branch of knowledge that recalls past events

Importance of History
1. Allows us to understand our past and present
2. It gives insights the culture we are less familiar
3. Teach us valuable perspective of our problem in our society
4. We have learned and observed the beginning and development of our own country
5. It strengthens our sense of nationalism
6. Help us to know who we are while molding our future

Source of History
1. Primary Source
 Witnessed the event that took place
 Directed written by individuals / original made from someone
 Contemporary accounts
 Recorded as original source (materials that captured the event, photography, video
recording etc.)
 Included written records such as narratives, manuscript, public documents, letters,
diarries. Fossils , artifacts and testimony from living withnesses.
2. Secondary Source
 Not been part of the event
 Serves as interpretation or readings of primary source
 Usually formed as public works
 Coming from original source
 Can be combination of primary and secondary source

Theories in Understanding History

A. Challenge and response (Arnold Toynbee)
 Based on the idea that man respond to the situation placed before him
 Mankind’s approach in coping with challenges determines history
 He viewed the past as a succession of civilization to survive was the result of its inability
to respond challenges.
B. Exchange Theory (Alvin Scaff)
 Refers to the systematic statement of principles that govern the exchange of goods
(tangible and intangible) between individuals, groups, organization and nation.
 Alliances of people, communities as well as nations are rooted in the idea of interchange.
 Barter System – there was no currency
 Domestic trade and foreign trade

C. Role of History Man (George Wilhelm Hegel 1770-1831)

 Weltgiest or world spirit – patriotism, heroism and unity- since historical individuals are
ideal and man follows his ideal, this thought, which is guided by a particular ideal.
 Geistewissenchaften or the world of spirit of thoughts
 Naturwissenchaften the antithesis or the complete opposite of the Geistewissenchaften.
 Combination of the thesis and antithesis, man achieves the synthesis or historical
reality.

D. Materialist Concept of History or Economic Theory (Karl Marx)

 Asserts that the prevailing economic systems determines the form of societal
organization, political and intellectual history of epoch which thus attribute actions and
events in history to economic motives.
 God , Gold, and Glory the three primary motives.

Another Approach to Historical Studies

E. Method of Historiography
 Developed by Fernand Braude (1902-1985)
 Father of historical structualism
 Human actions are not only based on human decisions but also on structures
 To achieved total history is to integrate all aspects of man’s past

F. Teodoro Agoncillo (1912-1985)

 Father of filipino nationalist historiography

G. Renato Constantino
 Philippine history is a people’s history
 The recorded struggles of people
 Philippines history is a story of struggle
 History is not merely the works of heroes and great men
 History is not necessarily presenting a long unbroken chain of events
  History can serve as a guide to present and succeeding generations in facing the
challenges of time
Archeology
 Study and reconstruct the cultural events of the past through the material remains left by
people. (Artifacts and Fossils)
 Idea on how things might have looked like at a particular time

1) Alfred Marche
 Frenchman
 First major expedition in 1881
 Island of Marinduque and other sites in central Philippines
2) Feodor Jagor
 German traveler
 Reported having encounter a priest in Naga, Camarines Sur, who collected artifacts from
ancient graveyard
3) Dr. Antonio De Morga
 Secesos De Las Islas Filipinas
 Described the ancient artifacts that were recovered by farmers of Ilocos, Pangasinan.
 Clay vessels with dark brown color and some marked with characters
4) Carl Guthe
 The second major archeological exploration
 Michigan archeological expedition (1922-1925)
 Conducted a dig with his team in Palawan, Bohol, Northern Mindanao
 The purpose of the expedition to collect Chinese ceramics exported in Philippines from
China.
5) Henry Otley Beyer (1883-1966)
 Father of archeology
 The archeological site he discovered results the construction of a dam for Manila Water
Supply
 Construction of a dam was his first archeological research in the country
 In 1947 published the “ONLINE REVIEW OF PHILIPPINES ARCHEOLOGY BY ISLANDS AND
PROVINCES”
6) Larry Wilson
 A mining prospector
 Assisted Beyer in the exploration of numerous Pleistocene site in the Northern Luzon
7) Wilhelm G. Solhelm II
 First post war excallations in Masbate Island (1951-1953)
 Assisted by Alfedo Evangelista and Arsenio Manuel
8) Robert B. Fox and Alfredo Evangelista
 Both working for the National Museum of the Philippines
  Human fossils were found which classified as modern man of homo sapiens
 Tabon cave investigation

The Archipelago’s Name

Sung Dynasty
- Referred the island as “ MA-YI”
Chau Ju – Kua
- Chinese trade officials who gave a detailed account of his travel.
- He called the island as “MA-I”
Ferdinand Magellan (1521)
- Named the island “ISLAS DE SAN LAZARO” or Archipelago of St. Lazarus
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1543)
- Named “Philippines“ came from the word “ Filipinas”
- Felipina was the first given by Villalobos”s men to refer to Leyte and Samar
Fr. Juan J. Delgado
- A Jesuit historian
- He called manila as “Pearl of the Orient”
Dr. Jose Rizal
- Gave the name “Pearl of the Orient Seas” to his native land
- The Spanish Filipinas or Felipinas was later change to
Philippine Island Republic of the Philippines
American Colonial - after the recognition of Independence Day
Era
Artimeo Ricarte
- Katipunan General
- Wanted to be called Philippines as “Rizaline Republic”
Former President Ferdinand Marcos
- Proposed the name “ Maharlika”

Study Guides
A. Terms/Concepts to Understand Historical
structuralism Prehistoric archaeology
Primary and secondary sources
Answer:
Primary Source
 Witnessed the event that took place
 Directed written by individuals / original made from someone
 Contemporary accounts
 Recorded as original source (materials that captured the event, photography, video
recording etc.)
 Included written records such as narratives, manuscript, public documents, letters,
diarries. Fossils , artifacts and testimony from living withnesses.
Secondary Source
 Not been part of the event
 Serves as interpretation or readings of primary source
 Usually formed as public works
 Coming from original source
 Can be combination of primary and secondary source

B. Questions to Answer
1. Why did some civilizations fail to survive according to
Arnold Toynbee?
Because of its inability to respond to challenges.

2. How do events happen in history according to Alvin Scaff?

3. How can historical reality be achieved according to Georg Hegel?

The combination of Geisteswissenchaften or the world of Spirit of thought and
Naturwissenchaften we can achieve the synthesis or the historical reality.
4. What is the motivation for any human activity according to Karl Marx?

5. How can total history be achieved according to Fernand Braudel?

To achieve "total history" is to integrate all aspects of man's past. This involves the study of
history in its total view made possible by examining the circumstances underlying such
political, economic, social, and cultural events.

6. Explain Renato Constantino's supposition that "Philippine history is a story of struggle."

7. Give the brief history of Philippine archaeology.

8. What made William Henry Scott to conclude that Maragtas is not a prehispanic document?

Tinamad na ako hanapin sagot sa iba hahahahahahah

GEOGRAPHICAL FOUNDATIONS (Physical Environment)

Geography is the science of the physical nature of the earth that interacts with the inhabitants. It
includes land and sea masses, their size and shape, as well as climate, and many other such as borders,
specific landforms and waterforms.
Topography The study or description of surface features of a place on maps or charts.

The Philippine archipelago is composed of about 7,107 islands and islets. It has a total land area
of 300,000 square kilometers, 92 percent of which is found on the 11 largest islands. The country can be
grouped geographically into the three major islands groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Accounting
for 47 percent of the total land area, Luzon is the largest island group and is situated in the north. It has
an area of 141,395 square kilometers. Mindanao is the second largest group is located in the south and
occupies 34 percent of the total land area. It has an area of 101,999 square kilometers, while the
Visayas is a group of smaller islands between Luzon and Mindanao comprising the remaining 19 percent
of land area. It has an area of 56,606 square kilometers. The northernmost point of the country is Y’ Ami
Isle, which is 78 miles from Taiwan. The southernmost point is Saluag Isle, only 34 miles east of Borneo.

1. LANDFORMS

Among the central plains, Luzon has the longest unbroken ranges in the Philippines

The three large mountain ranges:

 Sierra Madre Range – known as pacific coast, traverse from Baler (Quezon) to Isabel onward to
Nueva Vizcaya and Cagayan.
 Caraballo del Sur – forms the borders of Abra, Ilocos Norte and Cagayan.
 Caraballos Occidentales – is broken into the Cordillera Central and runs trough the region west
of the Cagayan River.

Mindanao has four distinct ranges namely:

 Surigao Range flows down to the pacific coast.

 Butuan Range traverse towards the south of the Agusan River as its recipient on the east and
Pulangi River on the west.
 Central Western Range it has a 2,954 m that is 9692 ft. Mt. Apo is not only the highest of the
central western range but also the highest point in the Philippines.
 Western Range starts from the west of Iligan Bay and it ends in the shore of Basilan Strait.

Large lowland is called Valley of Mindanao. It is situated or found in Southwestern Mindanao.

In Visayas the most prominent mountain range is:

1. Negros range runs from northwest to southeast.
2. Panay range crosses from the north to south isolating Antique from Ilo-Ilo, Capiz and Aklan.

Philippines is one of the countries known for their volcanic origin.

Famous Volcanoes in the country:

1. Iraya can be found in Batanes.
2. Pinatubo can be found in Zambales.
3. Taal can be found in Batangas.
4. Bulusan can be found in Sorsogon
5. Kanlaon can be found in Negros.
6. Hibok-hibok can be found in Camiguin
7. Makaturing can be found Lanao
8. Apo can be found in Davao del Sur
9. Mayon can be found in Albay

Most active but eventually losing its world popularity as the most perfect cone-shaped volcano
is Mt. Mayon one of the most violent eruptions is in 1814 where the Cagsawa community is buried
under hot Lava and fire-burning rocks. A living proof of such terrible destruction was the fact that
Cagsawa church got buried to the ground that only its bell tower could be seen.

Taal Volcano, on January 1911 and September 1965 were considered to be the most destructive.
Six barrios were covered by boiling mud with thousands of nearby resident killed or died.
Mt. Pinatubo, a dormant volcano for about 600 years caught another world focus when it
erupted, one on July 12, 1991 and the other one is on June of 1992.

The Central Plain in Luzon traditionally known as the “rice granary” of the Philippines located in
south of Caraballo mountains.
Another broad plain in Northern Luzon is the Cagayan Valley found along the Cagayan River. It is
surrounded by the mountains of Sierra Madre (on east), Cordillera Central (on the west), and the
Caraballo Mountain on the south.

One of the most well known valleys in Southwestern Mindanao is the vast lowland area called Valley of
Mindanao

2. WATERFORMS
A. Rivers
 Rio Grande de Cagayan one of the most notable river system. It is the longest river in Luzon and
the mightiest watercourse.
 The largest river system in the Philippines is found in Mindanao. The central basin of Mindanao
is being drained by Rio Grande de Mindanao (known in its upper course as the Pulangi).
 Second longest river is Agusan with the basin of Surigao as its subsidiary.
 Other important rivers of the Island include Chico River, Abra Grande, Rio Grande de Pampanga,
Bicol and Agno River in Pangasinan.
 St. Paul Underground River is located in Palawan. It is popular for being a tourist attraction it is
consider to be the world’s largest known underground river.

B. Lakes
Laguna Bay and Lake Lanao are the country’s notable lakes. Laguna Bay is the largest lake in the
Philippines while Lake Lanao is the largest deep lake in the country. Other famous lakes: Taal Lake in
Batangas, Lake Naujan in Mindoro, and Lake Bito in Leyte.

C. Waterfalls
Most of the country’s waterfalls are not only tourist attraction but also potent sources of
hydroelectric energy.

 Pagsanjan falls is the most favorite tourist spot visited by both foreigners and local inhabitants.
This is located or situated in Laguna it is popularly called “shooting rapids” because of the heavy
or quick flow of waters from its top.
 Botocan falls other waterfalls, the largest waterfall in the country.
 Maria Cristina Falls is an important source of power found in Lanao del Norte.
 Hinulugang Taktak is situated in Antipolo.
 Tamaraw Falls in Oriental Mindoro.
 Darosdos Falls in Samar.

D. Springs
Springs are sources of geothermal power and valuable medicinal waters are the various springs in
the country. These are the most notable springs in the Philippines:

 In Laguna, most popular spring is Los Banos and Pansol

 In Bulacan, most popular spring is Pandi spring and Sibul spring
 Magsingal spring in Ilocos
 Tiwi in Albay

E. Bays
 Manila Bay is the largest bay in the Philippines and the finest harbor in Asia.

F. Gulfs
Three famous gulfs in the Philippines:
 Lingayen Gulf
 Leyte Gulf
 Davao Gulf

G. Straits
The narrowest strait in the world is San Juanico Strait. It is located between in Samar and Leyte.

H. Deep/Trench
Philippine deep has won recognition as the deepest point in the world with the depth of 37,732
ft. below the sea level.

Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, and Zamboanga are among the numerous sea ports and busiest in the country.
These contribute greatly to the country’s economy due to their good harbors and rich fishing grounds.

3. NATURAL RESOURCES
A. Agricultural Resources – the Central Plain of Luzon is trying take a last hold for being the Rice Granary
or food basket of the Philippines. It is still the largest producer of rice, the country’s staple crop.
However, the Pinatubo eruption and the continuous growth of as exploding population offset the total
production of rice wills the level of sufficiency.

Other major forms of production are coconut, tobacco, sugarcane, hemp or abaka, coffee, rubber,
pineapple, cacao, sweet potatoes, cassava and many others.

B. Forest Resources
Mindanao is blessed for having the largest forestry production. Palawan is the most heavily
forested province almost 90% of each area is forested.

B.1 Plants
Flora and fauna varieties of palm, rubber trees, indigenous hardwood trees such as Kamagong
tree, Yakal tree, Apitong tree, Ipil tree and Red Narra.

 Narra is not only the country’s national tree it is known as the world’s best hardwood.
 Abaka or Manila hemp is the most valuable indigenous plant in the Philippines.
 Sampaguita (Queen of flowers) – country’s national flower
 Pungapung – the largest flower in the world and also wild flower that grows in Mindanao
 Rafflesia – stinky flower
Another example of flower is milky white camia, cadena de amor, dama de noche and bougainvillea.

The Philippines is worldly known of being the Land of Flowers.

B.2 Animals
The most useful animal in the Philippines is “carabao”. Carabao is the most reliable and
considered as farmers best friend.

Other important animals are:

 Tamaraw - can be found in Mindoro
 Tarsier (Bohol) - the smallest monkey in the world
 Philippine mouse-deer – smallest deer in the world can be found in Palawan
 Zebronkey – half zebra and half donkey

B.3 Birds
 Katala/ Kalaw – is called the “clock of the mountains” because it makes a loud call every
noontime.
 Palawan Peacock – known as the dancing bird
 Timbas – is unique for its scream as it glides into the sky
 Philippine falconet – world’s smallest falcon

B.4 Insect
 Giant Moth – largest Philippine insect with a wingspan of 1 foot.

C. Marine Life

Philippine rivers, seas, lakes are filled with fish, shell, pearl, coral, sea weeds and other marine
wealth.

 Bangus – National fish

 Other famous fish is pating bulik (Rhineodon Typus), a huge whale is the world’s largest fish. it is
estimated 50 ft. or more in length and weighs several tons when fully grown.
 Pandaca Pygmaea or dwarf pygmy the world’s smallest fish its average length is 9.66
millimeters that is 0.38 inches smaller than the famous sinarapan or tabyos, the smallest
commercial fish.

C.1 Shells and Pearls

  The Philippine Glory of the Sea known as Conus Gloriamaris. The world’s rarest and most
expensive shell.
 Tridacna Gigas - world’s largest shell, its length is 1 meter and weight 600 pounds
 Pisidum – world’s smallest shell
 Philippine pearl of Allah – largest pearl with a weight of 14 pounds

D. Mineral Resources

The country’s rich deposits of gold, iron, silver, copper lead, manganese, zinc, salt, chromite,
marble and coal.
Other minerals found in the country include mercury, limestone, petroleum, nickel, sand, gravel, rock,
asphalt, manganese, and uranium.

E. Tourist Spot

The Philippines is one of the world’s most beautiful countries embellished with scenic and
natural wonders.

 Ifugao Rice Terraces – found in massive mountain slopes of northern Luzon

 Baguio - Summer capital
 Mt. Mayon in Albay – crowning glory of the natural wonders
 Taal Volcano - the smallest, found in the central of the Taal lake
 Mt. Apo – highest mountain
 Mt. Banahaw
 Mt. Makiling – woman lying flat with a long stretch and breast protruding.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION (Social environment)

Theories of the Philippine Origin

Origin of the Philippines is one of the land masses that capable to changes to places or its
surface, its origin is most explained by other theories of earth’s evolution.
  Land bridge theory – the earth was made up of huge landmasses that connected each piece of
land to one another through land bridges located above big bodies of water. When the earth
experienced global warming, the ice melted and the land bridges were all destroyed. Thus, the
broken pieces of landmasses floated on water and gradually scattered elsewhere.
 Big bang theory –expounded by a Belgian astronomer-priest states that all matters in the
universe had been condensed into one large mass. As a result of the atmospheric changes, a
graduated but increasing gravitational force occurred immediately followed by a massive
explosion for within the landmass.
 Biblical Theory – theory states that God created heaven and earth, after which the first man and
woman called Adam and Eve.
 Darwinian Theory – this theory traces man’s origin from apes. For several million of years, the
ancestors of man (Homo erectus) left Africa – cradle of man’s remote past – and scattered
throughout the world crossing the land bridges.
 Continental Drift Theory, Pacific Theory, and Asiatic Theory had slight differences to the above
mentioned theories drawing out similar conclusion on the evolution of the earth as caused by
natural forces.

Prehistoric Ancestral Lineage

Ancestral Lineage likewise made a further branching out leading to new specie called Homo
Sapiens, modern man’s direct ancestors. It is believed that from the sapiens the various racial groups
sprang out. The Filipino ancestry traces its roots to three groups of people: Negritos (commonly called
aetas or pygmies), followed by the two waves of Indonesian migrants and Malay’s being the last.

The Negritos were presumed to have reached the Philippines using land bridges. It is believed
that this group was one of the first primitive nomads, who wandered beyond the far reaches of Asia.
They were short (typically five feet –feet tall), round-headed with kinky hair, small flat nose with thick
lips and dark complexion. Using crude stone tools, they managed to survive through hunting and fishing.
The new waves of migrants eventually pushed them to the hinterlands. The descendants of the Negritos
presently live in the mountains and forest of Bataan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan and Pampanga.
Other Negritos settlers are Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Panay, and some remote places in Mindanao.

Indonesians are the next groups of Ancient Migrants. The first wave came from southeastern
Asia. They were the first people to reach the archipelago by sailboats. Indonesians are tall (the shortest
being five feet in height), slender in physique, light complexion, thin lips, and high aquiline nose. The
second wave of Indonesian migrants in contrast with the Negritos the two groups of Indonesian
migrants has a far advance culture because they belong to New Stone Age. Their major economic
activity was agriculture. Although hunting and fishing were still employed. They both cooked foods in
bamboo tubes. Indonesian built houses made of wooden or bamboo frame with grass roof. (Nipa Hut)
 Malays or brown raise were the last of the original that settled in many islands of archipelago
they came from Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. They board on sailing boat called
“Balangay”. The Malays were of medium height, slim but well built, brown skin and with black hair and
dark brown eyes.

When clusters of loosely independent settlements were placed under one leadership, the
Spanish colonizers began to coin term to identity all the subjugated natives. The term Indio first coined
by the Spaniards referred to all colonized natives both in the Americas and in the Philippines. The term
also referred to the Christianized natives.

The America natives soon came to be called Creoles. After gaining great political and economic
influences, these minority groups (referring to those born in the Philippines of Spanish or Chinese
descent are called Insulares or Ilustrados.

Presently, the Filipinos divided into many group:

 Visayan – living primarily in the middle section of the Archipelago. They are lighthearted folks.
 Tagalog – living in Central Luzon. They are pragmatic people.
 Ilokanos – The third most important group, live mainly in Cagayan Valley. They frugal and
hardworking people from Northern Luzon.
 Bicolanos – from Southern Luzon, nature lovers.

The two Muslim groups: Moro and Samal are concentrated in the southern portion of the archipelago
particularly in Western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and Southern Palawan Island.

Those Spanish and Chinese descents comprised the chief and non-Malay inhabitants of the country.

RACIAL ORIGINS AND MAJOR GROUPS OF INHABITANTS

In Luzon, there are 28 identified ethnic groups with respective sub-branches. Living on purely
highland areas, they inherited from their ancestors.

 Apayao groups – they are riverine-oriented and practice a slash-and-burn type of cultivation.
Kalinga and Itawit live in peaceful coexistence with the Apayaos.
 Kalingas – in the provinces of Kalinga and Apayao came to be called the “Peacocks of the
North”. Because of their weaknesses on dress and personal ornamentation.
 Ilokanos – live in flat lands.
 Bontocs – live in Cordillera mountain ranges in the upper Chico River. Their culture can easily be
distinguished by the stone-walled rice terracing technology. The distinctive material culture of
 the group is the customary use of pocket hats among the males and they preferred to use ax
instead of the bolo.
 Ibalois – large group inhabiting the Benguet Province, they are well known for celebrations on
numerous tribal rituals.
 Ga’dangs - inhabiting in the middle of Cagayan Valley, use numerous types of beads made of
semi- precious stones as part of their attire.
 Ifugao ethnic groups – famous in oral literature such as “Hudhud” and “Alim”, experts in wood
carving.
 Ivatan/Itbyat – live in Batanes-Babuyan. Their houses are strongly built with thick walls of
stones and mortar. One unique product of their creativity is the “so-ot”, the all-weather hat.
 Sambals – occupy the northwestern flank of Zambales Mountain Ranges as well as the Western
tip of Pangasinan. This Sambal language is closest to a variety of Tagalog vernaculars known as
Sinaunang Tagalog which is spoken in Tanay, Rizal.
 Negrito – various names such as Aeta, Ati, Eta, Ito, Batak, live in small groups. They are the
masters of life in tropical rainforest being most proficient in the use of bow and arrow. They
survive the thick forested areas on High Mountain. They are expert hunters and gatherers.
Having knowledge of the forested terrain, they are the mostly favored guide regularly hired by
the US Army. They teach American soldier on how to survive in the jungle. Because of Mt.
Pinatubo volcanic eruption the Negritos must had been displaced.
 The Mangyans of Mindoro are made up of several tribes. They are expert weavers particularly of
“sturdy cloth”.

There three major groups in Palawan:

 Bataks – found in several areas of Palawan, are like the Negritos who are small dark and kinky-
haired people. The distinguishing feature of this group is their culture of sleeping in treetops or
in hearths to ward off mosquitoes. Men wear “g-strings” and women wear only “skirts”. They
are fond of ornamentals placed from head to foot.
 Tagbanuas – are straight-haired people, slender in physique with brown skin. Tagbanuas like to
wear attractive colored dresses and ornaments. This group believes in fairies called “diwata” in
shaping their life.
 Palawans - have slight differences in physique with the Tagbanuas. They employ “Kaingin
cultivation”. And use bamboo, saplings, and other longitudinal material in the creation of grids
for the field use a support for vine-like crop plants.

Mindanao has various ethnic groups in both rural and urban areas

Muslim of the South are considered the largest cultural minority. Muslims are still expert political
and economic influences. The distinct Muslim groups in the region form the main bulk of the Tausug,
Maranao, Maguindanao, Samal, Badjao, and Yakan. The non-Muslim tribe such as T’Boli, Tiruray,
Bagobo, Subanon, Bukidnon, Mandaya, and Manobo live on the mountainous areas of Mindanao.
 The Badjaos are known as sea gypsies and called due to similarity of their culture with the boat
people of Borneo. This ethnic group lives in house boats called “iepa” and their culture is closely
linked with the sea.
 The Tausug lives in Jolo, Siasi and Patikul. The name was supposed to mean “people of the
current” although some say these interpretations came from the terms: “tau” which means a
person and “suug” – the traditional name of Jolo.
 The Maranao people of the Lake Maranao the largest ethnic groups in the country they give
their settlement in the Lake Lanao and economically associated with Market trade,
 One of the most non-Muslim group in the region are the Manobos they are known as the most
numerous of the ethnic group in the Philippines is on the ethnicity to the family of languages
they are concentrated on the areas from Sarangani Islands to the Mindanao Mainland
particularly the province of Agusan del Sur, Davao, Bukidnon, North and South Cotabato.
 Tasadays is a very small ethnic group is. one of the many Manobos sub group They are hunters
and gatherers. The live to practice the “earliest primitive culture”.