FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

TOPIC : EAST ASIA

Team Members : Anusha Kaul, Ateka Hasan, Hriti Parekh, Mehar Pandya.

ABSTRACT

East Asia is the area which is formed by the continent's easternmost countries. It primarily
Consists of Japan, North Korea, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Mongolia, and
Macau. The concept "East Asia” may be either geographical or political. Vietnam is closely
linked with East Asia politically and culturally, though it is part of Southeast Asia
geographically. Geographically, Russia's Far Eastern Federal District is part of North Asia but
is also aligned with East Asia. Eastern Asia should not be confused with the Far East, which is
a term used to describe Asian countries' proximity to Europe rather than the defined Asian
region. East Asians make up about 1.7 billion people, making up about 38 percent of
Continental Asia's population and 22 percent of the world's population. The region is home to
major world metropolises such as Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, Shanghai, Taipei and Tokyo.
Although the region's coastal and riparian regions are one of the most populous places in the
world, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely
distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest sovereign-state population density.

COUNTRIES OF EAST ASIA

• JAPAN
• NORTH KOREA
• SOUTH KOREA
• CHINA
• TAIWAN
• HONGKONG
• MONGOLIA
• MACAU
 JAPAN

Demography :
Area
Total: 377,915 sq km Capital: Tokyo
Land: 364,485 sq km
Water: 13,430 sq km

Urbanization
Population • Urban population: 91.6% of total
Total: 126.2 million (July 2018 est.) population (2018)
• Rate of urbanization: -0.14% annual
Language rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Japanese
Literacy: 99%
Religion
• Shintoism 70.4% Sex Ratio: 0.94 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
• Buddhism 69.8%
• Christianity 1.5% HDI Rank – 19th (0.915) [2019]1
• other 6.9% (2015 est.)
• (is more than 100% because some
people practice both Shintoism and Political System Of Japan :
Buddhism)
Government Type: parliamentary
Ethnicity constitutional monarchy
• Japanese 98.1%
• Chinese 0.5% Chief of State: Emperor NARUHITO
• Korean 0.4%
• other 1% (includes Filipino,
Vietnamese, and Brazilian) (2016 Head of Government: Prime Minister
est.) Shinzo ABE
Population Growth: -.0.24% (2018 est.)

1http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-
human-development-index-ranking
Japan’s Military Strength2:

For 2020, Japan is ranked 5 of 138 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP (Global
powers ranked by military strengths) review. It holds a Power Index* rating of 0.1501 (0.0000
considered 'perfect').The Japanese government signed off 20 December 2019 on its biggest-
ever defense budget worth 48.5 billion U.S. dollars for the next fiscal year

Economic Overview :

GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $5.443 trillion (2017 est.)

GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $42,900 (2017 est.)
Japan suffered recurring economic crises during most of the 20th century, but is now
transforming into a more liberal economic order, taking advantage of its rich natural resources,
highly literate population, export-orientation, and diversified industry.

Foreign Relations of Japan :

Japan maintains diplomatic ties with all of the UN nations apart from North Korea. It has
actively participated in Peacekeeping missions by the UN and is the fifth largest donor of the
official development assistance. It has close economic and military relations with the US and
has strengthened its relations with South Korea as well.

Organizations It Is A Member Of:

FAO, FATF, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national
committees), ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer),
MIGA, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance
(observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SELEC (observer), SICA
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNWTO,
UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Relationship with India:

Japan’s relations with India has always remained cordial. The former had helped the latter by
giving financial assistance after independence and its companies like Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki,
Sony have established manufacturing units in India. Japan has also contributed its technical
expertise to India’s infrastructure projects. Having signed mutually beneficial agreements
along with conducting naval exercises, these two nations maintain good diplomatic relations

2
https://www.globalfirepower.com/countrymilitary-strength-detail.asp?country_id=japan
 NORTH KOREA

• Rate of urbanization: .82% annual

Demography : rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Area
Total: 120,538 sq km Literacy: 100% (2015)
Land: 120,408 sq km
Water: 130 sq km Sex Ratio: 94.5 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Population Capital: Pyongyang

Total: 25.4 million (July 2018 est.)

Language: Korean
Political System of North
Religion Korea :
• Traditionally Buddhist and
Confucianist
Government Type: dictatorship, single-
• Some Christian and syncretic
Chondogyo (Religion of the party state; official state ideology of
Heavenly Way) "Juche" or "national self-reliance”

Ethnicity Chief of State: Supreme People's

Racially homogeneous; there is a small
Chinese community and a few ethnic
Japanese
Population Growth: 0.52% (2018 est.)
Assembly President CHOE Ryong Hae
Head of Government: State Affairs
Commission Chairman KIM Jong Un

Urbanization
• Urban population: 62.1% of total
population (2019)
North Korea’s Military Strength :

Korean People’s Army (KPA)

For 2020, North Korea is ranked 25 of 138 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP
review. It holds a Power Index* rating of 0.3718 (0.0000 considered 'perfect').3 The country
follows an offensive strategy. The only country to have withdrawn from the Treaty on the Non-
proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) to pursue a nuclear weapons program, and possesses
an increasingly sophisticated nuclear arsenal. The DPRK remains outside of
the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and has repeatedly violated the
international norm against nuclear testing by conducting tests in 2006, 2009, 2013, two tests in
2016, and a test in 2017. North Korea claimed its sixth nuclear test, in September 2017, was of
a thermonuclear device. [1] The United Nations Security Council has passed numerous
resolutions condemning North Korea’s nuclear activities, and has imposed increasingly
harsh sanctions on the North Korean military and economy.4

Economic Overview :

GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $40 billion (2015 est.)

GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $1,700 (2015 est.)

One of the world’s most centrally directed and least open economies; faces stagnation,
underinvestment, and chronic shortages, largely as a result of large-scale missile and nuclear
programs

Foreign Relations of North Korea :

North Korea has been known to be an isolated nation with its closest ally being China, with
most of its embassies (accredited to North Korea) located in Beijing. It has raised severe
concerns internationally with its frequent nuclear programs and tests.

Organizations It Is A Member Of:

ARF, FAO, G-77, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, IMSO, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WFTU (NGOs), WHO,
WIPO, WMO

Relationship with India:

Both the nations have maintained diplomatic ties, with India being North Korea’s second
largest trading partner. Although, India has been critically vocal about North Korea’s nuclear
activities. The nations have had mutual cooperation in areas like vocational education,
pharmaceuticals, technical expertise, agriculture, etc.
3
https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=north-korea
4
https://www.nti.org/learn/countries/north-korea/nuclear/
 SOUTH KOREA

Demography:
Area Urbanization
Total: 99,720 sq km • Urban population: 81.4% of total
Land: 96,920 sq km population (2019)
Water: 2,800 sq km • Rate of urbanization: 0.3% annual
rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Population
Total: 51.4 million (July 2018 est.) Literacy: 97.9%

Language Sex Ratio: 1.01 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

• Korean
• English (widely taught in
elementary, junior high, and high
school) Political System Of South
Korea:
Religion
• Protestant 19.7% Government Type: presidential republic
• Buddhist 15.5%
• Catholic 7.9% Chief of State: President MOON Jae-in
• none 56.9% (2015 est.)
Head of Government: Prime Minister
Ethnicity: homogenous LEE Nak-yon

Population Growth: 0.44% (2018 est.) Capital: Seoul

South Korea’s Military Strength:

For 2020, South Korea is ranked 6 of 138 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP
review. It holds a Power Index* rating of 0.1509 (0.0000 considered 'perfect'). South Korea’s
Ministry of National Defence (MND) has announced a defence budget of KRW50.15 trillion
(USD42 billion) for 2020.
Economic Overview:

GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $2.035 trillion (2017 est.)

GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $39,500 (2017 est.)
HDI: HDI value for 2018 is 0.906— which put the country in the very high human
development category—positioning it at 22 out of 189 countries and territories.

Policies that favoured saving and investment, and exports, over domestic consumption have
lifted South Korea up from being one of the poorest countries in the world in the 1960s to one
of the wealthiest today, creating one of the 20th century’s most remarkable economic success
stories

Foreign Relations of South Korea:

South Korea has maintained diplomatic ties with 191 nations and has actively participated
in/hosted international events like the Olympics and FIFA.

International and Regional Organisations:

ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN
(dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, CD, CICA, CP, EAS, EBRD, FAO, FATF, G-20,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC
(NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer),
OECD, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, PIF
(partner), SAARC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMOGIP, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC.

Relationship with India:

The diplomatic ties between these two nations became formal when several agreements
involving trade, technology and investments occurred starting from 1973. South Korea became
the fifth largest source of investment in India and their companies like LG and Samsung have
played significant roles in India’s economy.
 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Demography:
Area • Han Chinese 91.6%
Total: 9,596,960 sq km • Zhuang 1.3%
Land: 9,326,410 sq km • others (includes Hui, Manchu,
Water: 270,550 sq km Uighur, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Tibetan,
(country comparison to the world: 5) Mongol, Dong, Buyei, Yao, Bai,
Korean, Hani, Li, Kazakh, Dai)
Population 7.1% (2010 est.)
Total: 1.4 billion (July 2018 est.)
Population Growth: 0.37% (2018 est.)

Language Urbanization
• Standard Chinese or Mandarin • Urban population: 60.3% of total
(official; Putonghua, based on the population (2019)
Beijing dialect) • Rate of urbanization: 2.42% annual
• Yue (Cantonese) rate of change (2015-20 est.)
• Wu (Shanghainese)
• Minbei (Fuzhou) Literacy: 96.4% (2015)
• Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese)
• Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects and Sex ratio: 105.5 male(s)/female (total
minority languages population) (2020 est.)

Religion Political System Of PRC:

• Buddhist 18.2%
• Christian 5.1% Government Type: communist party-led
• Muslim 1.8% state
• folk religion 21.9%
• Hindu < 0.1% Chief of State: President XI Jinping
• Jewish < 0.1%
• other 0.7% (includes Daoist Head of Government: Premier LI
(Taoist)) Keqiang
• unaffiliated 52.2% (2010 es
Capital: Beijing
Ethnicity
PRC’s Military Strength:
For 2020, China ranked 3 of 123 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. It holds a Power
Index* rating of 0.0691 (0.0000 considered ‘perfect’). In March 2019, China’s Ministry of Finance announced a
yearly budget of 1.19 trillion yuan ($177.5 billion).

Economic Overview:
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $25.36 trillion (2018 est.)
GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $18,200 (2018 est.)
HDI: 0.758 (2018)- High human development category, positioned at 85 out of 189 countries.

Largest economy and exporter in the world, but one that continues to pursue state-directed industrial, trade, and
investment policies, including state-support of key sectors.

Foreign Relations of PRC:

China is said to have diplomatic relations with 175 countries and has embassies in 162 of them. It is one of the
five permanent members of the UN Security Council and is known to follow One-China Policy in its diplomatic
relations. China had signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and was an observer during
the Non-Aligned Movement.

Organisations it is a part of:

ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS,
BRICS, CDB, CICA, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-20, G-24 (observer), G-5, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC
(national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, MONUSCO, NSG, OAS
(observer), OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC (observer), SCO, SICA (observer),
UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI,
UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC.

Relationship with India:

China and India have always shared a murky relationship since the beginning, having several territorial disputes
in the past. However, currently they have been trying to mend ties, with China becoming India’s largest trading
partner and both the countries building military and strategic relations. In 2012, they had set a goal to increase
bilateral trade to 100 billion USD. 2020 being the 70th anniversary of the Sino-Indo relations, 70 events were
planned by both the countries for celebrating this occasion.
 HONG KONG

Demography:
Capital: City of Victoria
Area
Population Growth: 0.29% (2018 est.)
Total: 1,108 sq km
Land: 1,073 sq km
Urbanization
Water: 35 sq km
• Urban population: 100% of total
population (2019)
Population
• Rate of urbanization: 0.82% annual
Total: 7.5 million (July 2019 est.)
rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Literacy: 99%
Language

• Cantonese (official) 88.9% Sex Ratio: 86.4 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

• English (official) 4.3%
• Mandarin (official) 1.9% HDI: value for 2018 is 0.939
• other Chinese dialects 3.1% (2016
est.)
Political System of Hong Kong:
Religion
• Buddhist or Taoist 27.9%
Government Type: presidential limited
• Protestant 6.7%
democracy; a special administrative region of
• Roman Catholic 5.3%
the People's Republic of China
• Muslim 4.2%
• Hindu 1.4%
Chief of State: President XI Jinping
• Sikh 0.2%
• other or none 54.3% (2016 est.)
Head of Government: Chief Executive
Carrie LAM
Ethnicity
• Chinese 92%
• Filipino 2.5
• Indonesian 2.1%
• other 3.4% (2016 est.)
Military Strength of Hong Kong :
As a non-sovereign territory, Hong Kong has never had a military force of its own. The People's
Liberation Army Hong Kong Garrison is a garrison of the Chinese People's Liberation
Army (PLA), responsible for defence duties in the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region (SAR) since the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to China in 1997.5

Economic Overview :
• GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $480.5 billion (2018 est.)
• GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $64,500 (2018 est.)

It is a Free market economy that is highly dependent on international trade and finance - the value
of goods and services trade, including the sizable share of reexports, is about four times GDP; as
Hong Kong’s manufacturing industry has moved to the mainland over the past decade, its service
industry has grown rapidly; has also established itself as the premier stock market for Chinese
firms seeking to list abroad .

Foreign Relations of Hong Kong :

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) whose diplomatic relations and defence
come under the PRC. [Hong Kong is governed under the principle of "one country, two systems",
under which China has agreed to give the region a high degree of autonomy and to preserve its
economic and social systems for 50 years from the date of the handover. But Beijing can veto
changes to the political system, and pro-democracy forces have been frustrated by what they see
as the slow pace of political reform6]. It is known to have been active in organisations like WTO
and APEC.

International and Regional Organisations:

ADB, APEC, BIS, FATF, ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol
(subbureau), IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITUC (NGOs), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO, WMO,
WTO.

Relationship with India:

From trading ties established in the middle of the 19th century (1840 onwards), relations today
span sectors such as investment finance, services, maritime, shipping, logistics, culture, education
and trade. In 2012, India was said to be the 7th largest trading partner of Hong Kong. The
diplomatic ties between the two nations have strengthened and several bilateral agreements and
MOUs have been signed. Numerous Indian companies have registered in Hong Kong and the FDI
to India from Hong Kong has been increasing.

5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garrison
6
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16517764
 TAIWAN

• Hakka, and other groups originating

Demography: in mainland China) more than 95%
• indigenous Malayo-Polynesian
peoples 2.3%
Area
Total: 35,980 sq km
Land: 32,260 sq km
Water: 3,720 sq km Capital: Taipei

Population Population Growth: 0.11% (2020 est.)

Total: 23,603,049 (July 2020 est.)
Language
• Mandarin Chinese (official)
• Taiwanese (Min Nan)
• Hakka dialects, approximately 16
indigenous languages
Urbanization:
• Urban population: 78.9% of total
population (2020)
• Rate of urbanization: 0.8% annual
rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Literacy: 98.5%

Religion Sex Ratio: 97.3 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

• Buddhist 35.3%
• Taoist 33.2% Political System of Taiwan:
• Christian 3.9%
• folk (includes Confucian)
approximately 10% Type of Government: semi-presidential
• none or unspecified 18.2% (2005
republic
est.)
Chief of State: President TSAI Ing-wen
Ethnicity
• Han Chinese (including Hoklo, who
Head of Government: Premier SU Tseng-
compose approximately 70% of chang
Taiwan's population
Military Strength of Taiwan :

• Budget: US $11.34 Billion (2019)7

• For 2020, Taiwan is ranked 26 of 138 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP
review. It holds a PwrIndx* rating of 0.4008 (0.0000 considered 'perfect').8

Economic Overview :
• GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $1.189 trillion (2017 est.)
• GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $50,500 (2017 est.)

Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy that is driven largely by industrial manufacturing, and
especially exports of electronics, machinery, and petrochemicals. Its foreign reserves are the
world's fifth largest, behind those of China, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Switzerland. Closer
economic links with the mainland bring opportunities for Taiwan’s economy but also pose
challenges as political differences remain unresolved and China’s economic growth is slowing.

Foreign Relations of Taiwan:

Taiwan (ROC) used to have the main aim to establish itself as the sole representative of China,
replacing the PRC. Although, it has recently revised its aim and now seeks dual recognition along
with PRC. It maintains diplomatic ties with 14 nations (of UN) and unofficial relations with 57
nations.

International and Regional Organisations:

ADB (Taipei, China), APEC (Chinese Taipei), BCIE, IOC, ITUC (NGOs), SICA (observer), WTO
(Taipei, China)

Relationship with India:

Both the nations don’t maintain diplomatic relations as of now but do have increasing bilateral
ties. India-Taipei Association and Taipei Economic and Cultural Centres have been established in
Taipei and New Delhi respectively to encourage scientific, cultural, tourism related relations
between the nations. Commercial ties of investment, IT and telecommunications have also
increased. However, as a part of its "Look East" foreign policy, India has sought to cultivate
extensive ties with Taiwan in trade and investment as well as developing co-operation in science
& technology, environment issues and people-to-people exchanges . Trade Ties amounted to $7.5
billion in 2019, up from $1 billion in 2000.9

7
https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3006264/taiwan-boosts-defence-10-year-military-spending-
plan
8
https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.asp?country_id=taiwan
9
https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/taiwans-relations-with-india-partisan-divides/
 MACAU

Demography • Chinese 88.7%

• Portuguese 1.1%
Area: • mixed 1.1%
Total: 28.2 sq km • other 9.2% (includes Macanese -
Land: 28.2 sq km mixed Portuguese and Asian
Water: 0 sq km ancestry) (2016 est.)

Population:
Total: 667,400 (Dec 2018 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 0.71% (2018
est.)
Urbanization:
• Urban population: 100% of total
population (2018)
• Rate of urbanization: 1.63% annual
rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Religion: Literacy: 96.5% (2016)

• folk religionist 58.9%
• Buddhist 17.3% Sex Ratio: 90.2 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
• Christian 7.2%
• other 1.2% HDI: 0.914; rank 17th
• none 15.4% (2010 est.)

Language: Political System Of Macau

• Cantonese 80.1% Government Type: executive-led limited
• Mandarin 5.5% democracy; a special administrative region
• other Chinese dialects 5.3% of the People's Republic of China
• Tagalog 3%
• English 2.8% Head of Government: Chief Executive
• Portuguese 0.6% Fernando CHUI Sai On
• other 2.8% (2016 est.)
Chief of State: President of China XI
Ethnicity: Jinping
Macau’s Military Strength :
Macau does not have a military of its own, and is a protectorate of the PRC. The People's
Liberation Army Macao Garrison is a garrison of the Chinese People's Liberation
Army (PLA), responsible for defense duties in the Macau Special Administrative
Region (SAR) since the sovereignty of Macau was transferred to China in 1999. The PLA
stations between 500-600 troops in Macau, primarily as a symbolic presence to underscore
Chinese sovereignty. The remainder of the 1,200-strong Macau garrison resides just across the
Chinese border in Zhuhai.10

Economic Overview :
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $77.33 billion (2018 est.).
GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $122,000 (2018 est.)
Since opening up its casino industry to foreign competition in 2001 Macau has attracted tens
of billions of dollars in foreign investment, transforming it into one of the world's largest
gaming centres. In 2018, gaming-related taxes accounted for almost 80% of total government
revenue.

Foreign Relations of Macau

As a special administrative region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC), Macau's
diplomatic relations and defence are the responsibility of the Central People's Government of
the PRC. Except diplomatic relations and defence, nonetheless, Macau has retained
considerable autonomy in all aspects, including economic and commercial relations, customs
control. According to Chapter VII of Macau's basic law, Macau may, on its own, using the
name Macau, China or Macao, China, maintain and develop relations and conclude and
implement agreements with foreign states and regions and relevant international
organisations in the appropriate fields, including the economic, trade, financial and monetary,
shipping, communications, tourism, cultural, science and technology, and sports fields. In
addition, Macau can participate in international organizations and conferences not limited to
states
Organizations It Is A Member Of:
ICC (national committees), IHO, IMF, IMO (associate), Interpol (sub bureau),
ISO (correspondent), UNESCO (associate), UNWTO (associate), UPU, WCO,
WMO, WTO

Relations With India

India has signed two bilateral agreements with Macau. These are the Air Services Agreement
signed in February 1998 and the Agreement for the Exchange of Information with Respect to
Taxes signed in January 2012. Bilateral trade with Macau is negligible.

10
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macao_Garrison
 MONGOLIA

Demography
Area:
Total: 1,564,116 sq km
Land: 1,553,556 sq km
Water: 10,560 sq km Urbanisation:
• Urban population: 68.5% of total
Population: population (2019)
Total: 3.25 million (Dec 2018 est.) • Rate of urbanization: 1.63% annual
rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Population Growth Rate: 1.11% (2018
est.) Literacy: 98.4% (2016)

Religion: Sex Ratio: 95.3 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

• Buddhist 53%
• Muslim 3% Capital: Ulaanbaatar
• Shamanist 2.9%
• Christian 2.2% HDI: 0.735 (2018)
• other 0.4%
• none 38.6% (2010 est.)

Ethnicity:
• Khalkh 84.5%
Political System Of Mongolia
• Kazak 3.9%
• Dorvod 2.4% Government Type: semi-presidential
• Bayad 1.7 republic
• Buryat-Bouriates 1.3%
• Zakhchin 1% Head of Government: Prime Minister
• other 5.2% (2015 est.) Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH

Languages : Chief of State: President Khaltmaa

• Mongolian 90% (official) (Khalkha BATTULGA
dialect is predominant)
• Turkic
• Russian (1999)
Mongolia’s Military Strength :

For 2020, Mongolia is ranked 105 of 138 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP
review. It’s budget was $150 million (2018).11

Economic Overview :

GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $43.54 billion (2018 est.)

GDP per capita (Purchasing Power Parity): $13,700 (2018 est.)
Foreign direct investment in Mongolia's extractive industries has transformed a landlocked
economy from its traditional dependence on herding and agriculture. Exports now account for
more than 40% of GDP. It relies on Russia for 90% of its energy supplies and remittances from
Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea are significant.

Foreign Relations of Mongolia :

It traditionally focuses on its two large neighbours, Russia and the People's Republic of China.
China receives 90% of Mongolia's exports by value and accounts for 60% of its foreign trade,
whereas Russia supplies 90% of Mongolia's energy requirements. Mongolia is willing to seek
positive relation with new nations especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on
encouraging foreign investments and trade.

Organisations it is a member of:

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCT, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW,
OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Relations With India

The relations between India and Mongolia are still at a nascent stage and Indo-Mongolian
cooperation is limited to diplomatic visits, provision of soft loans and financial aid and the
collaborations in the IT sector. India established diplomatic relations in December 1955. India
was the first country outside the Eastern Bloc to establish diplomatic relations with Mongolia.
Since then, there have been treaties of mutual friendship and cooperation between the two
countries in 1973, 1994, 2001 and 2004.Mongolia supports India's candidature as a permanent
member of the United Nations Security Council while India supported the inclusion of
Mongolia as a full member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

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