Used more regularly to designate Photographs - that may reflect social

Lesson 1 :Learning History 

 What is History?
 Historian’s Duty: to draw insights from the ideas
and realities that have shaped the lives of
men and women and the society
 History
 Study of beliefs and desires, practices,
and institutions of human beings
 Active factor in the study of Philippine
Society
 Why Study History?
 An examination of the past can tell us a great
deal about how we came to be who we are
 Enables us to analyze critically the present
context of society and beings
1. To learn about the past
2. To understand the present
3. To appreciate your heritage
4. to broaden your perspective
5. To acquire background for critical thinking
 The Meaning of “History” (According to
Understanding History: A Primer of
Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk)
 Derived from the Greek noun, “ istoi ” which
means, “learning”
 A systematic account of a set of natural
phenomena, whether or not
chronological factoring was a factor in
the account - Aristotle
 Equivalent Latin word is, “scientia”, in English,
“science”
non-chronological systematic accounts

conditions of historical realities and
 History - was reserved usually for accounts of everyday life
phenomena in chronological order  Old Sketches and Drawings - that may
 “past of mankind” indicate the conditions of life of societies
in the past
Lesson 2: Understanding Sources
 Old Maps - that may reveal how space
and geography were used to
 What are Sources? (According to emphasized trade routes, and structural
Understanding History: A Primer of buildings
Historical Method by Louis Gottschalk)  Cartoons for political expression and
 Examples: propaganda
 Books  Material Evidence like cave drawings,
 Archeological, epigraphical, or numismatical old syllabaries, and ancient drawings
materials (can found in large museums)  Statistical tables, graphs and charts
 Official records (can be found in archives,  Oral history or recordings
courthouses, and government libraries)  Published and unpublished primary
 Private papers (can be found in business documents, eyewitness accounts, and
houses, muniment rooms of ancient castles, other written sources
prized possessions of autograph collectors  Secondary Sources
and the records of the parish churches)  According to Gottschalk, “the testimony of
 The more precise his delimitation of persons, area, anyone who is no an eyewitness - that is of
time, and function, the more relevant his sources one who was not present at the event of
are most likely to be which he tells”
 It is from sources that our history is studied and  Examples:
written  Books
 Primary Sources  Articles
 Materials produced by people or groups directly  Scholarly journals
involved in the event or topic being studied
Lesson 3: Magellan’s Voyage Around the
 Ranges from eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters,
legal documents, official documents and
photographs World
 Examples:
 Historical Context
 Benefit of European to the Crusades:
discovery of new products that are not
available in their country
 Includes: porcelain, silk, incense, herbs,
perfumes, fabrics, carpets, spices and
other oriental products
 Spices
 Most expensive and in-demand
commodity among Europeans
 Used for food preservation, flavor
enchancement and in medicine
 A very lucrative commodity
 Trade Route: Silk Road and Arabian-Italian
Route
 Expensive
 Disrupted by wars, natural calamities, and
bandits
 The land route was closed because of the
Ottoman Empire of Constantinople (now:
Turkey)
 Prince Henry of Portugal
 Put up a maritime school that trained
sailors who would later discover an
Eastern sea route going to the Spice
Island (now: Moluccas Island) and
Southeast Asia via Atlantic and Indian
Ocean
 These gave numerous benefits to
Portugese and made others feel
envious
 Queen Isabella of Castile and King
Ferdinand II of Aragon
 Gained victory in the Battle of Granada
which resulted in the rise of Spain as a world
power
 Spain explore outside the Iberian
Peninsula
 Christopher Columbus - a Trans- Atlantic Voyage
financed by the Portugese which resulted to the
discovery of territories on the other side of the
Atlantic Ocean
 Ferdinand Magellan - supported by the Spanish
monarch to go to the East by sailing westward, a
proposal that Portugal refused to financed
 Magellan – Elcano Expedition
 August 20, 1519
 Left the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda in
Seville, with around 270 men
 Main Objective: to search for a new maritime
path to the Spice Island that would not
violate Spain’s treaty with Portugal
 3 out of 5 (Trinidad, San Antonio,
Concepcion, Santiago and Victoria) ships
reached Philippines
 The first couple of weeks, they showed hospitality
and cordial exchanges of goods
 Some locals were converted to Christianity
 Lapu-lapu - the chief man of Mactan, refused to
trade with Magellan which waged war with him
 Spaniards lost the battle and one of the
casualties is Magellan itself
 Ship Trinidad - captured by the Portuguese on
journey back
 Ship Victoria - Juan Sebastian Elcano & 17
survivors, arrived in Spain on September 7, 1922
 Antonio Pigafetta - assistant of Magellan who
kept journal that became the main source of
what we know about the first encounter of the
Spaniards and Filipinos
 About the Author
 Born around 1940 in Vencenza, venice, Italy.
 Parents: Giovanni Pigafetta and Angela
Zoga.
 Studied astronomy, geography and
cartography
 Worked in the ships owned by the Knights of
Rhodes
 Joined the delegation of Monsigner
Francisco Chieregati when the latter was
assigned as Papal Nuncio to Spain
 Presented his credentials to Magellan and to
the casa de la contratacion
 Was admitted as one of the sobresalientes
(superbumeries) or men coming from
prominent families
 Survived the challenges and catastrophes
that the expedition encountered along the
way
 Was among the 18 survivors who returned to
Spain on September 6, 1522
 Reported to his Majesty King Carlos V
 Joined the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem
 Died sometime in 1534
 About the Book
 Pigafetta kept a detailed journal of what
happened to them from the time they left
Seville in 1519 until they returned to Spain
three years after
 He presented his draft to Pope Clement VII,
Philippe de Villiers L’Isle-Adam and Louis
Savoy hoping that they would help him
finance its publication
 Maximilianus Transylvanus and Peter Martyr -
there accounts were already out regarding
on Magellan’s expedition
 Jacques Fabre - published a condensed
version of the manuscript in Venice
 The original journal of Pigafetta did not
survive that time
 Copies of Manuscripts:
 Three copies are in French
 Two copies are kept in Bibliotheue
Nationale in Paris
 Third copy was originally owned by
Sir Thomas Phillips and later bought
by Beinecke Rare Book which is now
kept in Manuscript Library of Yale
University in New Haven
 Fourth copy is written in mixed Italian,
Spanish and Venetician language
 Could be found in Ambrosian Library
in Milan
 Carlo Amoretti - published an Italian version
 James Alexander Robertson - made an
English version
 Pigafetta’s Account is the longest and most
comprehensive
 It narrated lucidly how they gallantly
survived the unforeseen problems and
challenges
 Includes: maps, glossaries of the natives
words and geographic information and
descriptions about the flora and fauna of
the places they visited
 Provides us a glimpse of the political,
economic, and social conditions of the island
in the Visayan region during the 16th century
 Described vividly the physical appearance,
social life, religious beliefs, and cultural
practices of the people in Samar, Leyte and
Cebu
 Contains data about the economic
activities of the local folks and the goods
they offered for trade
 Enrique De Malacca - Magellan’s Interpreter/
Slave
 Pigafetta and Malacca are not natives, that’s
why there we inaccuracies in the information
about the spelling of the names of places they
visited
 Excerpt from Magellan’s Voyage Around
the World
 March 16, 1521 → Landing in Zamal (Samar)
 March 17, 1521 → Settled in an inhabitated
island near Zamal
 March 18, 1521 → Nine men sails toward them
 Benevolence of the Spaniards and Filipinos
 Spaniards gave mirrors, combs, bells, ivory,
and bocasine
 Filipinos gave fishes, palm wine
(uraca/arrack), long figs (bananas),
cocoanuts (coconuts; fruit of the palm trees)
 The many uses of palm or coconut tree
 Liquor, ropes, powder, coconut
meat, oil, vinegar, milk
 A ten-member family can survive
on two palm trees
 Their (Filipinos) own island was called Zuluan
 They (Filipinos) saw different the different
merchandise of the Spaniards: cloves, pepper,
ginger, nutmeg, mace, and gold
 The place where we (Spaniards) were is
called Humunu (Homonhon)
 We (Spaniards) found two springs there of the
clearest water called the "Acquada da li
buoni Segnialli"
 The Watering-place of good Signs
 First signs of gold
 Great quantity of white corals in the
waters and large trees with fruit
 We (Spaniards) called the group of islands as
"Islas de San Lazaro"
 It was discovered on the Sabbath day of
St. Lazarus
 March 22 to 28, 1521 → they (Filipinos)
came two boats with coconuts, oranges, palm
wine and a chicken
 We (Spaniards) all purchased it from them
 The Appearance of a Seignor (Filipino)
 Old man, who has tattooes
 Two gold earrings in his ears
 Many gold armlets in the arms
 Kerchiefs on their heads
 Our captain (Magellan) went ashore daily to
visit the sick and every morning gave
cocoanut water from his own hands
 The Appearance of a Caphri
 People near the island who have big
holes in the ears
 Naked but with a cloth around the privies
 Long black hair
 Used coconut and beneseed oil for sun
protection
 Used daggers, knives, spears, javelin,
shields as weapons
 March 29, 1521 (Holy Friday)→
captain-general (Magellan) and six to seven
other crew members came to meet the King
Colambu of Butuan
 The captain-general (Magellan) hugged
the king
 Colambu gave captain-general three
jars of rice, two large dorade and
wanted the captain-general to be his
Casi-casi (brother)
 The captain-general gave the king a
garment of red and yellow cloth and a
fine red cap
 March 31, 1521
 The captain-general (Magellan) sent the
priest with some men to prepare for the
mass; together with the interpreter to tell
to the King that we (Spaniards) will not
going to dine with him but to say mass
 The king sent us two swine to kill
 King Colambu of Butuan, and King Siaui
of Calagan met the captain-general
and 50 crew members for a mass on
Easter Day.
 The two kings worshiped and accepted the
faith of the Spaniards that day.
 There are many purposes of erecting a cross
in that place.
 The two kings and the captain-general
climbed the highest point of the place to put
the cross so that as they wake up every
morning they will adore it
 The captain-general asked them if they are
Moros and about their beliefs, and they
replied they worship no one but “Abba”
 The captain-general asked the two kings of
the most traded and food-rich islands
around: Ceylon, Zubu (largest and most
traded one), and Calaghann
 After the erection of the cross, each of us
repeated a Pater Noster and Ave Maria,
adored the cross and the two kings did the
same thing
 The Appearance of the Heathens
 People (Filipinos) who were assigned to
harvest rice
 Naked and painted
 Wear a piece of cloth from a tree
 Heavy drinkers
 Their women are clad in tree cloth from their
waist down and their hair is black that
reaches the ground
 Constantly chews food which they call
ARECA; they cut the fruits into four parts amd
wrap it in leaves
 Everyone who lives in that part of the
world use it
 Lies in a latitude of 92 degrees
toward the Arctic Pole and in a
longitude of 162 degrees from
the line of the demarcation
 Is 25 leagues from the Acquada
and is called Mazaua
(Limasawa)
 April 3, 1521 → The Spaniards sailed for
the three islands but stayed in Mazaua
 Route: Mazaua → Ceylon → Bohol → Baybai
→ Gatighan
 Together with the King of Mazaua, we
traveled to Polo, Ticobon, Pozon
 April 7, 1521
 We (Spaniards), then arrived to Cebu,
the largest island of them all
 We fired their artillery causing fear among
the Filipinos
 The firing was part of a custom
interpreting peace and friendship
 Cata raia chita says the slave interpreter
to the King of Zubu
 “Look well, sire. These men are the
same who have conquered the India
Major. If they are treated well, they
will give good treatmets, as they
have done to Calicut and Malaca”
 April 9, 1521 → a blood compact
between the King of Zubu and the
captain-general (Magellan) commenced
 April 11, 1521 → as one of our men died
during the previous night, the interpreter and
I went to ask the king where we could bury him
 and he replied “If I and my vassals all belong
to your sovereign, how much more ought the
lang”. The deceased was buried in the square
with as much pomp as possible, in order to
furnish a good example.
 April 13, 1521 → we showed these people a
shop full of our merchandise, at which they
were very much surprised. For metals, irons
and other large merchandise they gave us
gold. For the other smaller articles they gave
us rice, swine, goats and other foods. The
captain general did not wish to take too
much gold, for there would have been some
sailors who would have given all that they
owned for a small amount of gold and would
have spoiled the trade forever.
 April 14, 1521 → as the captain promised the
king to become a christian on Sunday (April
15, 1521), a platform was built on the
consecrated square. The captain general
sent men to tell the king not to be afraid of
the pieces that would be discharged morning,
for it was a custom to discharged them at our
greatest feast without loading with stones.
 April 15, 1521
 40 men went ashore, two were completely
armed and preceded the royal banner.
 The captain and the king embraced and
told by captain that the banner was not
taken except with fifty men armed as were
those to and fifty musketeers ashore but
so great that his love for him thus brought
the banner.
 The King - sat down in the chairs of red
velvet
 The Chiefs- sat down in cushion
 The Others- sat down in mats
 The captain told the king that he is going to
Spagnia, and will return with so many forces
that will make the king the greatest king of
those regions.
 Two men was taken by the captain for
then to learn their language.
 The captain said that if they wanted to be
Christians, they must burn all their idols and
set up a cross in their place.
 Adore the cross daily with clasped
hands, every morning. And ought to
come hourly and adore it kneeling.
 500 men were baptized before the mass
 Magellan called them:
 The King = Don Carlo
 The Prince = Don Fernando
 The King of Mezaua = Johanni
 A Chief = Fernando
 The Moro = Christoforo
 After dinner, to baptize the queen, came with
forty women. We conducted her to a platform
and sit down in the cushion and other near
her
 I (Pigafetta) showed her an image of our
Lady, a beautiful wooden child of Jesus
and a cross.
 Magellan called them:
 The Queen = Johanna
 The queen was young and
beautiful and was covered with
a white and black cloth. Her
mouth and nails were very red.
Has a large hat of palm leaves in
her head. Like the pope, she
never goes any place without
the hat
 The Wife of the Prince = Catherina
 The Queen of Mezaua = Lisabeta
 The King (Raia Humabon) and the Captain
called each other brothers
 We (Spaniards) burned the hamlet because
the neighboring island refuses to obey the
king or the captain.
 One day the queen pomp to hear a mass
 Before the commencement, the captain
sprayed her and some of women with
musk rosewater
 The priest gave the queen a child Jesus,
telling her to keep it in the place in her
idols, for it was a memory of the son of
God
 The captain-general asked the king and
other people why they didn’t burn their idols
 They replied that they were doing this not
for themselves, but for a sick man who had
not spoken now for four days, so that the
idols might give him health.
 The captain told them to burn their idols and
to believe in Christ, and that if the sick man
were baptized, he would quickly recover.
 They baptized him and his two wives and x
girls. Then the captain asked him how he felt.
He spoke immediately and said that by the
grave of our Lord he felt.
 That was the most manifest miracles in our
times.
 The people said that if God would lend them
life, they would burn all the idols they could
find, even if they were in the King’s house.
 Those idols are made of wood, and hollow,
and lack the back parts. Their arms are open
and their feet turned up under them with the
legs open, they had a large face with four
huge tusks like those of the wild boars.
 They are many villages in that island.
 Near the island of Zubu was an island called
Matan (Mactan), it’s chief were Zula and
Cilapulapu (Lapu-Lapu)
 April 26, 1521 → Zula, chief of the island of
Matan, sent one of his sons to present two
goats top captain general
 But that he had not been able to sent
because of the other chief, Lapu-lapu,
refused to obey the king of Spagnia
 He requested the captain to send him only
one boatload of men, so that they might help
him and fight against the other chief.
 They reached Mactan after 3 hours before
dawn
 The captain – general decided to thither with
three boatloads.
 They begged not to go , but he refused it.
 The sixty men set out their armed with corselets
and helmets, with the Christian king, the prince,
some of the chief men, and twenty to thirty
 He sent a message to the natives , that they don’t
want to fight against to them.
 Christian king = as their sovereign.
 He want to pay our tribute, but they wished they
should wait to see how our lances wounded.
 They not to proceed to attack them until in the
morning, so that they have more men.
 When morning came, forty-nine are leaped into
the water up and walked through water with more
than two crossbow.
 The captain said that formed into two divisions,
to begin to fight.
 The musketeers and the crossbowmen shot from a
distance for an half hour, but some of their shot
are only passed to the shields. When the muskets
were discharge, the natives never stand but still
the covering themselves with their shields.
 The natives , seeing that twenty or thirty houses
are burning and two of men also killed near the
houses.
 The captain shot on the right leg with a poisoned
arrow.
 An Indian hurled a bamboo spear into the face
of the captain, but it immediately killed him with
his lance. Then he trying to lay hand on sword he
could draw the half of the sword because he has
wound on his arm by a bamboo spear.
 The Christian king have aided, but the captain
charged before landed he did not leave his
balanghai , but he want to stay to see how
they fought.
 When the king saw the captain was dead , he
said among the other virtues which he
possessed, he was more consistent than ever
in the greatest of adversity
 April 27, 1521
 The captain want to fight on Saturday,
because it was a especial holy to him.
 In that battle 8 of their men were killed
and 4 Indians become Christians and
who had come afterward to aid them.
Their enemy only 15 were killed while many
of us were wounded.
 Relevance
1. Credit must be given to Magellan’s
expedition for proving that the Earth is not
flat but an oblate sphere
2. Magellan and his men completed the first
circumnavigation of the world
3. They confirmed that the Portuguese route, is
not the only way to the Spice Island. They
proved the theory that one can go to the
East by sailing west
4. They brought attention to the attention of the
Europeans that on the other side of the
American continent exist a large body of
water which they named Pacific Ocean
Lesson 4: Customs of the Tagalogs
 Historical Context
 The colonial government had a difficulty in
running local politics because of the limited
number of Spaniard who wanted to live
outside Intramuros
 The situation forced Spanish officials to allow
FIlipinos to hold the position of
gobernadorcillo
 Friars
 Supervised the election of the local
executives, helped in the collection of
taxes, were directly involved in educating
the youth, and performed other civic
duties
 Assigned in mission territories were
required periodically to inform their
superiors of what was happening in their
respective areas
 Prepared reports on the number of
natives, they converted, the people’s way
of life, their socio-economic situation and
problems they encountered
 Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalogs
(Customs of he Tagalogs, 1589)
 Contains numerous information that
historians could use in reconstructing the
political and socio-cultural history of the
Tagalog region
 A primary source because the author
personally witnessed the events and his
accounts contained his observations
 Miguel de Loarca
 An encomendero of Panay wrote his
Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1582) and
described the Filipinos’ way of life in the
Western Visayas area
 Lieutenant Governor Antonio De Morga
 Wrote Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas which
provides information about the state of the
Philippines in the 16th century
 Fr. Pedro Chirino S.J.
 Relacion de las Islas Filipinas, 1604
 Fr. Juan Delgado S.J.
 Historia General, 1751
 Fr. Francisco Colin S.J.
 Labor Evangelica, 1663
 Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina S.J.
 Historia natural del sitio, fertilidad y calidad
de las ISlas e Indios de Bisayas, 1668
 About the Author
 Fray Juan De Plasencia
 Member of the Franciscan order who came
together with the first batch of missionaries to
the Philippines in 1578
 He and Fray Diego de Oropesa were
assigned to do mission works for spreading
about the Christianity in the Southern
Tagalog area
 Placenscia helped in the foundation and
organiation of the numerous town in Quezon,
Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan
 He wrote the Placencia’s Relacion de las
Costumbres de los Tagalog or Customs of
the Tagalog
 He wrote the Doctrina Christian en Lengua
Espanola y Tagala which later the first
printed book in the Philippines in 1593
 About the Text
 The original document is currently kept in
Archivo General de Indians in Seville, Spain
 The duplicate copy is kept in the Archivo
Franciscano ibero- Oriental in Madrid, Spain
 They English translation appeared in Volume
VII of the Blair and Robertson’s - The Philippine
Islands
 Another English translation was published in
the Second series of the Filipiniana Book Guild
 Excerpts from Customs of the Tagalogs
 Priests of the devil
 Catolonan- a man or a woman
 Mangagauay - kill, or prolong life
through medicine
 Manyisalat - enchant people to despise
their partner.
 Mancocolam- emit fire from himself at
night
 Hocloban- can kill with a raise of a hand
 Silagan- if they saw people clothed in
white, they tear out liver and eat it.
 Magtatangal - show himself at night
without his head.
 Osuang - equivalent to a "sorcerer"
 Mangangayoma- made charms for lovers
out of herbs, stones, and woods.
 Sonat- "preacher" helps one
die.Pangatahojan- predict the future.
 Bayoguin- "catquean"
 Idols
 Bathala- "all powerful", "maker of all
things"
  Sun- "beauty is universal" "respected and
honored by the heathens"
 Dian Masalanta- patron of lovers and of
generation.
 Lacapati and Idianale- patrons of
cultivated land and of husbandry.
 Moon- great rejoicings, bidding it
welcome when it comes.
 Lic-ha - images with different shapes.
 Social classes
 Datu – chief or captain of wars
 Maharlika – free born, do not pay taxes
 Aliping namamahay- lives in their own
houses and Lords of their property and
gold.
 Aliping sa Guigilir- serves their master in
his house and can be sold.
 Relevance
 The Customs of the Tagalogs is a very
popular primary source for it describe the
way the life of the Filipinos before Spanish
Colonizations
 Filipinos were already civilized and
maintained a lifestyle that was on a par with
or even better than that of the people fro
other countries in Southeat Asia
Lesson 5: The Kartilya of a Katipunan
 Historical Context
 July 7, 1892 → Andres Bonifacio established
the katipunan for the first move towards the
independence.
 Result of the failure of the Reform Movement in
Spain
 Filipinos attempted to demand reforms for the
Philippines from the Spanish Government
 Bonifacio saw the futility of the efforts of the
Filipinos propagandist and organized an
underground movement against Spain
 KKK (KATAASTAASANG
KAGALANG-GALANGANG KATIPUNAN ng
mga Anak ng Bayan
 A secret society organized by Andres
Bonifacio
 It is a revolutionary society that support the
independence and freedom for the
Philippines
 Main objective: separation of the Philippines
from Spain to gain citizenship of the Filipinos
with their own country once independence
was achieved.
 About the Author
 Emilio Jacinto
 Born on December 15, 1875 in the district of
Trozo in Tondo, Manila
 Son of Mariano Jacinto, a bookkeeper, and
Josefa Dizon
 Lived in poverty but got good education
 Educational Background:
 Elementary: private school
 High School: Colegio de San Juan de
Letran
 College: University of Sto Tomas (he took
up law but was not able to finish come
the Philippine revolution in 1896)
 Joined the Katipunan at the age of 18 in
1894
 Symbolic Name: Pingkian
 A guiding light to the members of society
 Wrote Kartilya and the Oath of the
Katipuneros
 Edited the Katipunan newspaper known
as Kalayaan
 Pen Name: Dimas Ilaw
 Positions in the Katipunan
 Secretary
 Fiscal
 Editor
 General (appointed by Bonifacio in
1897)
 Adviser to the Supremo
 In 1897, Bonifacio died but he still continued
to fight against the Spaniards
 Captured in Magdalena, Laguna where he
fought in a battle against Spaniards where
he was wounded
 Hide in manila after escaping from the soldiers
 Wrote a letter to Apolinario Mabini in Malolos,
Bulacan
 Wanted to continue his law studies in the
Literary University of the Philippines as stated
in the letter he wrote to Mabini
 Went to Laguna where he led fellow patriots
against the Americans, a new enemy, that is
why he was not able to continue to study in
LUP
 Established his headquarters in Majayjay
 Died on April 6, 1899 because of Malaria
 About the Text
 Kartilya
 According to Jim Richardson,
 Best known of all katipunan texts
 The only document of any lengthset
in print by the katipunan prior to
August 1896 that is known to be still
extant according to Jim Richardson
 Was printed in small pamphlets
distributed to the members of the
Katipunan
 From Spanish "cartilla", the primer used for
gradeschools during the Spanish era
 Served as the primary lessons for the
members of the katipunan like "cartillas"
 Presents the teachings of a neophyte
(new) Katipunero and the guiding
principles of the society that are
expected from the katipuneros even after
the freedom of the country from the
colonizers
 Ends with a document of affirmation by
the member to the teachings of the
society
 Importance Today: taught morals and
nationalistic principles of a nation that
fought for independence
 Excerpts from the Kartilya of the
Katipunan
 To those who wants to join the organization:
 Should have a full understanding and
knowledge of its guiding principles and
main teachings
 To unite the hearts and minds of the
Tagalogs
 True love of the nature land and genuine
compassion for one another
 Anyone who wants to join will be submitted to
a searching investigation
 If the applicant wishes to know the secret of
the organization, he cannot proceed.
 Only actions are demanded and esteemed
 Duties to be performed by the members are
exceeding hard
 If applicant desires financial support, he had
better not to proceed.
 Teachings of the Katipunan of the Sons of the
People
 A life that is not dedicated to a great and
sacred cause is like a tree without a shade or
a poisonous weed
 A good dead lacks virtue if it springs from a
desire to do good
 True charity resides in acts of compassion, in
love for one’s fellow men and in making true
reason the measure if every move deed and
word
 Be their skin dark or pale, all men are equal.
One can be superiors to another in
knowledge wealth and beauty… but in
being
 A person with a noble character values
honor above self-interest, while a person with
an ignoble character values self-interest
above honor
 A honorable man’s word in his bond
 Don’t waste time; lost wealth may be
recovered, but time lost is lost forever
 Defend the oppressed and fight the
oppressor
 An intelligent man is who takes care of
everything he says and keep quiet about
what must be kept secret
 Along the thorny path of life, the man
leads the way and his wife and children
follow. If the leader goes the way of
perdition, then so do those who are led
 Do not regard a women as a mere
plaything, but as a helpmate ad partner
in the hardships of this existence. Have
due regard to her weakness and
remember the mother who brought you
into this world and nurtured you in your
own infancy
 What you would want done to your wife,
daughter and sister, do not do to the
wife, daughter and sister of another
 A man’s worth does not come from him
being a king or in the height of his nose
and the whiteness of his face or in him
being a priest, representative of God or
in his exalted position on the face of this
Earth. Pure and truly noble is who, though
born in the forest and able to speak only
his own tongue, behaves decently, it true
to his word, has dignity and honor who is
not an oppressor and does not abet
oppressors, who knows how to cherish
and look after the land of his birth
  When these doctrines have spread and  George Dewey - led the attack on the Spanish
the brilliant sun of beloved liberty shines fleet which was translated as the declaration of
on these poor Islands, and sheds its sweet war of America
light upon a united race, a people in  Rousenville Wildman - supposed to deliver
everlasting happiness, then the lives lost, 117,000 worth of ammunition but only delivered
the struggle and suffering will have been 50,000
more than recompensed  May 19, 1898 → return of Aguinaldo in the
 Relevance Philippines on board the U.S. Cruiser McCulloch
 Kartilya are not only rules for the members but  Beginning the second phase of the revolution
principles for the citizens of a nation  By the end of May, Aguinaldo was in command of
 Kartilya (19th century), simple creed for libing 12, 000 troops
in the light of the many changes occurring in  May 28, 1898 → Filipino won their frist victory in
the present Alapan, Imus
 Teatro Caviteno in Cavite Nuevo - where the
Lesson 6: The Act of the Proclamation of Filipino flag was unfurled
 May 24, 1898 → Aguinaldo announced the
Independence of the Filipino People creation of dictatorial government
 He emphasized dictatorship was only
 Historical Context temporary as a prelude to the establishment
of a republican form of government
 Philippine Revolution ended in a stalemate
 June 12, 1898 → declaration of Independence
between Spaniards and the Filipino Rebels
at Kawit, Cavite
 December 1897 → a truce led by Gen. Emilio
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista - read the
Aguinaldo resulted in him being exiled to
declaration and was later signed by 177 people,
Hongkong in exchange of paying the
including one American Officer
damages of the Spaniards which lasted for a
 Philippine National Anthem = Marcha Nacional
few months time
Filipina
 1898 → Spanish-American War; colonized by
 Composed by Julian Felipe
the Americans
 Played by Banda de San Francisco de
 E. Spencer Pratt - talked with Aguinaldo
Malabon
before regarding a collaboration against
 About the Author
Spaniards
 Emilio Aguinaldo
 Born on March 22 1869 in Cavite El Viejo
(now Kawit) Cavite province.
 Second to the youngest of the children of
Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy
 1894 → became the capitan municipal
of Kawit
 March 14, 1896 → joined katipunan and
chose the name "Magdalo"
 1896 → the revolution against Spain
broke out
 Pamahalaang Panghihimagsik (Election)
 President: Emililio Aguinaldo
 Vice President: Mariano Trias
 Captain-General: Artemio Ricarte
 Director of War: Emiliano Riego de
Dios
 Director of Interior: Andres Bonifacio
 Bonifacio’s educationall
qualification was questioned
 He declared that the results are
null, void and he walked out
 He tried to put up his own
government but was arrested
and tried for sedition
 March 10, 1897→ found
guilty
 Due to Bonifacio’s death, the Spaniards
regaied Cavite and Aguinaldo was
forced to retreat to Biak-na-Bato
 Spaniard realized that going after
the rebels to the hideout was futile
 Truce Prposal: in exchange for indemnity,
amnesty and colonial reform, Aguinaldo
 and other officers were exiled in
Hongkong in December 1897
 Spanish-American War (1898)
 “Battle in Manila Bay”
 American won over the Spaniards
 Aguinaldo returned in the Philippines
with the Americans help and
announced the resumption of the
revolution against Spain
 June 12, 1898 → declaration of
Independence
 1899 → Aguinaldo convened a
Congress in Malolos in which
delegates wrote a constitution and
established the Philippine Republic,
Aguinaldo as the President in
January 1899
 Philippine-American War
 Conflict between Americans and
Filipinos erupted in February 1899
 Ended in 1901 with the capture of
Aguinaldo
 He pledged allegiance to the US
and returned to private life on
his farm
 He run for the presidency in PH but lost to
Manuel L. Quezon
 He was charged with collaboration by
the American for helping Japanese in
WW2
 Freed in genral amnesty
 As a private citizen, he devoted his time to
the revolucionarios until his death at the age
94 on February 6, 1964
 About the Text
 June 10, 1896 → Aguinaldo issued a
one-sentence decree appointing his Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista , as a special commissioner to
write the Act of the Declaration of the Philippine
Independence
 The result was a 16 page document that consist:
aspirations of freedom, sacrifices made and the
declaration that was read in Kawit
 The Act of the Proclamation of
Independence of the Filipino People
**refer to pages 79-84 of your textbooks
 Relevance
 The sole document that proves the value Filipinos
place on their freedom
 In 1898, the Filipinos fight for their freedom
Lesson 7: Speech of President Corazon C.
Aquino Before the Joint Session of the United
States Congress. (September 18, 1986)
 Historical Context
 August 21, 1983 → the gradual downfall of the
dictatorial regime of President Ferdinand E.
Marcos began with the assassination of his
political rival, former Senator Benigno “Ninoy”
Aquino Jr., moments after the latter returned
from exile in the United States.
 The murder of Aquino triggered protest rallies
that call for Marcos to resign
 The Philippine economy began to weaken
during the accusations of corruption by
Marcos and his cronies
 The Philippine economy continued the poor
performance of 1982 and led to the
government's increased dependence on
foreign financial institution.
 Rumors continued to circulate that Marcos
was sick. Marcos’ deteriorating health
necessitated clearer guidelines for
determining a successor.
 Following the opinions of the U.S. Government
that he was losing the mandate of the Filipino
people, Marcos announced on America and
local television that he would hold a snap
presidential election
 Unity would be the way to defeat Marcos
and therefore the opposition chose a
common candidate which is Ninoy’s widow,
Corazon Aquino
 There was rampant cheating and violence
during the snap election that resulted to
numerous casualties
 Marcos’ allies at the Batasang Pambansa
declared him the winner of the election
(February 15, 1986)
 This led to the opposition’s indignation rally in
Luneta where Cory Aquino spoke to around
 two million people in Luneta, in what would be
known as the Tagumpay ng Bayan rally.
 At the event, Aquino called for massive civil
disobedience and boycott of Marcos-crony
owned companies and products. The
Aquino-Laurel ticket also proclaimed victory.
 On February 22, Marcos’ defense minister
Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces of the
Philippines Vice-Chief of staff Gen, Fidel V.
Ramos deserted from the Marcos government
 A four-day People Power Revolution was
ignited by the desertion where civilians faced
tanks and soldiers to protect the soldiers and
officers who defied Marcos Regime
 Eventually, Marcos lived in exile in Hawaii and
Aquino was declared as President of the
Philippines
 President Cory Aquino began to lead a
country that had been badly damaged
economically by the Marcos regime
 In September 1986, she went on a state visit
to the United States where she spoke before
the U.S Congress to ask for financial aid to
the Philippines and conferred with then
President Ronald Reagan
 She also convinced American businessmen to
invest in the Philippines
 The nine-day visit was deemed a success by
Filipinos and American newsmen
 About the Speaker
 Maria Corazon ‘’Cory’’ Cojuangco Aquino
 Was born on January 25, 1933 in Tarlac.
 Has a wealthy and politically prominent
family.
 Graduated from Mount St. Vincent College in
New York City in 1954.
 Married a popular young politician, Benigno
‘’Ninoy’’ Aquino, Jr.
 Lived the life of a politician’s wife.
 Stood by her husband when he was
arrested and imprisoned for 8 years
(1972-1980) by President Marcos after
martial law was in declared in 1972.
 Accompanied Ninoy to the states where
he lived in exile for 3 years.
 Corazon Aquino was thrust into limelight
when Ninoy was assassinated (1983)
 Became part of the growing opposition
to the Marcos dictatorship which
culminated in her presidential
candidacy (1986)
 Cory challenge the results of the
election because of massive
cheating called for a boycott of
all industries of Marcos cronies.
 Military officials publicly renounced Marcos
and supported Cory
 Four-day People Power Revolution in
February 1986 ended the Marcos
dictatorship and propelled Cory as the
first Filipino woman president.
 Cory Administration
 Known for its restoration of Philippine
democracy.
 New constitution was written. (1987
Constitution of the Philippines)
 Congress was soon elected.
 But the euphoria of the newly
restored freedom did not last as the
Aquino administration failed to
enforce social and economic reforms.
 January 1987 → she was named the TIME
Magazine’s 1986 Person of the Year.
 Cory returned to limelight in 2001
 Supported the impeachment of
President Joseph Estrada (EDSA 2)
 2006 → she was listed in the TIME
Magazine’s issue called ‘’60 YEARS OF
HEROES’’
 August 1, 2009 → Corazon Aquino died.
 About the Speech
 Corazon C. Aquino delivering her speech
before the U.S Congress
 Teodoro “Teddy Boy” Locsin, Jr.
 The Executive secretary of President Cory
Aquino
 Have the task to writing the speech of
the president for the joint session of the
U.S. Congress
 He admitted that he was not able to finish
the speech in time.
 President Corazon Aquino
 She was invited to speak before the joint
session of the U.S. Congress
 She was the one who finish the speech
because her executive secretary did not
finish it in the time of the occasion
 Her speech lasted for half an hour and

was interrupted by several applauses
and ended with a standing ovation by
the both senators and congressmen
 Speech of President Corazon C. Aquino
Before the Joint Session of the United
States Congress.
 Honorable Death of Benigno Aquino Jr.
 “In burying Ninoy, a whole nation honored
him. By that brave and selfless act of
giving honor, a nation in shame
recovered its own. A country that had
lost faith in its future found it in a faithless
and brazen act of murder.”
 The Dictator President Ferdinand Marcos
 “A president-turned-dictator, and traitor
to his oath suspended the Constitution
and shut down the Congress that was
much like this one before which I am
honored to speak.”
 The great responsibility lies on Cory’s shoulder
 “The task had fallen on my shoulder to
continue offering the democratic
alternative to our people”
 “Archibald Macleish had said
democracy must be defended by arms when
it is attacked by arms and by truth when it is
attack by lies. He failed to say how it shall be
won”
 EDSA People Power
 “You saw a nation, armed in courage
and integrity, stand fast by democracy
against threats and corruption”
“You saw people so committed to the ways of

democracy that they were prepared to give
their lives for its pale imitation”
 Restoration of the full Constitutional government
 Artwork
 “Now we are restoring full constitutional
government. Again, as we restored
democracy by the ways of democracy, so
are we completing the constitutional
structures of our new democracy under a
constitution that aleady gives full respect to
the Bill of Rights.”
 Philippines $26 billion foreign debts
 “Finally, may I turn to that other slavery: our
$26 billion foreign debt.”
 “Many conditions imposed on the previous
 Example of Editorial Cartoons
government that stole this debt continue to
be imposed on us who never benefited from
it.”
 Friendship between Philippines and America
 “When I met with President Reagan yesterday,
we began an important dialogue about
cooperation and strengthening of the
friendship between two countries.”
 “In giving, we receive, in losing we find, and out of
defeat, we snatched our victory”
that
 Relevance
 It was this speech that gave credence to the
people power revolution not only to the American
but to the World
 The house of representatives, 5 hours later, voted
203 to 197 in favor of the ＄200M as emergency
aid for the Philippines
Lesson 8: Artwork
 Illustrations, drawings and photographs
 Large part in the study of history
 Have stories to tell and gave insights
beyond the text
 Reflection of historical realities and
everyday life and the situation of the
past societies
 Editorial Cartoons
 Sources of political expression or
propaganda in the historical era in which
they come out
1. El Candidato Longino
 Satirical cartoon from the July 27, 1907
issue of the Lipang-Kalabaw.
 Philippine Assembly candidate
Dominador Gomez as the Roman
centurion Longinus delivering the final
spear blow to the crucified freedom
fighters
 Gomez was the instrument in the surrender
of Sakay and his men but later were
subsequently arrested in spite of
assurance of safe
 Gomez was later blamed for the death of
Sakay
2. Popular Manifestation in Honor of the
Triumphant Candidate of the Southern District
 of Manila, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, 11th of
August, 1907
 Cartoon from Lipang-Kalabaw
 Depicts the parade of Filipinos
celebrating the election of their popular
candidate, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, who
ran for the Philippine Asembly
 Americans were bothered due to the
massive show of support by Filipino
 Flag Law
 Other Illustrations
1. Watch for the Saboteurs sponsored by the
League of Women Voters of the Philippines
published in 1951
2. President Elpidio Quirino wrote a letter to the
League saying that the booklet graphically
shows the defects of both individual and the
society
Lesson 9: The First Cry of the Revolution
(August 1896)
 Historical Context
 Philippine Revolution of 1896
 “First Cry”
 Initial move of the Filipinos to begin the
revolution for independence
 What they did? Tear their cedulas
and proclaim the start of the fight for
independence
 Katipunan was exposed on August 19, 1896
 Spaniards began to cracked down
suspected rebels
 Original Plan: to start the revolution at the end of
August but Bonifacio found out it is wise to begin
it at the end of the month
 1911 → monument to the heroes of 1896 was
erected in Balintawak
 First Cry happened on August 23, 1896 at
Pugad Lawin (Balintawak), according to the
National Historical Commission
 Historians and other personalities claim that the
official date and place are wrong.
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s Account
 Dr. Pio Valenzuela
 Pio Valenzuela y Alejandro (23 years old)
 An official of the Katipunan and Andres
Bonifacio’s friend
 His account was published as Memoirs of the
K.K.K. and the Philippine Revolution
 Official date and place were based on his
account
 His Account
 Balintawak – 1st place of refuge of the
katipunan.
 First Five Members (August 19, 1896): Andres
Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio,
Aguedo del Rosario and Teodoro Plata
 Followed by Dr. Pio (August 20, 1896)
 House and Yard of Apolonio Samson at
Kangkong – 1st place where some 500
members of katipunan met.
 Briccio Pantas, Alejandro Santiago,
Ramon Bernardo, and Apolonio Samson
were also there.
 No resolution was debated or adopted
only views were exchanged.
 Pugad Lawin – store-house & yard of
Juan Ramos (son of Melchora Aquino)
 Where1,000 members of Katipunan
(August 23, 1896) debated &
discussed whether if not revolution
against Spanish gov’t should be
started on August 29 1896.
 Teodoro Plata - fought for against war
and protested
 Enrique Cipriano, Alfonso Pacheco,
Tomas Remigio and, Sintoroso San Pedro
were also present
 After the meeting they, tear their cedula
certificates and shouted “LOVE LIVE THE
PHILIPPINES”
 Santiago Alvarez’s Account
 Santiago Alvarez
 Gen. Santiago Virata Alvarez
 He published Sampaguita
 A Pre-World war II Tagalog weekly
magazine
 Consist of 36 parts
 Story of Philippine Revolution
 Published as a book entitled, “The
Katipunan and The Revolution” with
an English translation by Paula
Carolina Malay
  One of the leaders of the Cavite
Revolution
 The account can be found in Chapter 6
of the memoirs
 It is merely narration of the events that
happeed in Bahay Toro on August 24,
1896
 His Account
 August 21, 1896 at 11PM → treck to
Kangkong (raining and dark)
 August 22, 1896 at 2AM → we reach the
house of Apolonio Samson’s in kangkong
 August 22, 1896 at Sam → the supremo
began to assign guards
 He placed detachment at the Balintawak
boundary and at the backyard to the
north of the house
 No less than 300 men assembled at the
Supremo Bonifacio’s bidding.
 They are briging assorted weapons,
bolos, daggers, a dozen revolver, & a
rifle (Lieutenant Manuel for hunting birds)
 Supremo Bonifacio was restless and
worried – Emilio Jacinto’s old letter have
been interpreted
 August 23, 1896 (Saturday) → Bahay
Toro at Loam; more than 500 members of
Katipunan
 August 24, 1896 (Monday) - more than
1,000 Katipuneros
 Supremo called a meeting at 10 am at
Melchora’s barn
 Flanking him on both sides, Dr. Pio Valenzuela,  Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo
Emilio Jacinto, Briccio Pantas, Enrique del Rosario, Tomas Remigio, Briccio
Pacheco, Ramon Bernardo, Pontaleon Torres, Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela,
Francisco Carreon, Vicente Fernandez, Enrique Pacheco, & Francisco Carreon –
Teodoro Plata & others leaders of Katipunan & composed the
 The following matters were approved: board of directors of katipunan.
 An uprising to defend the people’s  Delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan,
freedom Cavite, & Morong (Now Rizal)
 To be on state of alert  August 26, 1896 (9 am) → meeting
 The immediate objective which is presided by Andres Bonifacio & Emilio
capturing Manila Jacinto acted as secretary.
 They shouted, “LONG LIVE THE SONS OF  They shouted, “LONG LIVE THE PHILIPPINE
PHILIPPINES!” REPUBLIC”
 Guillermo Magsakay’s Account
 Guillermo Magsaysay
 A friend, and fellow Katpunero of Andres
Bonifacio
 In an interview with Sunday Tribune magazine,
he said that,
 First Cry happened in Balintawak on
August 26, 1896
 At first, his account was used by the
government and civic officials
 He changed his narrative in a newspaper
named, Bagong Buhay on August 26, 1957
 The revolution began on August 23,
1896
 Soledad Buehler-Borromeo (granddaughter
of Magsangkay) cited sources that the
original date was August 26
 His Account
 August 26, 1896 → a big meeting at
Apolonio Samson’s house in Balintawak