Definition Of HISTORY 2.

LINEAR HISTORY “foundation of

● Chronological record of significant events, cause and effect”
the study of past events. Follow an assumption of linear progression.
● Derived from the Greek noun ἱστορία "this happened, and then that happened; that
(historia) = learning; inquiry happened because this happened first."
● “The past of mankind”
● Geschichte = the German word for history 3. SPIRAL
● Geschehen = to happen The course of history is running through
different stages.
History Defined by E.H. Carr Each period in history changed and
● The inquiry conducted by the historian and developed logarithmically.
the series of past events into which he
inquires. Post Integral Consciousness
● Is the continuous process of interaction Integral Consciousness
(present and the past) Postmodern Consciousness
● Interpretation and historian makes. Modernist Consciousness
Traditional Consciousness
● The re-enactment -Collingwood Tribal Consciousness
● The historian's experience.-Oakeshott Warrior Consciousness
● “A selective system” not only of cognitive, but Archaic Consciousness
of causal, orientations to reality. -Parsons
4. CHAOTIC “A state of disorder”
Kasaysayan in the language and
Refers to a state of lacking order or
perspective of Filipino predictability in the making of history.
● saysay (narrative or salaysay) “Nothing would be uncertain and the future
● saysay (relevance, importance) just like the past would be present before its
eyes.”
“Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang
grupo ng tao (Relevant stories/narrative of the
5. ECCENTRIC “off center”
people)” -Zeus Salazar
The term was first applied to describe a thing
which was odd .
PATTERNS OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Around 1832, it began to be used to describe
a person with unusual or behavior.
1. CYCLICAL HISTORY (A Christian It means deviating from the recognized or
Doctrine) Ibn Khaldun/ G. Vico customary character or practice.
The periodicity of history is based on the
repetition or recurrence of social processes.
Greek word eschatology, a field of study that History as Reconstruction
literally means “discourse about last things”. The historian is many times removed from the
The purpose of eschatology is to study the events under investigation
final destiny of every created being in Historians rely on surviving records
accordance to the purposes of God.
Elements of history
 1. Man Ex: Greeks/Romans
2. Place
3. Period (time element) Human Nature Theory (Socrates)
4. Sources ➔ The essential human nature as the prime
● Primary Sources - First-hand documents or mover of history.
evidences. Ex: Traits and Character
● Secondary Sources - Interpretation of the
first-hand documents or evidences.
Historical Sources And Criticism
Kinds of History
➔ Objects from the past or testimonies concerning
Factual History the past on which historians depend in order to
When there is nothing more than information about create their own depiction of that pas -Howell &
the origin of events. Rrevenier
Ex: Dr. Jose Rizal was born on June 19,1861 ➔ Tangible remains of the past -Anthony Brundage
➔ Anything that contains important historical
Speculative History information.
When one attempts to get the truth and demand
explanations about the origin of events. Primary Source Secondary Source
Ex: How does the death of Dr. Jose Rizal
changed the lives of the Filipinos? Who Participants or Historians
witness
THEORIES OF HISTORY
When During or Interprets/analyze
contemporary s primary
Great-God Theory (St. Augustine)
event. sources.
➔ Claim that history has a divine origin.
First hand events.
Ex: God

Great-Mind Theory (Plato) Written Primary Sources:

➔ brilliant intellects, or even one mental genius, Letters, Autobiographies, Diaries, Government
supplies the mainspring of human Documents, Minutes of Meetings, Newspapers,
advancement. and Books.
Ex: Philosophers/Oracle

Non-Written Primary Sources:

Great-Man Theory (August Comte)
Interviews, Documentary, Photos, Recording of
➔ The influential and able individuals
Music, Clothing, Buildings, and Tools.
determine the main direction of history.
Ex: Kings/Emperors

Great-People Theory (Arnold Toynbee) Historical Method

➔ Some elite, the best race, the favored nation,
the ruling class alone make history.
 ➔ Techniques historians apply in collecting,
evaluating, validating, and interpreting REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
historical evidence to gain knowledge of the ❖ National Archives of the Philippines
past. ❖ National Library of the Philippines
➔ “Historians without his fact is rootless and ❖ National Historical Commission of
futile; the fact without their historian dead the Philippines
and meaningless.”- E.H. Carr ❖ Library of Congress
❖ University of the Philippines Main
Skeptical Resilience (Frame of Mind) Library
➔ Not easily trust what is given or shown ❖ Ateneo de Manila University Library
online. ❖ De La Salle University Library
❖ University of Santo Tomas Library
Historical Criticism ❖ Lopez Memorial Museum
❖ Ayala Museum
External Criticism Internal Criticism
❖ Local Libraries and Museums
Determines Establishes the
AUTHENTICITY of CREDIBILITY of the How to find Primary Documents from the Internet?
the source. source. Use primary sources keywords:
Documents Diaries
How to test the authenticity of a source? Texts Interviews
1. Determine the date of the document to see Sources Oral history
whether they are anachronistic. Primary sources Testimony
2. Determine the author (hand writing, Personal narratives Records
signature,and seal)
3. Anachronistic style (idiom, orthography, and Domains From Indicators of
punctuation)
4. Anachronistic reference to events (is it too .edu Academic institutions ✓Academic quality
✓Thoughtfulness
early, too late, or too remote?)
5. Provenance or custody .gov Government ✓Reliability
● National ✓Accuracy
6. Semantics - determining the meaning of the ● Local
word. ● Foreign

.int International organizations,

How to test the credibility of a source? United Nations and sites
1. Identification of the author involving treaties and
2. Determination of the approximate date international agreements.

3. Ability to tell the truth .org Non-profit organizations( ✓Advocacy

4. Willingness to tell the truth museums, institutes, and ✓Thoughtfulness
charities) ✓Reliability
5. Corroboration (historical facts or particulars
which rest upon the testimony of two oe .com Commercial sites Sell or promote
more reliable witness)

CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING A WEBSITE:
❖ Author
❖ Bias
❖ Citations
❖ Dates
❖ Reviews
ASSESSING CREDIBILITY OF A WEBSITE:
1. What is the domain site?
2. Is there an “about us” or “our history”
3. What is the root of the web address?
4. How old is the information?
5. Does the website seem to have a position on
a subject? For? Against? Advocate?
6. What interest might that person association,
organization have in creating this website/
7. Does this look professional or slappy?
8. Does the website have a “for more
research” link?
9. Can the information in the webpage be found
at another website?
10. Conduct a research in google about this
website or the person/association/group that
created it?
THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD -
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
Biography of Antonio Pigafetta
★ Antonio Pigafetta (ca. 1490- ca. 1534) also
known as Antonio Lombardo or Francisco
Antonio Pigafetta.
★ Born in 1491 Pigafetta was from a rich
family of Vicenza in the west portion of
Venice, Italy.
★ He was the eldest son of Giovanni Pigafetta
and Angela Zoga. He was also known as
Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio
Pigafetta.
★ Pigafetta’s nationality was Italian and
Venetian.
Academic Career
★ Antion Pigafetta studied astronomy,
geography, and cartography.
★ During the expedition. Before he became the
assistant of Ferdinand Magellan he served
onboard the ships of the Knights of Rhodes
at the beginning of the 16th century. Until
1519, he accompanied the delegation of
Monsignor Francisco Chieregati when he
was appointed as the Papal Nuncio in Spain
in the year 1519.
★ Pigafetta accompanied Ferdinand Magellan,
together with Juan Sebastian Elcano in
august 1519 in the most famous expedition
to the Moluccas which ended in September
1522.
Published Works
★ Antonio Pigafetta’s notable work is the
journal entitled “The First Voyage Around the
World
★ Pigafetta also published other works such
as Il Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo, To
America and Around the World, and
Magellan’s Voyage Around the World from
Vol. 1 to 3.
Background of the First Voyage Around The
World
★ The first way is around the world by Antonio
Pigafetta was written onboard one of the five
ships that first circumnavigated the world
during an expedition that was led by the
Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan,
and after his death during the voyage. The
expedition started in 1519 and ended in
Spain in 1522
★ Armada de Molucca was the name of the
Spanish fleet that was led by Ferdinand
Magellan and was provided by King
CharlesV
★ On August 10, 1519, five ships departed
from Seville for what was to become the first
circumnavigation of the earth.(Trinidad, San
Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago, and Victoria)
★ At the end of the voyage Antonio Pigafetta
the author of the book was on board the
Victoria this was the only ship that was able
to return to Spain.
★ Upon arrival in Europe, Pigafetta presented
his copies of work to several high persons.
★ His original diary was lost, and it is not
known in what language it was written
★ The First Voyage survived in four manuscript
versions; one in Italian and three in French.

THE TIMELINE DURING THEIR STAY IN THE
PHILIPPINE
❖ March 16, 1521 (Arrival in samal(Samar))
➢ The island was called Humunu (now
Homonhon)
➢ Locals welcomed them by giving
them their native products such as
fish, figs, coconuts, and palm wine.
❖ March 31, 1521 (First mass in the
Philippines)
➢ Sunday morning
➢ Held at Mazaua (Limasawa)
➢ Attended by local islanders, Spanish
voyagers,the two Rajas, and
Magellan
❖ April 7, 1521 (Arrival in Zubu)
➢ Arrived at the port of Zubu (Cebu),
the largest and the most trade island.
➢ Pigafetta described the inhabitants’
houses that were made of logs.
➢ Fired mortars as a “sign of peace
and friendship.”
➢ Tension between the king of Zubu
and the voyagers and Magellan
threatened them to rage war.
❖ April 14, 1521 (Image of child Jesus)
➢ Held mass with Raja Humabon and
baptized 800 souls.
➢ Pifagetta showed the image of Child
Jesus and a crossto the queen and
asked to keep in place of her idols.
➢ The Child Jesus is known today as
Santo Niño,which is celebrated every
January in Cebu.
❖ April 27, 1521 (Battle of Mactan)
➢ Datu Zula, chief of the island Matan
(Mactan)welcomed them. But
Cilapulapu, the other chief,refused to
obey to the king of Spain.
➢ Datu Zula requested the captain to
defeatCilapulapu, which started the
battle.
➢ Natives outsmarted them, used
‘patibongs’ to defeat them. The
voyagers were losing in this battle.
❖ April 28, 1521 (Death of Magellan)
➢ Captain told them to give up this
losing battle,but his men insisted.
➢ Magellan was shot in the leg with a
poisoned arrow.He died, their
‘mirror’,‘comfort’, and ‘true guide’ as
what Pigafetta described.
➢ They retreated leaving their captain
dead.
❖ September 8, 1522
➢ Victoria, the only ship to survive,
finally arrived atSeville. Thus, ending
the Magallanes-Elcano expedition.
❖ Out of the 5 ships, only 3 ships reached the
Philippines. After the Battle of Mactan, their
manpower is enough to man two ships:
Trinidad and Victoria. Until they returned to
Spain, only one ship survived, which was
Victoria. One of the survivors was Antonio
Pigafetta, who kept the journal about their
expedition.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS (JUAN DE
PLASENCIA)
Background of the Author: Juan de Plasencia:
Las Costumbres de los Indios Tagalos de Filipinas
➔ Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convent de
Villanueva de la Sarena was his real name.
➔ He was a spanish friar of the Franciscan
order
➔ Born to the illustrious family of Portocarreros
en Plasencia
➔ He grew up during the period known as the
Siglo de Oro
➔ He authored several religious and linguistic
books
Arrival in the Philippines:
➔ He was among the first group of Franciscan
missionaries in the Philippines.
➔ Arrived at a port in Cavite on the 2nd of July
1578.
His Works
➔ Customs of the Tagalogs by Juan De
Plasencia
Summary of the Customs of the Tagalogs
➔ The Customs of the Tagalogs mainly focuses
on the government, administration of justice,
slaves, inheritance and dowries
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
TAGALOG SOCIETY ORGANIZATION
● There were many barangays in each town, or
at least, on account of wars, they did not
settle far from one another, except in
friendship. “In addition to the chiefs, who
corresponds to our nights, there were three
cast: nobles, commoners and slaves.
SOCIAL PRACTICES
● “Dowries are given by the men to the
women’s parents. If the latter are living, they
enjoy the use of it.”
METHOD OF WORSHIP
● In the case of young girls who first had their
monthly courses, their eyes were blindfolded
for four days and four nights; and, in the
meantime, the friends and relatives were all
invited to partake of food and drink. At the
end of this period, the catalonan took the
young girls to the water, bathed her and
washed her head, and remove the bandage
from her eyes
COMMUNITY (SOCIAL STRATIFICATION)
4 STATUS IN LIFE:
DATO
➢ He and his family occupied the highest rank.
NOBLES
➢ They were the freeborn whom they call
maharlica. They did not pay tax or contribute
to the dato, but must accompany him in war,
at their own expense.
ALIPING NAMAMAHAY
➢ Also, commoners. They are married and
served their master, whether he be a dato or
not (can’t be sold or can’t be transfer into
another barangay)
ALIPING SAGUIGUILID
➢ Also, slaves. They serve their master in his
house and on his cultivated lands, and may be
sold.
WEDDING (RESPONSIBLE)
● When the parents give dowry to a son and
when in order to marry him to a chief’s
daughter, the dowry was greater than the sum
given the other sons, the excess was not
counted in the whole property to be divided.
● Dowries are given by the men to the
women’s parents. If the latter are living, they
enjoy the use of it.
● Arranged marriage.
RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS (WORSHIPFUL)
● They have the name simbahan which means a
temple or place of adoration; but this is
because, formerly,, when they wished to
celebrate a festival, which they called
pandora, or “worship” they celebrated it in
the large house of a chief.
● Badhala, whom they specially worshiped.
The title seems “all powerful” or “maker of
all things”
● Offerings, sacrifice, and adorations.
KATILYA NG KATIPUNAN - EMILIO JACINTO
➔ Ang popular na tawag sa akda ni Emilio
Jacinto na naglatag ng mga batas at
prinsipyo ng Katipunan at nagsilbing gabay
para sa mga kasapi nitó. May katulad ding
akda si Andres Bonifacio na pinamagatan
namang “Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga
Z.Ll.B.” ngunit ipinasiya niyang ang isinulat ni
Jacinto ang ikabit sa sinusumpaang
kasulatan ng magiging kasapi ng Katipunan.
Ang orihinal na pamagat ng “Kartilya ng
Katpunan” ay “ Mga Aral ng Katipunan Ng
Mga Anak ng Bayan” at hinahangaan noon
at ngayon dahil sa matalinghaga ngunit
eksaktong pormulasyon ng mga tuntunin sa
 buhay na dapat sundin ng isang Katipunero.
Ang unang pangungusap nitó: “Ang
kabuhayang hindi ginugol sa isang malaki at
banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na walang
lilim kundi man damong makamandag” ay
tila isang kredo hinggil sa paglilingkod sa
bayan at sa kapwa tao.
➔ Ang tuntuning moral at etiko na nais pairalin
sa Katipunan bilang tunay na kapatirang
Filipino. Idinidiin nitó ang pag-ibig sa kapwa
at pagtutulungan, ang paniniwala sa
katwiran, at ang pag-iingat sa dangal at puri
bilang tao. Gayunman, taglay din nitó ang
pangunahing mga simulaing demokratiko,
gaya ng pagkakapantay ng tao anuman ang
kulay ng balát, antas ng kabuhayan, at
pinag-aralan. Ipinangangaral din nitó ang
mataas na pagtingin sa kababaihan at ang
mabigat na tungkulin ng lalaki na alagaan
ang asawa at anak. Sa dulo, iginiit ang
pag-ibig sa kalayaan at ang kahandaan ng
kasapi na ihandog ang sarili para sa bayan.
Wika nga ni Jacinto, ang “kamahalan ng tao”
ay tinitimbang alinsunod sa “magandang
asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal
at puri” at lalo na”y “di napaaapi’t di
nakikiapi,” at “marunong magdamdam at
marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.”
MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN - EMILIO
AGUINALDO
- Sinulat ni Emilio Aguinaldo noong 1964,
kung saan tinalakay niya ang ilan sa mga
pinakamahalagang pangyayari sa panahon
ng rebolusyon tulad ng Labanan sa
Binakayan, tunggalian sa pagitan ng
Magdalo at Magdiwang at ng Tejeros
Convention.
KABANATA XXXVIII - PAGPIPISAN NG
SANGGUNIANG MAGDIWANG AT MAGDALO
TAUHAN
- Dumating ang mga sugo ng Kapulungang
Pambansa ng mga Manghihimagsik ni Koronel
Vicente Reigo De Dios upang ipaaalam ang
pagkapanalo sa halalan ni Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo
sa Tejeros Convention, San Francisco de
Malabon noong Marso 22, 1897.
MGA NANALO SA HALALAN
POSISYON
Taga-Pangulo Hen. Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-Presidente Hen. Mariano Trias
Kapitan Heneral Hen. Artemio Ricarte
Secretario De Guerra Hen. Mariano Riego de Dios
Secretario De Interior Supremo Andres Bonifacio
- Sumalungat sa pagkahalal kay Andres Bonifacio
si Hen. Tirona sinabing “Hindi nababagay sa
supremo, ang tungkuling nasabi, pagka’t hindi
siya abogado”
- Pinagtibay ang mga naihalal at saka humirang ng
isang "Commission"
- Sinabi ni Bonifacio na walang kabuluhan ang
nasabing halalan at umuwi sa San Francisco de
Malabon.
UNANG PULONG NG PAMAHALAANG
MANGHIHIMAGSIK
- Nanumpa ang apat na mga inihalal na mga
pinuno ng Pamahalaang Manghihimagsik,
nagpulong at pinagtalakyan ang mga hakbang na
nararapat gawin, pagkatapos ng pag-iisang ito.
* Sa pagpupulong tinalakay ang mga hakbang na
dapat gawin dahil gipit sila sa katayuan ng mga
manghihimagsik, inatasan agad-agad lahat ng
komandante ng destakamento ng mga tropa sa
bayan-bayan na labanan at sumaklolo sa hanay ng
labanan ng Pasong Santol, para mas lumakas pa
ang kanilang kawal.
- Lahat ng tropa inatasang sumaklolo sa Pasong
Santol, ay ipinaharang at di pinatuloy ng
Supremo Andres Bonifacio kay Hen. A. Ricarte.
- Noong ika-25 ng Marso, naagaw ng mga Kastila
ang hanay sa Pasong Santol at nasawi si
Crispulo Aguinaldo.
KABANATA XXXIX - NAGBALIK AKO SA IMUS
- Ipinahaharang si Emilio Aguinaldo ng Supremo
A. Bonifacio sa mga kawal ng Magdiwang sa
kanyang pag-uwi sa Imus at ang mga kawal na
dapat sanang tutulong sa labanan sa Pasong
Santol ay tinipon lahat ng Supremo upang
maisagawa ang kanilang tangka kay Emilio
Aguinaldo, hindi ikinabalisa ni Emilio Aguinaldo
ang ganitong balita na kumalat sa bayan, dahil
ang nasa isip lang niya ay ang makarating sa
kaagad sa kanilang hanay na lumalaban sa Imus
- Lubos ang pagdaramdam ng Vice-Presidente
kay Hen. Aguinaldosa di mararapat na ginawa ng
supremo ukol sa pagbibigay sagabal, hanggang
sa muli nasabi ng Vice-Presidente “Bakit di pa
natin ipalusob at ipadakip ang Supremong iyan”

KABANATA XLII - ANG PAGKAKATATAG NG
"CONSEJO DE GUERRA"
- Ang ginawa ng magkapatid na bonifacio ay isang
malubhang patataksil sa Pamahalaang
Manghihimagsik.
- "Yayamang ang ginawa ng magkapatid ay isang
malubhang pagtataksil sa pamahalaan ng mga
Manghihimagsik, ay marapat na sila'y ipabaril na
lamang at sukat”.
- Hindi matuwid, kay Hen. Aguinaldo na ang
sinuman ay maipabaril na lamang natin at sukat,
kinakailangang suriin o ipasuri ang pagkakasala
ng isang tao nang alinsunod sa batas. Totoo, at
pinipigil ang bisa ng mga batas sa panahon ng
digmaan, nguni't may batas naman ang
nangagdirigma, at ito'y ang "Consejo de Guerra,"
o ang Sangguniang Digma.
- Ipinatawag si Hen. M. Noriel upang itatag
agad-agad ang "Consejo de Guerra."
MGA NANALO SA HALALAN SA “CONSEJO DE
GUERRA”
POSISYON MGA HINIRANG
Juez Instructor Koronel Pedro Lipana
Piscal Koronel Jose Elises
Taga-Pagtanggol sa Koronel Placido Martinez
magkapatid na Bonifacio Koronel Teodoro
Gonzales
- Sinimulan ang paglilitis sa Naic bago inilipat sa
Maragondon, pagka't di natapos.
KABANATA XLIV - HINATULAN NG KAMATAYAN
ANG MAGKAPATID NA BONIFACIO
- Napatunayang nagkasala ang magkapatid na
Bonifacio, buong pagkakaisang ipinasiya ang
hatol na parusang KAMATAYAN sa kanilang
dalawa.
- *nagkasala ang magkapatid na Bonifacio ng hindi
pagkakamatapatin at pagtataksil sa
PAMAHALAANG HIMAGSIKAN (Traicion),
PAGBABANGON (Sedicion), at PAGBABANTA
NG GANTING PAGHIHIMAGSIK (Rebelion)*
- Inatasan si Komandante Lazaro Makapagal na
magdala ng isang Eskuwadrang kawal at kunin
ang dalawang salaring magkapatid at dalhin sa
bundok ng Buntis at doon ganapin ang hatol na
kamatayan.
- Ang kinasapitan ng magkapatid na Andres at
Procopio Bonifacio, ay hindi nabatid sapagka't
nang ganapin ang pagbaril sa kanila sa Bundok
ng Tala, ay nasabay sa paglusob ng mga kalaban
sa Maragondon.
-
DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE - AMBROSIO RIANZARES
BAUTISTA
★ Also known as “Acta dela proclamation de
independencia del pueblo Filipino”
★ Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamirahe was a
trusted ally of Emilio Aguinaldo and the
revolutionary government’s solicitor general.
★ Bautista is a Philanthropist who always provides
legal services to the less fortunate. A member of
the La Liga Filipina Cuerpo De Compromisarios
y La Propaganda.
★ Ambrosio was detained and imprisoned in 1896,
the Spaniards arrested and imprisoned him at Fort
Santiago, as he was suspected of being involved
in the Philippine Revolution. Bautista elected to
defend himself and was later released from
prison.
➢ It was proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in Cavite el
Viego or Kawit Cavite.
➢ The Spanish colonized the Philippines for 333
years.
➢ The declaration was a 200 word document which
summarized the reason behind the revolution
against Spain, the war for independence and for
the future of the new republic under Emilio
Aguinaldo.
➢ The document specifically mentioned the abuses
and inequality in the colony.
➢ Some abuses that have been stated in the
document are about the arbitrary arrest and harsh
treatment by the Civil Guard.
Why do you think it was written?
➔ To proclaim the sovereignty and independence of
the Philippines from the colonial rule of the
Spanish empire. The purpose of this document is
to remind us, remind the colonists and the whole
world that the Philippines declared independence
from colonists.

Speech of Former President Corazon
Aquino before U.S Congress
Who is Cory Aquino?
- Her Full name is Maria Corazon
"Cory" Sumulong Cojuangco Aquino
- Birthdate: January 25 1993 at Tarlac
Province
- Died in August 01, 2009, Makati
- Became the 11th President and the
First Female President of the
Republic of the Philippines (February
25, 1986 - June 30, 1992)
- She was called as the Mother of
Democracy
Educational Background of Cory Aquino
● Elementary (St. Scholastica's College,
Manila)
● Highschool (Assumption College, Makati)
● College Education (College of Mount Saint
Vincent, New York)
● Studied Law at Far Eastern University
5 SPEECHES OF CORY AQUINO
1st Speech
"A president turned dictator and traitor to his oath"
- She said, Ferdinand Marcos was a dictator and
traitor, one of the reasons is the declaration of
Martial Law before.
2nd Speech
"The Task had fallen on my shoulders to continue
offering democratic alternative to our people"
- She declares that responsibility because she was the
mother of democracy in the Philippines, Cory and
her husband are responsible for the people's power.
3rd Speech
"We have swept away absolute power by a limited
revolution that respected the life and freedom of
every Filipino"
- She was responsible for those promises she said
because she was declared as the new president of the
Philippines in 1986.
4th Speech
"As I came to power peacefully, so shall I keep it.
That is my contract with my people and my
commitment to God. He had willed that the blood
drawn with the lash shall not, in my country , be paid
by blood drawn by sword but by the teaful joy
reconciliation"
- Because former Pre. Cory Aquino said that she was
not comparing the past to now that in the past, life
and blood were needed for the good of the country.
5th Speech
"As President, I will not betray the cause of peace by
which I came to power. Yet equally, and again no
friend of Filipino democracy will challenge this, I
will not stand by and allow an insurgent leadership
to spurn our offer of peace and kill our young
soldiers, and threaten our new freedom"
- Cory Aquino affirms that no one can destroy the
new freedom she implemented and promises that
there will be no bloodshed in his leadership.
Political Caricature of the American Era,
1900 - 1941
By: Alfred Mccoy & Alfred Roces
Alfred William Mccoy - currently the
harrington professor of history at the
department of history of the university of
Wisconsin in Madison
➔ Recognized as one of the world’s leading
historians of Southeast Asia & an expert on
Philippine Political History
Alfredo Roces - painter, biographer and
essayist and a versatile artist. Won a grand
prize for his painting “kundiman” at the 25th
AAp in 1972.
Alfredo Roces wrote:
★ Political cartoons in this book kung saan
yung mga American colonizers at inintroduce
yung “free pass” especially in Philippines.
★ 337 compiled cartoons
THE CARTOONS:
Manila: The Corruption of a City
 ➢ They express frustration, discomfort and
decadence. Manila is the constant urban
problems poverty, corruption and prostitution
give this an almost timeless quality. While
the priests live alone in a big building. The
people should not be made to share the
➢ painful congestion of Plaza Gati and Plaza
Santa Cruz with a single priest amidst a
sprawling residence.
Liberty, Equality & Fraternity
➢ Nagkaroon ng law kung saan pinapayagan
ang lahat ng legislators, active or retired na
mag dala ng mga armas kung saan maraming
nag poprotesta na kinalabasan noon .
Cobarets - Yes or No
➢ Protest of public mayroong under the table
transaction
The Great Smell
➢ Manilenos were overpowered by the smell of
algae & a tide of dead fish from Laguna de
Bay that suddenly polluted the Pasig River
The Queen Human Mina!
➢ The american introduced Manila to the new
concept of Athletic leisure through
universities *Basketball & Baseball*
Whie Sharks are Escaping
➢ Drawn by Fernando Amorsolo the cartoon
reflects the passions of the Independence
Publisher
AMERICAN OCCUPATION: PAINTINGS OF
JUAN LUNA & FERNANDO AMORSOLO
❖ Introduced the painting in Philippines (Friars)
❖ Filipino learned to copy on two dimensional
❖ Most paintings were religious ones
Famous Filipino Artist:
❖ Felix Hidalgo
❖ Juan Luna
❖ Jose Honorato Lozano
❖ Simon Flores
❖ Esteban Villanueva
❖ Josef Luciano Dan
Juan Luna
● Born on October 23, 1857
● Town of Badoc, Ilocos
● Manuel Luna instigated his interest for arts
● He received his degree in ADMU
● He killed his wife, Paz Pardo de Tavera, and
his mother-in-law, Juliana Gorricho Pardo de
Tavera (Reason: Jealous)
● Died of heart attack on 7 December 1899 in
Hongkong
JUAN LUNA CONTROVERSIAL PAINTINGS
1. Spoliarium - ito ang bahagi ng colosseum
kung saan tinatapon yung mga bangkay.
2. Parisian Life - yung babae sa painting
sinasabing bayarang babae marahil ay di lang
siya mag isa. Di siya comfortable sa kanyang
pagkakaupo
Fernando Amorsolo
● May 30, 1892, in the Paco district, Manila
● Fabian de la Rosa influenced Amorsolo
● Fine Arts School of the University of the
Philippines
● Showcased his wartime painting
● First National Artist of the Philippines for
Paintings
● Have Painted more than 10,000 pieces
● He introduced the backlight painting
● Quartime painting of Amorsolo is the
Pagtatanggol
● Fernando Amorsolo has a unfinished painting
and suddenly he died. The unfinished
painting was the mother of Vicky Belo