National Development

via National Service

Training Program
 Chapter 1

Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National Service Training Program

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Explain the prime duty of the government to the Filipino people.

2. State the responsibility of the youth to their country.

3. Explain why female students are required to take NSTP.

4. Justify why foreigners are not required to take NSTP.

Pursuant Section 12 of Republic Act No. 9 163, otherwise known as the National Service training
program (N STP) Act of 2001 ,the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) , Technical Education and
Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and the Department of National Defense (DND), in consultation
with concerned government agencies, the Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges
(PASUC), the coordinating Council of Private Educational Association of the Philippines (COCOPEA), Non-
Government Organizations and recognized student organizations, hereby jointly issue, adopt and
promulgate the following implementing rules and regulations to implement the provisions of the Act.
 Rule I

Guiding Principles

What is the Prime Duty of the Government to its Citizens?

Section 1. Guiding Principle

While it is the time duty government to serve and protect its citizens, in turn it shall be the responsibility
of all citizens to defend the security of the state, and in fulfilment thereof, the government may require
each citizen to render personal, military or civil service.

How Does the Government Recognize the Role of the Youth in Nation-Building?

Section 2. Role of the Youth

In recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation-building, the state shall promote civic
consciousness among them and shall develop their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-
being. It shall inculcate the ideals of patriotism, nationalism, and advance their involvement in public
and civic affairs.

As the most valuable resource of the nation, the youth shall be motivated, trained, organized and
involved in the military, literacy, civic welfare programs and other similar endeavors in the service of the
nation.
 RULE II

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Section 3. As used in this implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR), the following terms shall mean:

a. “National Service Training Program”(NSTP) — refers to the program aimed at enhancing civic
consciousness and defense preparedness in the youth by developing the ethics of the three (3) program
components, specifically designed to enhance the youth‘s active contribution to the general welfare.

b. "Reserve Officers’ Training Corps”(ROTC) — refers to the program component, institutionalized

under Section 38cand 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, designed to provide military training to tertiary level
students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness.

c. “Literacy Training Service” (LTS) - refers to the program component designed to train the students to
teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school youths and other segments of society
which are considerably in need of their services.

d. “Civic Welfare Training Services”(CWTS) - refers to the program component of activities contributory
to the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the
enhancement of their facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral values of the citizenry and other social welfare services.

e. “Program Component”- refers to the service components of the NSTP as defined herein.

f. “Clustering”— refers to the grouping of students enrolled in the different schools taking up the same
NSTP component into one ( I) group under the management and supervision of the designated school.

g. “Cross Enrollment ” - refers to the system of enrollment where a student is officially enrolled in an
academic program of a school but allowed to enroll in the NSTP component of another school and
h. “Non-Government-Organization”(NGO) - refers to any private organization duly accredited by CHED
or recognized by TESDA.

Rule III

Program Implementation

Section 4. Coverage

a. All incoming freshmen students, male and female, starting in at least two (2) -2003, enrolled
in any baccalaureate and are required year technical-vocational or associate courses, are
required to complete one (1)NSTP component of their choice graduation requirement.

b. All higher and technical vocational educational institutions must offer at least one (1) of the
NSTP components.

C. State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), shall offer the ROTC component and at least one (1)
other NSTP component.

d. The Philippine Military Academy (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA),
Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUCs of similar nature, in view of the
special character of this constitution are exempted from the NSTP.

e. Private higher and technical-vocational education institutions with at least 350 student cadets
may offer the ROTC component and consequently establish/maintain a Department of Military
Science and Tactics (DMST), subject to the existing rules and regulations of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines (APP).
What are the Components of the NSTP?

a. Reserve Officers Training Corps (ROTC) — refers to the program component, institutionalized under
Sections 38 and 39 of Republic Act No. 7077, designed to provide military training to tertiary level
students in order to motivate, train, organize and mobilize them for national defense preparedness;

b. Civic Welfare Training service (CWTS) - refers to the program component or activities contributory to
the general welfare and the betterment of life for the members of the community or the enhancement
of its facilities, especially those devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship,
safety recreation and moral of the citizenry and other social welfare services;

C. Literacy Training Service (LTS) - refers to the program component designed to train the students to
teach literacy and numeracy skills to school children, out-of-school youths and other segments of society
in need of their services.

What is the Duration of the NSTP Components and Equivalent Course per Semester?

Section 6. Duration and Equivalent Course Unit.

a. Each of the aforementioned NSTP components shall be undertaken for an academic period of
two (2) semesters. It shall be credited three (3) units per semester, for a duration of fifty-four
(54) to ninety (90) training hours per semester.

b. A one ( 1) summer program in lieu of the two (2) semester program may be designed,
formulated and adopted by the DND, CHED and TESDA. However, it will be subjected to the
capability of the school and the AFP to handle the same.
What is NSTP-One Summer Program (NSTP-OSF)?

NSTP-OSP is created under RA 9163 or the NSTP Act of 2001, specifically Section 6 and jointly devised,
formulated and adopted by DND, CHED and TESDA.

NSTP-OSP is established for the three (3) components: ROTC, CWTS and LTS. This is intended for
graduating students in baccalaureate or at least two-year technical-vocational or associate courses, who
have yet to comply with the NSTP as a requirement for graduation, as well as for students, who wish to
be free of the NSTP activities during the regular semesters, thus allow them to concentrate on the
academic subjects and other co-curricular concerns

How can Clustering and Cross-Enrollment

Section 7. Clustering and Cross-Enrollment

a. Clustering of students from different educational institutions during semestral or summer periods
may be done in any of the NSTP components, taking account logistics, branch of service and
geographical location. The host school shall be responsible in managing the program.

b. Schools that did not meet the required number of students to maintain the optional ROTC and/or
any of the NSTP components, or not offering the components chosen by the students, shall allow their
students to cross-enroll in other schools, irrespective of whether such school is under CHED or TESDA. In
case of students taking the ROTC components, irrespective of whether the two semesters shall be taken
from different schools whose ROTC is administered/managed by different branches of service of the
AFP.

c. Students intending to cross-enroll shall be subject to the existing rules and regulations of the school of
origin and the accepting school.
 RULE IV

FEES AND INCENTIVES

Section 9. Fees

No fees shall be collected for any of the NSTP components except basic tuition fees, which should not be
more than 50 percent of the charges of the school per academic unit.

Section 10. Incentives

a. A program of assistance/ incentives for ROTC students shall be provided and administered by DND, in
accordance with existing laws and regulations and subject to the availability of funds.

b. Schools authorities concerned, CHED and TESDA, shall ensure that health and accident group
insurance are provided for students enrolled in any of the NST components.

c. Schools that already provide health and accident group insurance and collect the necessary fees for
the purpose from their students as of the effectivity of these rules, are deemed to have complied with
this requirement.

d. A special scholarship program for qualified NSTP students shall be administered by CHED and TESDA,
with funds for the purpose to be included in the annual regular appropriation OHS of the two agencies,
subject to the availability of funds,
 Chapter 1

WORKSHEET No. 1

Name-

Class Code &Schedule

Course/Year. Score

Date Performed-

Instructions:

1. If the government has the prime duty to serve and protect its citizens, in return, what is our
responsibility to the state?
2. Why does the government recognize the important role of the youth in nation building?
3. Why do you think female students are now required to take NSTP?
4. Why are foreigners not required to take up NSTP?
 Chapter 2

The Philippine Constitution

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Define constitution.

2. Enumerate who the citizens of the Philippines are.

3 Explain the reciprocal obligations of the Filipino people to the state.

4. Explain the values contain in the Preamble of the Philippine Constitution and how they apply to our
daily lives.

What is Constitution?

Constitution refers to “that body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of
sovereignty are habitually exercised.”

What is the Constitution of the Philippines?

The Constitution of the Philippines may be defined as that written instrument by which the
fundamental powers of the government &are established, limited, and defined and by which these
powers are distributed among the several departments or branches for their safe and useful exercise for
the benefit of the people.
Who are Citizens of the Philippines?

Section I of the Philippine Constitution provides that the following are citizens of the Philippines:

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution;

2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;

3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine Citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority and

4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

What are the Duties and Obligations of Citizens?

We have to realize that for every right we are enjoying as enumerated in the Bill of Rights of the
Philippine Constitution, there is a corresponding obligation. There will be no chaos in our society if only
everybody will perform his or her duties and obligations.

Hereunder are the important duties and obligations of every citizen in a democratic society:

1. To be loyal to the Republic. This means that we have faith and confidence in the Republic and love for
and devotion to the country. We have to be proud being Filipinos, respect our customs, traditions,
language and institutions.

Our country is considered our home, the home our forefathers who fought for our country against the
invaders, the hone of our children and grandchildren, the seat of our affection, and the source of our
happiness and well-Deng

2. Defend the State. Considering the fact that our country is our prime duty to love and defend the state
at all costs regardless of our creed, religious beliefs, and wisdom.
Loving one’s country can be shown not by words but by deeds. It should be a continuous flame of love
considering the fact that we receive benefits and protection from the state. In return, it is our primary
and honourable duty to defend it against any peril whether from within or from without. (Art. II, Sec.3).

To contribute to the development and welfare of the State. We are a part of the State and we directly
receive the benefits from the govermment in the form of infrastructure, peace and order, etc. In return,
how can we contribute to the development and welfare of the State? We can do this in the form of
paying our taxes willingly and promptly, by helping maintain peace and order, conserving natural
resources, the promotion of social justice by suggesting supportive measures beneficial to the people as
a whole, by patronizing local products and trade and by engaging in productive work.

To uphold the Constitution and obey the laws. It is our prime obligation to uphold the Constitution and
obey the laws. If the people would disregard them, our country would collapse and we will not have
peace and order.

To cooperate with duly constituted authorities. In every organization, there is always a leader to
manage the affairs of all the constituents. If the members will not cooperate, we can never expect to
become successful in all the undertakings that our government would like to do for the good of its
citizens.

To exercise rights responsibly and with due regard for the rights of others. No man is an island and we
have to have with others. In the exercise of our rights, we have to see to it that we also respect the
rights of other people. If we do this, we can expect harmonious relationship among the members of the
society.

To engage in gainful work. It is stated in the Bible that if we want to eat, we have to work. It is our
obligation as citizens of our country to become productive, by engaging in gainful work so that we can
provide the basic needs of our family and ourselves as well. As cited by de Leon (1989), "The essence of
life is work. Every citizen should bear in mind that only by hard and sustained work can men and nations
live and survive. National greatness never springs from the cult of ease or self-complacency, but from
the crucible of grim struggle and patient industry"

To register and vote. It is our prime duty as citizens of the Philippines to register and vote. Suffrage is
both a privilege and a duty, which every qualified citizen must perform. It is not sufficient to just register
and vote, but it is coupled with intellectual judgment during election. We have to consider the different
political issues presented by different candidates, so that, at least, we can choose the best person to
manage government affairs

The Basic Values of the Filipino People

We can be good citizens of the Republic if we are to adhere to the basic values enshrined and stipulated
in Preamble of our 198 Philippine constitution. These are unity, patriotism, faith in Almighty God,
respect for life, respect for law and Government, work, truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, peace,
promotion of the common, concern for the environment, and order. These values serve as the guiding
principles in our life as a nation and provide the underlying framework for all the provisions of the
Constitution

For an adult, his basic values can be seen in his manifestations as well as in decision-making. There is
away consistency in what he thinks and feels and what he says.

Every Filipino child needs to be helped to form his own values consistent with basic Filipino values, if he
is to grow into a citizen who is "maka-Diyos, maka-tao, maka-bayan, and maka-kalikasan.

Hereunder are the values of Good Citizenship together with the different verses from the Bible as well as
quotations from notable persons.

The Good Citizenship Value of Faith in the Almighty

Jesus said to them "Have faith in God. Whoever says to the mountain, 'Be lifted up and thrown to the
sea', and does not doubt in his heart but believes that what he says will happen, it shall be done for him"

Mark 11:22-23

Filipinos should show their Faith in God. Everybody should reflect on the blessings of God in their lives as
and how they can continue to live a life of faith in God.
 Chapter 2

WORKSHEET No. 2

Name-

Class Code &Schedule

Course/Year. Score
Date Performed-

1. Define a Constitution.

2. Who are citizens of the Philippines?

3. If the Philippine Constitution mandates the Bill of Rights of the Filipino people, what is also our
reciprocal obligation to the State? (5-12)

4. What are the different citizenship values contained in

the Preamble of the Philippine Constitution? (13-28)

Chapter 3

Values Education

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Show appreciation of Filipino values.

2. Define values and value system.

3. Differentiate interpersonal and intrapersonal value conflicts.

4. Describe oneself as a person.

5. Explain the poem by Dr. Dorothy Nolte and relate it to their own experience

6. Rank values as to how they are important to them

7. Explain passages relating to Filipino values

Introduction

Values education is founded on a sound philosophy of the human person with all its philosophical
ramifications and implications. The supreme and overarching value that characterizes education is
HUMAN DIGNITY.

Values are especially important to understanding human behavior. Conflicts between them are often
based on differences in values. Unlike attitudes, values come in, as an unconscious list of priorities.
When you seem to be at odds with another person, take a look at how your basic values differ. And
when you seem in conflict with the members of group, examine the group's value system against your
own. Hence, all of our values taken together are called a VALUE SYSTEM.

On the other side, VALUE HAS BEEN DEFINED AS ANY OBJECT, ACTIVITY, and OR FRAME OF MIND THAT
A PERSON CONSIDER TO EVERY IMPORTANT TO HIS OR HER LIFE. Values are said to be worth the
importance we attach to different factors in our lives. The Word value come from a Latin word "valere"
which means to measure the worth of something. These are ideas and norms man considers relevant
and good. Max Scheler (1874-1928) is the foremost exponent of axiology. Axiology is defined as the
philosophical science and values.

Lastly, these are principles that guide our actions, thoughts and activities.

Types of Values

There are two types of values according to Andres (1988) and these are
1. Positive Values. These are our actions which give pleasant feelings to ourselves and others.

Example: honesty, peace, loving, friendly, etc.

2. Negative Values. These are actions that we normally repent, values that are not acceptable to any
form of organization.

Example: dishonest, troublesome, deceit, fond of rumor mongering, moody, etc.

Value Conflict according to Andres (1988) happens when persons do not value the same thing. Because
of individual differences, each person has different values from one another, hence it must be respected
to avoid conflict and misunderstanding.

Types of Value Conflict

Andres (1988) further cited the types of value conflict which are:

Intrapersonal. This is experienced by an individual within himself brought by the remorse of his own
conscience or sometimes pressure coming from other people

Interpersonal. This often happens in classrooms or organizations when two or more individuals are not
in the same views, ideas or opinions.

Values Formation through Community Service

All Filipino parents want to pass on to their children the many good values and words of wisdom that
have been also passed to them. In so doing, they can do many good things for their children's value
formation. The community where NSTP students will be assigned could very well contribute and affect
their values transformation.
However, no matter how great the efforts of parents, their aspirations to inculcate to the minds of their
children the positive or right values, the environment could play a big role to influence their children
because VALUES ARE CAUGHT AND NOT TAUGHT. Whatever the children have learned at home, from
school and in the environment, are all internalized within themselves.

It is clearly explained in the poem below by Dorothy Nolte, Ph.D.

CHILDREN LEARN WHAT THEY LIVE

If children live with criticism, they learn to condemn.

If children live with hostility, they learn to fight.

If children live with fear, they learn to be apprehensive

If children live with pity, they learn to feel sorry for themselves.

If children live with ridicule, they learn to feel shy.

If children live with jealousy, they learn to feel envy.

If children live with shame, they learn to feel guilty.

If children live with encouragement, they learn confidence.

If children live with tolerance, they learn patience.

lf children live with praise, they learn appreciation.

lf children live with acceptance, they learn to love.

If children live with approval, they learn to like themselves.

lf children live with recognition, they learn it is good to have a goal.

If children live with sharing, they learn generosity.

If children live with honesty, they learn truthfulness.

If children live with fairness, they learn justice.

If children live with kindness and consideration, they learn respect.

If children live with security, they learn to have faith in themselves and in those about them.

If children live with friendliness, they learn that the world is a nice place to live.

If children live with serenity, they will live with peace of mind.

The Meaning of Man as a Person

The term person cannot be exclusively attached to human beings since not all persons are considered
human beings and vice-versa. A business enterprise is a person, although, it is not a human being the
other hand, a slave is a human being, but he is not a person with virtue of his being divested of all his
rights as a human being-although he is still a human being. In this case, a slave is not considered as an
existing subject but a mere object.

Man as a person, then, means that man is unique, a who, a subject and a self, man is never alone in his
existence in the world; man has that indelible trademark of his 'being-with' existence in the world

Since man is person, his "being-with" existence should not be confused with a "being-for" kind of
existence. "Being-for" is the opposite or being-with" in the sense that the latter is heading in a direction
of treating as a person. Thus, in man's inter subjectivity, man is called to treat his fellowman as a person;
this is made possible only in the context of man’s “being-with" existence.

Man's "being-with-others" can be viewed from two standpoints, viz.: general and specific. Generally,
man's being-with-others as a person is his intrinsic "being-with'" to both things and fellow human being.
Specifically, man's being-with-others as a person is his irrefutable "being-with" his fellowmen only. In
the specific sphere, man's "being-with" his fellowmen is treated in the existential perspective because
things do not exist, man alone has the capacity to co-exist with fellow, human beings.

Man's co-existence or inter subjectivity, on the one hand, does not require a learning process or
experience, since man's "being-with" is a priori and intrinsic in his being a person. On the other hand,
man's "being-with-others" requires a learning process in the context of the quality or mode of man's
being-with since human relatedness is not immediately given but needs to be established.

Man's personhood should not be contrasted to man’s humanity and man’s individuality. The
personhood (pagkatao) and man's individual unique(pagiging siya sa kanyang pagkatao) manifests man’s
individual unique personhood, inasmuch as the individual is the person is the individual.

Personalism, is philosophical movement, founded by Borden Parker Browne and was developed later by
Max Scheler, Enmanuel Mourier, Henri Bergson, and Martin Buber, As a philosophical movement,
personalism is a study of man as a person. Thus, it pays much interest on the personhood of man and
not so much on his nature.

Since personalism takes man as its main concern, it rejects the legalistic connotation of the term person
that refers to anything or any reality which is endowed with rights. This definition treats a person both
in the context of things, establishments, or institutions and human beings. Thus, in personalism the term
person is solely attributed to man inasmuch as it requires freedom and rationality as defined by
Beothius.

Love of God, of Oneself, of Neighbor, and of Country.

Where Values Come From

Our personal values are formed in early childhood and are affected strongly by both the values of our
parents, the environment, the school, the church and the government. The place and time of the first
few years of our lives have a great effect on the formation of our values.
Chapter 3

WORKSHEET NO. 3

Nanie

Class Code &Schedule

Course/Year.

Score

Date Performed

1. How do you define values?

2. Write at least 10 values that you possess and rank them according to what you think is important to
you.

3. Explain the following briefly:

Using "po" and "opo" and kissing the hands of elders should be preserved.

"Kung ano ang puno Siyang bunga"

"Values are caught and not taught"

Chapter 4

Crime Prevention

Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Define crime and crime prevention.

2. Help to minimize crime in the community.

3. Apply precautionary measures on:

 How to Keep the Children Safe

 How to Keep Strangers Out
 How to Secure Your Belongings
 How to Avoid being Raped

4. Know when and how to use "911","PNP Text 8888" and Magic eye (02)838-3203 Respond
appropriately to bomb threats.

5. Explain the provisions of the "Anti-fencing Law" or PD 612.

Introduction

From time immemorial, Crime has been a part of any civilization, an old fashion that cannot be forgotten
in all centuries. Based on the bible, the first human being who committed crime was Cain. He murdered
his younger brother Abel because of jealousy. Whatever Abel offered to God was accepted. The first
investigator was God Almighty.

The second crime was after the death of the Apostles, when some of the Christians were murdered in
the arena when the Roman Emperor ordered his soldiers to loosen the hungry lion.

Those who did not retract their Christian faith were eaten by the lions. Some died by the swords, spears
and arrows. All of these were crimes committed against person

Jose Rizal, our national hero was executed as ordered by General Blanco, the Spanish General. The
Filipino Katipuneros who laid their arms against the Spanish government were also murdered.

Then came Adolf Hitler of Germany who ordered the execution of the Jews thru gas chamber because
the Jews were increasing in population inside Germany and he had the fear that they might become
powerful someday.

General Yamashita of Japan ordered the brutal murder of Filipino guerillas and soldiers during the
Japanese Occupation.

Nowadays, crime is rampant brought about by so many factors.

What is a Crime?

As cited by Gregorio (1988), a crime is the commission or omission by a person having capacity, of any
act, which is either prohibited or compelled by law and the commission or omission of which is
punishable by a proceeding brought in the name of the government whose law has been violated.
(Wharton's Criminal Law, 1957, Vol. 1, p. 11)

What is Crime Prevention?

It is an act to be done in order that a crime could not happen. Crime prevention is everybody's concern.
We have to join hands in order to lessen crime in our community if not totally eradicate it.

How can we Minimize Crime?

It is through crime prevention where we can lessen our society. Don't be a victim! Take note of the
following preventive measures and share them with the community you are residing in or the place
where your NSTP Coordinator/Professor will assign you.

A. Community Involvement

1. A conscientious effort to maintain peace and order in the neighborhood is far more effective than self
or family-oriented approach to crime prevention.

2. Good leadership and the active participation of community members are vital.

3. Regular crime prevention meetings should be held to discuss the most common modus operandi of
criminals and thieves and the countermeasures against them.

4. Resident volunteers, in groups of two or three, can walk the streets in designated areas at specific
hours.

5. When a crime is in progress, volunteers should call "911"

6. A witness to an ongoing crime can alert neighbors by making noise or giving pre-arranged signals. He
should call “911."

7. If the Ronda group is small, only the leader of the volunteers should know the time and area of the
neighborhood wallk.

B. How to Keep Your Family Safe

1. Make all sure you and your family know the general schedule whereabouts board of in all members
for the day. If possible, have their schedules or in the kitchen where family members can post their
schedules or destinations.

2. Instruct all family members and household help not to entertain strangers at the gate or on the
phone. Children should be specifically trained not o converse with strangers on the phone. Transactions
should be done outside the gate. This will prevent closer-visual observation or the household lay out.

3. Teach your family and household help to verify the identity of the phone callers before identifying
themselves.

4. Never give out information on the whereabouts of family members to just anyone on the phone.
Friends or relatives should be politely asked to call again so they can personally talk too person they are
looking for. Should the unknown caller insist on asking to speak to each family member, ask for his
name, and politely say that the message will be relayed and that the he should call back. Call the police
for assistance if you repeatedly receive anonymous phone calls.

5. Have a standing order that a designated family member to be contacted in an emergency or if there
are dubious characters at your door or on your phone. List the important phone numbers in the front or
back page of your directory for easy access.

6. Be aware of phone swindlers who call in and report that one family member has been in an accident
and is asking for the family member or household help to bring cash or other valuables to a certain
place. Verify with another family member before acting on this.

7. Househelp applicants should be asked for clearance and ID pictures. It would be better if they are
recommended by a relative or friend.

C. How to Keep the Children Safe

1. Advice children to refrain from playing/loitering on the roads outside your residence where they are
highly vulnerable to abduction. Also, advice them never to leave home without telling their destination
and expected time of arrival.

2. Carefully "back-check" references of anyone you employ- baby-sitter, domestic helper, gardener,
driver or security guard. It is very possible that the kidnappers would be utilizing such persons to
infiltrate your residence so as to accurate vital information on household valuables, layouts and
patterns.

3. Hiring a security guard for the street will greatly improve the security situation of your residence.

4. Teach your children not to talk to strangers, especially in school. Should they be approached, tell
them to run to the principal’s office and report the incident.

5. Ask your children's school to help provide security by not giving out any information on your children
to anybody and avoiding publicity in which students are named or their places shown.

6. Insist that strict guidelines be followed as to the persons authorized to pick up your children. They
should not be allowed to leave with any other person without your prior authorization. To ensure
maximum safety, children should be allowed to speak on the phone to the one authorizing the release.
This practice provides protection against kidnappers who call and claim to be the child's parent.

7. Instruct children on how to call"911", PNP Text 8888 or Magic Eye (02) 838-3203 in case strangers or
suspicious characters hang around the house.

8. At night, keep the door to the children's room open so that any unusual noise may be easily heard.

9. Keep the house well-lighted if it is necessary to leave the children home.

D. Pointers for Children

1. Do not accept invitations or gifts from strangers or mere acquaintances.

2. Go straight home after classes, do not linger on school grounds unless required.

3. Report suspicious characters around the house or school to someone in authority.

4. Make sure you are with someone when you see a movie.
5. Inform your parents/guardians/elders about your whereabouts and whom you are with for
communication and safety purposes

6. Be wary of drug pushers; report them immediately to school authorities, police, or your parents.

7. Always attend parties in groups.

8. Hard drinks and drugs poison the body and mind. Avoid drinking

9. Smoking, drinking and gambling are vices, which attract bad elements

10. Keep your personal belongings safe before leaving your dormitories/boarding houses.

11. Keep your books, equipment, or tools in safe places like lockers.

12. Avoid loitering in dark areas. Criminals lurk in such places.

E. How to Keep Strangers Out

1. Verify the identity of callers at your gate before opening the door. Use peepholes provided on gates
and doors for this purpose. Should the stranger be a repairman, electrician or the like, verify identity by
calling the service notice.

2. Never admit strangers under any pretext. Transactions should be made at the door to minimize view
of house layout.

3. Ensure that all doors and windows have locks that are in working condition.

4. Keep only the door that is used to enter the house open; all other entry points to your household
should be securely locked to prevent unnoticed entry into your home.

5. Make it a habit to check that all doors and windows are locked at night before going to sleep. The
dark of night is a most ready camouflage or robbers and other criminals.

6. During stormy weather, double check door and window locks; put empty cans in strategic places,
which will alert you in case an intruder has entered.

7. Never tempt potential offenders with a full view of your house; install curtains or cover appliances
and other expensive equipment; do not leave clothes on the clothesline at night.

F. How to Secure Your Belongings

1. Keep a record of the important information (especially make, model #, products serial number) of all
household facilities and equipment, such as 'TV, radio, audio system, videocassette recorder player,
refrigerator, and washing machine. Have an inventory of your jewelry and other precious items and
documents like birth, baptismal and marriage certificates.

2. Store cash and other valuables in the bank. Hiding them inside locked drawers does not guarantee
that they will be safe from the knowing eyes and practiced moves of robbers.

3. Bring in all outdoor equipment (bicycles, garden hose, mower, etc.) at night. Leaving these valuables
out in the garden or the streets is an open invitation to robbers and thieves.

4. Protect your household facilities and valuables from prying eyes by using curtains or drapes.

5. Check all electrical appliances to make sure they are turned off before leaving your home, ensuring
that a fire will not break out while you are away.

6. Provide family members with their own keys to the house. This is safer than leaving the key in a
"secret place.” One that can be discovered by any person who takes the time to watch your movements
when you leave your home and comeback at night.

7. If you and your family are going on vacation, ask a neighbour to watch your home, or ask a relative to
stay in your home for the duration of your vacation. An empty house is a prime target of criminal
elements.

G. Do Not Fall to Cellphone Snatching

The increasing number of cellphone users in Metro Manila and other areas in the country has given rise
to a seemingly lucrative but illegal business by unscrupulous individuals and gangs. Cellphone theft is on
the rise and cellphone snatchers are getting bolder everyday. Easy prey are teenagers, students,
employees and just about any cellphone owner who carelessly use or carry around their cellphone units
in public places without due regard to their security or safety. The situation continues to worsen as
snatchers resort to violence when their victims resist or fight back. There have been reports of injuries
and death resulting from such incidents - and the statistics are rising.

The Philippine National Police recognizes the gravity of this problem and the dangers it continues to
pose on the general public. While the police is doing its best to contain this problem, the active
involvement of the general public in putting a stop to this menace is just as vital. Vigilance, more than
anything else, spells the big difference. Hence, the cellphone owners are encouraged to stay alert at all
times and to keep in mind the following tips:
H. DOs.....

1. Buy cellphones only from authorized dealers.

2. Record your celphone serial numbers immediately after purchase. Serial numbers are available in the
retail packs of brand new units. If you failed to record the numbers or if you didn't buy your unit brand
new, you could retrieve the serial numbers by pressing certain keys. (For Nokia units, press *#06# to
retrieve the serial number.) Cellphone companies can block calls to and from stolen units if the serial
numbers are reported to them.

3. As much as possible, bring your cellphone with you only you urgently need it during the day.
Otherwise, it is best that you leave it at home.

4. Always place your cellphone in your pocket or your bag where it is not visible.

5. Set your cellphone in silent mode when you are in public places and inside public vehicles.

6. If there is an urgent need for you to use your cellphone while outside, go to a place where you are
more secured - inside stores, near security guards, near police stations, inside offices, or even in comfort
cubicles.

7. Always walk in well-lighted places. When walking alone, be on guard for persons following you - walk
towards areas where there are people in case you might need help.

8. Keep your bag containing your cellphone close to your body.

9. When in public vehicles, be alert for snatchers; be suspicious of passengers who come in threes or
fours and who position themselves beside/behind the driver, near the "estribo", and one among the
passengers.

10. If you fall victim to snatchers, report to the police and to your cellphone providers immediately.

11. Always cooperate with the police and barangay authorities.

12. If you wish to own a second hand cellphone, ask for the complete kit and receipt.

I. DONTS..

1. When in public places, refrain from displaying your cellphone unnecessarily. Avoid using it in public.
Do not clip it on your waist or carry it while walking or while inside public vehicles. This will only gave
snatchers the opportunity to grab it from you.

2. Never lend your cellphones to strangers who may approach you to make emergency calls.
3. Do not resist hold-up men or snatchers. Do not panic. Follow their instructions but remain calm
enough to remember their description and the directions they took in escaping.

4. When inside establishments, offices or restaurants, do not leave your phone lying around on tables or
even on chairs beside you. You'll never know when strangers or thieves posing as visitors, may come and
take when you are least aware.

5. When paying for purchases in stores or supermarkets, do not leave your cellphone on the counter or
pocket.

REMEMBER, BUYING OR SELLING STOLEN PROPERTY IS

PUNISHABLE UNDER THE "ANTL-FENCING LAW" OR PD1612

The ANTI-FENCING LAW is a special law, which impose penalties on people who sell, dispose, buy or
acquire anything or value which are stolen.

People caught possessing stolen property or articles will be punished with imprisonment of 6-12 years
to a maximum of 20 years depending on the value of the stolen property or articles.

What to Do if you are Under Threat?

1. If there are suspicious sounds or shadows in your home, try to contact the police or call 911 quietly,
so as not to let the intruders know that you are aware of their presence. Most robbers are after the
property inside your home, and are more prone to working swiftly and quietly to avoid any physical or
violent encounters.

2. If you are awakened by the sound of intruders, you have several options. One, lie quietly to avoid
attracting attention, hoping that they will leave you undisturbed. Two, you may choose to open lights
and make noise by moving around, thereby warning them that you are awake, and scaring them into
leaving your home. Even you are alone in the house, you may speak loudly to an imaginary companion.

3. If you see signs of a break-in or suspicious persons inside your home, do not attempt to go in as the
robbers may still be inside. Go to your nearest neighbor and call the local police or call 911 or Patrol,
PNP text 8888 or Magic Eye (02) 838-3203 for this purpose. For immediate assistance.

4. Remain calm and do not panic. Although robbers would prefer to avoid a confrontation, they are
easily agitated and more prone to uncalled for abuse or violence.
5. Try to talk it out with robbers, if you are up to it. This will delay them, and allow for alternative action
on your part, if the situation crops up

6. Note all peculiarities and mannerisms of the robbers if you come face-to-face with them. Tattoo
marks, physical defects, moles and speech mannerism will help in giving the police a more solid
description of the robber/s.

7. Call the police immediately after the robbers leave your home. You may also text 911, for Patrol, PNP
text 8888 or Magic Eye (02) 838-3203 for this purpose.

How to Avoid Rape

Here are few precautions, which will greatly reduce your chances

1. Be alert when you are alone.

2. Avoid walking alone. Walk on the streets where there are other people.

3. Stay out of alleys, vacant lots, and buildings.

4. Walk near the curb and dont pass too close to shrubbery, dark doorways, and other places of
concealment. Avoid shortcuts.

5. Be discreet. Don't broadcast details of your personal plans to casual acquaintances or strangers.

6. If you must work late in an office building, alert a friend or relative and when to expect you. Ask your
employer to provide an escort, arrange to leave in a group. Dont walk to your vehicle alone if you can
avoid it.

7. Carry a shrill whistle in your hand ready to use.

8. If someone is following you, cross the street ahead 1or bright lights and people, then be ready to use
your whistle.

9. Do not hitchhike or accept rides from strangers. If a vehicle approaches and you are threatened, turn
and run in the opposite direction. The driver will have to turn around to pursue you. Make your screams
loud and long

Remember, the opportunity for rape is increased when you accept an offer of a ride home or a late
snack from someone whom you've just met at a lounge, club or party. Being aware will lessen your
chances of being assaulted.

10. When arriving home by taxi or private car, request the driver to wait until you are inside.
The Object is to Get Away with the Least Injury to You

Violence is seldom far from the rapist's mixed-up mind. Rape is much more a crime of violence than of
sex. The rapist deals with threats in just two ways. Fight or Flight.

If your assailant has a weapon, don't resist. You will have to gain his confidence. If you are to escape the
assault, gaining the man's confidence is an essential step in attaining your freedom unharmed.

Your best chance to react is when your assailant's guard is down. To stall for time, you may need to give
the impression that you are going along with him.

What will you do it you are Being Attacked?

1. Be prepared to defend yourself if physically attacked.

2. Think! Don't panic!

3. Look for a way to escape!

4. Your best defense is noise-loud screaming. If there is no response, try screaming "Fire!" People may
pay more attention to "Fire!" because it could affect them.

5. If you have exhausted all other possibilities for immediate escape, talk to the rapist. Talk about his
family, how he doesn't want to upset them or involve them. Getting him to talk may give you an
opportunity to escape. More women escape by talking than by fighting.

If you physically resist your attacker, don't hold back. You must totally incapacitate harm to enable you
to escape.

Protection from Bomb Threats

A BOMB is a device capable of producing damage to property and injury or death to people when
detonated or ignited. Bombs are classified as explosive, which cause damage by fragmentation, heat and
blast wave; and incendiary, which generate fire-producing heat without a substantial explosion when
ignited.

Responding to Bomb Threats

Each threat received through any means of communication should treated as real and must be
forwarded immediately to the proper authorities.

A. Telephone Bomb Threats-The receiving party must remain calm and courteous. Try to obtain as much
information as possible from the caller. Take note of the following procedures:

1. Get the identity of the caller.

2. Take note of the following characteristics: male or female voice, accent of voice, speech impediments
or peculiar voice characteristics, any background noise, does the voice sound familiar.

3. The exact words of the person placing the call.

4. Show no emotion on the phone.

5. Know the exact location of the bomb.

6. Ask for a description of the bomb/composition of the explosive.

7. Repeat the message to the caller whenever possible and ask for confirmation.

8. The receiving party should remain calm and courteous.

9. He should listen carefully and write down accurately the information the caller provides

10. If possible, refer the caller to a supervisor or a person in authority to exact more information.

11. Take note of the exact time the suspect hung up.

12. The person receiving the bomb threat should attempt to ask the caller certain questions: When is
the bomb going to explode? Where is the bomb right now? What type of bomb is it? What does the
bomb look like ? What will cause it to explode? Why did you place the bomb?

13. Remember that the caller may not answer your questions, but any additional information that he
may relate will be helpful.

14. It may be advisable to inform the caller that the building is occupied and the detonation of a bomb
could result in death or serious injury to many innocent people.
15. Once the telephone threat is received, notify your local police at once.

B. Hand Written or Typed Notes - Documents and other materials which are received should be
carefully handled to preserve marks, fingerprints, etc., for examination by competent authorities. These
items should be forwarded immediately to the proper authorities for analysis and evaluation. Written
messages should never be ignored.

Person-to-Person or Direct Threat

1. Notify your security supervisor immediately.

2. Keep the person making the threat or indicating knowledge of a threat under surveillance until
relieved by your supervisor.

3. Take note of the age, height, sex, color of the eyes/hair/skin, clothing, and unusual characteristics
such as lameness, twitching or any peculiarities of the person.

How to Save Lives

"Love your neighbor as you love yourself" is one of the commandments of God. We can do this by saving
lives of other people by calling or texting 911 during EMIERGENCIES such as:

1. Crimes

2. Accidents

3. Disasters

4. Road Traffic Hazards, and Other Safety Concerns

5. Fires

What is "911"?
"911" is the number to call when one needs help in a police, fire or medical emergency situation. Having
expanded its service to text messaging, it can also receive complaints and tips to assist in the anti-illegal
drug and terrorism campaign. In fact, it has linked up with PDEA, the Task Force on the Security of
Critical Infrastructure for the purpose, and the National Anti-Kidnappings Task Force. Set up as a round-
the-clock emergency call/message center. It connects the caller/texter to the most appropriate
responding unit and/or relays complains, tips and messages to the proper authorities.

Is “911” the Universal Emergency Number for the Philippines?

Yes. President Rodrigo Durterte has institutionalized 911 as the nationwide emergency hotline. Duterte
signed Executive Order No. 56 on May 25.

2016, designated "911" as the official emergency access code of the Philippines.

Should you Use "911"?

"911" should be used only for emergency. An emergency situation is when one needs the immediate
assistance of police, fire and jail operatives and/or when in need of medical assistance. Text "911", on
the other hand, may be used for non-emergency situations like tips on illegal gambling, abusive officers,
terrorism tips, drug trafficking and other public safety and security concerns which may require further
verification and surveillance activities.

When not to Call "911"?

Do not call "911" for directory assistance, personal inquiries, information or as a prank. If you have any
information on crimes committed or illegal activities, you text "911" or call your local police station
directly.

If you call "911" by mistake, say so immediately to avoid unnecessary dispatch of responders or
minimize queuing of calls.

What "911" Calls are Considered Prank or Illegitimate?

A prank call is one that tells jokes, asks for a date, or hangs up as soon as an operator answers. To
eradicate prank calls, the DILG has called on provincial, city and municipal councils to pass respective
ordinances to eradicate prank calls, Prank calls may clog lines and prevent the connection of real
emergency calls, which may save lives. To educate the public about the responsible use of the hotline,
information and advocacy campaigns are being done by the Foundation for Crime Prevention(FCP) and
the Department of lnterior and Local Government (DILG) and their partner agencies.

How do you Call "911"

In any emergency, call "911" on your landline, mobile phone or public payphone. In Metro Manila, the
Bankers Association of the Philippines has set up close to 30 emergency phone booths located in PNP-
pinpointed crime-prone areas.

Stay calm and state your emergency. Immediately tell the call-taker the location where assistance is
needed, your name and other relevant details. Answer the call-taker's question as cleary as you can.
Stay on the phone if it safe to do so, and don't hang up until the call-taker tells you to. If you are already
connected to the responding unit, the call-talker may turn you over to them as she/he takes in other
emergency calls.

Chapter 4

WORKSHEET NO. 5
Name-

Class Code & Schedule

Course/Year

Date Performed

1. Define a crime. (5)

2 How can you be of help to minimize crime in your community?

Check the things that you would do from the list of activities below:

1. Join the community brigade that guards in the evening

2. Join the youths' volunteers who campaign against drug addiction.

3. Join the pot session of your friends.

4. If you see a crime happening, just remain silent.

5. Call"911"ifyou see your neighbor being robbed.

6. Inform your parents of your whereabouts.

7. Open your widows wide in the evening.

8. Give your telephone number to an acquaintance.

9. Teach your brother/sister/helper not to give information to a stranger.

10. Keep the front of your house well-lighted in the evening.

11. Accept invitations from anybody.

12. Attend parties alone, so that you will enjoy.

13. Join the drinking session in your neighborhood out of pakikisama".

14. Accept strangers in your home.

18. Double-check your doors and windows in the evening.

Brieily explain why you did not check the numbers you left out.

Chapter 5

Calamity and Disaster Preparedness

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Define disaster.

2. Identify the common types and categories of disasters.

3. Explain the two categories of disaster and differentiate each.

4. Cope with the general effects of disasters.

5. Enhance community preparedness to disasters.

Introduction

A disaster is an event, natural or manmade, sudden or progressive, oftentimes with impacts of such
severity, that affected communities has to respond by taking exceptional measures. It is further defined
as a situation resulting on an environmental phenomenon armed conflict that produces stress, personal
injury, physical damage, and economic disruption of great magnitude. Widespread human, material,
financial, and environmental losses which exceed the ability of the community to cope depending it on
its own resources

It is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society causing by the event that caused them a disaster
is not the event itself. At example of this is the earthquake which is a natural phenomenon, but it does
not strike a populated area with weak buildings, it is not likely to be called a disaster.

The Philippines is oftentimes subjected to different natural disasters and calamines because of its
geographical location. lt is considered as an Archipelago because all the almost 7,000 islands that
composed our country are surrounded by water.
These oceans and seas that surround us are considered blessings because they are the sources of
marine wealth.

Categories of Disaster

According to Frederick (1983), disaster can also be categorized into two and these are

1. Natural Disasters-refers to those disasters that are triggered by natural phenomena. These
phenomena (such as earthquakes, cyclones, floods, etc.) are known technically as natural hazards.

The term "natural disaster" can be misleading because it implies that the disasters are solely a result of
natural hazards when in fact human endeavors are a major contributing factor in creating a disaster.

2. Man-Made Disaster- refers to disasters resulting from man-made hazards. Man-made disasters can
be divided into three categories: armed conflict, technological disasters, and disasters that are caused by
natural hazards but that occur in human settlements.

3. Armed Conflict and Civil Strife. Disaster management concerns itself with various aspects of armed
conflicts and civil strife, including the protection and support of displaced persons and refugees during
the conflict: physical and economic reconstruction; and social rehabilitation in the aftermath of the
conflict. e.g. Mindanao's Abu Sayyaf and Moro National Liberation Front activities in Mindanao.

4. Technological Disasters. These are disasters which are usually a result of accidents or incidents
occurring in the manufacture, transport, or distribution of hazardous substances such as fuel, chemicals,
explosives, or nuclear materials. The Catastrophic gas leak at the pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, in 1984
is an example of this. It may be an indication of future industrial disasters in Third World nations
because they may not be well-equipped to cope up with their own rapid development.

The Philippines has its own experience in Technological Disasters and to mention some, these are the oil
spill in Guimaras, the flash floods in Samar, the collision of two passenger ships in Leyte that claimed
hundreds of lives and many more.
In other cases, the impact of technological disasters is more economic in nature than physical. For
example, large oil refineries exploded with only a minimal loss of life, yet the cost of restoring those
facilities can be a major burden that can substantially affect the entire economy of a third world nation.

Disasters in Human Settlements. Urban fire is the kind of principal disaster of this type. There can be
devastating effect when fires break out in low level communities or in depressed areas. Flimsy wooden
shanties packed closely together create conditions that allow the fires to spread quickly and burn
virtually out of control. As unchecked urban growth continues, this threat will be more greater.

The Common Types of Disaster:

The different disasters affecting not only Filipinos but any country as such are:

1. Earthquake

2. Volcanic eruption

3. Tsunami

4. Tropical cyclone (typhoon, hurricane)

5. Flood

6. Landslide

7. Bushfire (or wildfire)

8. Drought

9. Epidemic

10. Major accident, and

11. Armed conflict and civil unrest

General Effects of Disaster:

1. Loss of Life

2. Injury

3. Damage to and destruction of property

4. Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash crops

5. Disruption of production

6. Disruption of lifestyles

7. Loss of livelihood

8. Disruption of essential services

9. Damage to national infrastructure and disruption of governmental systems

10. National economic loss, and

11. Sociological and psychological after-effects

With the different types of calamities presented, there is a need for calamity and disaster preparedness
so that people will be aware of how they will react or manage their families accordingly during these
times or trials.

What is Disaster Preparedness?

These are measures, which enable government agencies, organizations, communities, and individuals to
respond quickly and effectively to any disaster situations respond quickly and effectively to any
situations.

These encompass those actions taken to limit the impact of natural phenomena by structuring response
and establishing a mechanism for effecting a quick and orderly reaction. Preparedness activities could
include pre-positioning supplies and equipment; developing emergency action plans, manuals, and
procedures, developing warning, evacuation, and sheltering plans; strengthening or otherwise
protecting critical facilities.

Suggestions to Enhance Community Preparedness:

1. Appreciation of the fact that any disaster can occur with or without warning.

2. Awareness on the characteristic and corresponding effects of calamities,

3. Identification of vulnerable and disaster prone areas in the locality,

4. Readiness in responding to the threats of natural and man-made hazards,

5. Capability to do what must be done and when to do it in case disaster strikes, and

6. Application of counter-measures to cushion the impact of the calamity.

Possible General Disaster Counter-Measures:

1. Development of possible warning indicators

2. Land-use regulations

3. Building regulations

4. Relocation of communities

5. Public awareness and education programs

6. Evacuation plans and arrangements

7. Fire prevention regulations

8. International cooperation in information campaign

The Components of Disaster Management:

Prevention. These are actions designed to impede the occurrence of a disaster or its harmful effects on
communities and key installations.

Mitigation. These are programs intended to reduce the ill effects of disaster

Preparedness. These are measures, which enable governments, organizations, communities and
individuals to respond quickly and effectively to disaster situations.

Disaster Impact. This reminds us that the impact of disasters can vary between different types of
disasters.

Response. These are measures taken immediately prior to and following disaster impact.

Recovery. This is a process by which communities and organizations are assessed in returning to their
proper level of functioning following a disaster.

Development. This provides the link between disaster-related activities and national development.

Objectives of Disaster Management:

1. To avoid or reduce physical and economic losses,

2. To reduce human personal sufferings and personal losses,

3. To achieve rapid and durable recovery.

Common Problems in Disaster Management:

1. Lack of appreciation for the Disaster Preparedness Program by local officials themselves;

2. Lack of a strong and effective Disaster Coordinating council installed in the LGU;

3. Absence of Disaster Preparedness Planning:

4. Lack of effective linkages for disaster operation;

5. Absence of a functional Disaster Operation Center; and

6. Erroneous disaster reporting and monitoring.

What can Influence Disaster Warning?

The following can influence disaster warning:

1. The source and timing of the warning.

2. The warning message,

3. The warning transmission,

4. The recipient's response.

What are the Disaster Management Policies?

1. Self-reliance through self-help and mutual assistance.

2. Maximum utilization of resources in the affected areas.

3. Planning and operation to be done on the barangay level, in an interagency, multi-sectoral basis to
optimize existing resources.

4. Documentation of plans of DOC members.

5. Local leadership to take charge at their respective levels.

6. National government to support local government efforts.

7. Exercise and periodic drills to be conducted, principally at the barangay level, to ensure readiness of
all concerned.
Different Tasks of the National Disaster Coordinating Council

1. Advises the President on the status of disaster preparedness programs, disaster operations and
rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the government and the private sector.

2. Establishes policy guidelines on emergency preparedness and disaster operations involving rescue,
relief and rehabilitation.

3. Establishes priorities in the allocation of funds, services, disaster equipment and relief supplies.

4. Advises the lower-level Disaster Coordinating Councils through the Office of the Civil Defense in
accordance with the guidelines on disaster management.

5. Recommends to the President the declaration of a state of calamity on areas effectively damaged and
submits proposals to restore normally in the affected areas.

6. Creates an Action Group composed of permanent representative from the member departments and
other government agencies with the Executive Officer as head; and

7. Utilizes the facilities and serves the Office of Civil Defense in Camp Aguinaldo, Quezon City, in
discharging its functions.

There is a government agency, which takes charge during the calamity and disaster, and this is the
National Disaster Coordinating Council. This is the highest governmental body responsible for advising
the President on the status of the preparedness program and disaster relief and rehabilitation efforts at
the national level.

Who are the Members of the Council?

The Secretary of the Department of National Defense is the Chairman and the members are:

1. Department of Public Work and Highways (DPWHH

2. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)

3. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD)

4. Department of Agriculture (DA)

5. Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS) - now it is the Department of Education (DepEd)

6. Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)

7. Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)

8. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

The different coordinating councils have personnel stationed in their respective operation centers,
composed of the following:

1. Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis Unit

2. Emergency Management Information Service Unit

3. Vulnerability Risk Reduction Management Unit

4. Plans and Operations Unit; and

8. Resource Unit

Each council shall provide operating units for:

1. Communication, Transportation Service and Early Warning Device,

2. Health Services,

3. Auxiliary Fire and Police Services,

4. Relief and Rehabilitation Services,

5. Public Information Services, and

6. Rescue, Evacuation, and Engineering Services.

What does the National Disaster Management Program Contain?

1. Disaster preparedness,

2. Construction of disaster reduction facilities,

3. Disaster response and short-term rehabilitation

4. Public information, and

5. Research and development.

What are the Suggestions to Enhance Community Preparedness?

1. Appreciation of the fact that any disaster can occur with or without warning

2. Awareness on the characteristic and corresponding effects of calamites,

3. ldentification of vulnerable and disaster prone areas in the locality,

4. Readiness in responding to the threats of natural and man-made

5. Capability to do what must be done and when to do it in case disaster

6. Application of counter-measures to Cushion the impact of the hazards, strikes, and calamity.

Chapter 6

Earthquake
 (Before, During, After)

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Define earthquake and other terms related to it.

2. Take precautionary measures before, during and after earthquake.

Introduction

We are all aware that we can never anticipate earthquake. No one can predict when it will happen,
however it can also be prevented.

One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake. Most
earthquakes are due to the movement of large slabs of rock called tectonic plates. These plates may be
bent or stretched when the plates slide or move against each other. Energy is stored brougnt by bending
or stretching. Sooner or later, the plates break and shift. The stored energy is released in the form of
waves when the break happens, which we feel as earthquake.

From the focus or source of an earthquake, the waves spread out in all directions. As the waves travel
away from the focus, it grows gradually weaker so, the ground generally shakes less far away from the
focus.

It is along the boundaries of the tectonic plates where most earthquakes occur. More earthquakes will
be experienced on areas close to a plate boundary.

Earthquakes occurred everyday, but most are too weak to be felt by humans. Every year more than one
million earthquakes occurred harmlessly.

Definition of Terms
In order to help you identify an earthquake hazard, familiarize yourself with hereunder terms:

Aftershock-It is an earthquake of similar or lesser intensity that follows the main earthquake.

Earthquake - a sudden slipping or movement of a portion of the earth's crust, accompanied and
followed by series of vibrations.

Epicenter-the place on the earth’s surface directly above the point on the fault where the earthquake
rupture began. It expands along the fault during the earthquake and fault slippage begins and can
extend hundreds of miles before stopping.

Intensity-the strength of earthquake based on the effects a person experiences during an earthquake,
and on the damage it caused.

Magnitude-During an earthquake, the amount of energy is released which is computed from the
amplitude of the seismic waves. A magnitude of7.0 on the Richter scale indicates an extremely strong
earthquake. Each whole number on the scale represents an increase of about 30 times more energy
released than the previous whole number represented. An earthquake therefore measuring 6.0 is about
30 times more powerful than one measuring 5.0.

Seismic Waves-These are the vibrations that travel outward from the earthquake fault at speed as
several times per second. Although fault slippage directly under a structure can cause considerable
damage, the vibration of seismic waves cause most of the destruction during earthquake.

Seismograph- is a recording instrument used by the scientists to determine the strength and location of
earthquakes. It is equipped with sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by
seismic waves. Some seismometers are capable of detecting ground motion as small as 1 billionth of a
meter, or about 40 billionth of an inch.

Wavy lines are produced by a seismograph that reflects the size of seismic waves passing beneath it.
Seismogram which is the record of the wave is imprinted on paper, film, or recording tape or is stored
and displayed by computers,

How Earthquakes are Measured

We always hear or read the word intensity and magnitude in the radio, on television and in newspapers
every time there is an earthquake. The strength of an earthquake is described by both terms.

Below is the scale used in measuring the intensity of earthquakes in the Philippines. Roman numerals
are used in the intensity scale to avoid confusion with magnitude scale, which uses Hindu-Arabic
numerals.

Earthquake Intensity Scale

Intensity I-Scarcely Perceptible

1. Under favorable circumstances, people can feel it.

2. Balanced delicate objects are disturbed slightly.

3. Still water in containers oscillates noticeably.

Intensity II-Slightly Felt

1. It is felt by few individuals at rest indoors.

2. Objects which are hanging swing slightly.

3. Still water in containers oscillates noticeably.

Intensity III-Weak

1. Many people indoors especially in upper floors of buildings felt it. Vibration is felt like the passing of a
light truck. Some people feel dizzy and nauseated.

2. Objects which are hanging swing moderately

3. Still water in containers oscillates moderately.

Intensity IV-Moderately Strong

1. People indoors and some who are outdoors generally felt it. People who are sleeping lightly are
awakened. Vibration is felt like the passing of a Heavy truck.

2. Objects which are hanging swing considerably. Dinner plates, glasses, windows and doors rattle.
Floors and walls of wood-framed building creak.

3. Parked cars may rock slightly

4. Water in containers oscillates strongly.

5. Rumbling sound may sometimes be heard.

Intensity V-Strong

1. Most people indoors and outdoors generally feel it. Many people sleeping are awakened, frightened,
and some run Outdoors. You can feel strong shaking and rocking throughout the building.

2. Objects which are hanging swing violently. Some dining utensils are clattering and clinking; hence are
broken. Small, light and unstable objects may all or overturn.

3. Leaves and twigs on trees are shaking noticeably

4. Open containers filled with liquid spill. Vehicles rock noticeably.

Intensity VI-Very Strong

1. Many people are frightened and run outdoors. Some may lose their balance. Motorists feel like
driving with flat tires.

2. Objects and furniture which are heavy move or may be shifted. Small bells of church may ring. Wall
plaster may crack. Houses which are very old and poorly-built and man-made structures are slightly
damaged, though well-built structures are not affected.

3. In hilly and mountainous areas, few rocks and boulders roll. You can see trees which are noticeably
shaken.

Intensity VII-Destructive
1. Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find it difficult to stand in upper floors.

2. Objects and furniture which are heavy overturn or topple. Big bells of the church may ring. Structures
which are old and poorly built suffer considerable damage. Appearance of some cracks on dikes, fish
ponds, road surface, or concrete hollow block walls can be seen

3. You can observe limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides. Trees are shaken strongly.
(Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated sand loses strength during an earthquake and
behaves like liquid).

Intensity VII-Very Destructive

1. People panic and find it difficult to stand even outdoors.

2. Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged. Bridge foundations and concrete likes are
destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Tracks railways are dent or broken.

3. There is a displacement of tombstones, twisted or overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments
may tilt or topple. Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken.

4. Man-made structures sink, tilt or topple brought by liquefaction and lateral spreading. There are
numerous landslides and rock walls in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown out from their
positions particularly in epicenter. You can observe fissures and fault rupture and violently shaken of
trees. Water splashes or slops over dikes or banks of rivers.

Intensity IX. Devastating

1. People are forcibly thrown to the ground. All are frightened.

2. Most buildings are totally damaged. Elevated structures and bridges are toppled or destroyed.

3. Plenty of utility posts, towers and monuments are tilted, toppled or broken. Water and sewer pipes
are bent, twisted or broken.

4. There are widespread landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand boils. The ground is
distorted. There are trees that are shaken very violently with some toppled or broken. Boulders are
commonly thrown out. Water in the rivers splash violently or slop over dikes and banks.
Intensity X-Completely Devastating

1. All man-made structures are practically destroyed

2. There are massive landslides and liquefaction, large-scale subsidence and uplifting of land forms and
many ground fissures can be observed.

3. There are changes in river courses and destructive seethes in large lakes.

4. There are many trees that are toppled, broken or uprooted.

PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Before an Earthquake

In order to protect yourself, your family and your property in the event of an earthquake, the following
should be paid attention:

1. Ask professional help in repairing defective electrical wiring, leaky gas lines and inflexible utility
corrections. Do not do it yourself,

2. Large or heavy objects should be placed on lower shelves. Shelves, mirrors and large picture frames
should be fastened to walls.

3. Overhead lighting fixtures should be anchored.

4. Store bottled foods, glass, china and other breakable on low shelves, or in cabinets that fasten sheet.

5. Water heater, refrigerator, furnace and gas appliances should be secured and bolted down to the wall
studs.

6. Be sure that your house is fully anchored to its foundation.

7. Locate and inform your family members about safe spots in each room under a sturdy table or against
an inside wall.

8. Earthquake drills should be conducted with your family members: Drop, cover and hold on.

During an Earthquake
During an earthquake, minimize your movements to a few steps to nearby safe place. Stay indoors until
the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe.

If you are indoors, then:

1. Cautiously open cabinets. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.

2. Take cover under a table, desk, or bench or against an inside wall, and hold on. If there isn't a table or
desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.

3. Doorway can be used as a shelter if it is in close proximity to you and you are aware that that it is
strongly supported, load-bearing doorway.

4. Stay away from any falling objects like glass, windows, outside doors and walls, lighting fixtures or
furniture.

5. Put on shoes or boots. There might be broken glasses or sharp objects on the ground that can injure
you.

6. Broken electric wires should be avoided. Immediately report to the proper authorities.

7. Listen to battery-operated radio or television for the latest emergency information. If the earthquake
strikes and you are in bed, just stay on it, hold on and protect your head with a pillow, unless you are
under a heavy light structure that could fall. In that case, move to the nearest safe place.

8. Damaged areas should be avoided unless your assistance has been specifically requested by police,
fire or relief organization.

9. Just stay inside until shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. During earthquakes, most injuries occur
when people are hit by falling objects when entering into or exiting from buildings.

10. Avoid using the elevator.

If you are outdoor, then:

1. Immediately get away from buildings, streetlights and utility wires.

2. Just remain outside.

If you are in a moving vehicle, then:

3. Stop immediately and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses,
and utility wires.

4. Once the earthquake has stopped, proceed cautiously, watching forward and bridge damage.

lf you are trapped, then:

5. Avoid lighting a match. Do not move about or kick up dust.

If you are under debris, then:

6. Your mouth should be covered with a cloth, or handkerchief.

7. Create a loud noise by tapping on a pipe or wall, so that the rescuers can immediately locate you. If a
whistle is available, use it. The last resort is to shout loudly but bear in mind that shouting can cause you
to inhale dangerous amounts of dusts.

After an Earthquake

For protection after an earthquake, the following should be undertaken:

1. There are often aftershocks after an earthquake, hence be prepared. Although the shockwaves are
usually less violent than the main quake, but could be strong enough to do additional damage to
weakened structures.

2. Stay away from damaged buildings because it may eventually collapse.

3. Places near the sea should be avoided. If you live in coastal areas, be aware of possible tsunamis.
These are also known as seismic sea waves (mistakenly called "tidal waves"). When tsunami warning is
issued by local authorities, a series of dangerous waves can be assumed that it is on the way. Stay away
from the beach.
4. Inspect yourself for cuts, wounds or fractures and those around you. Apply first aid if necessary.
Injured persons should not be moved unless they are in immediate danger or further injury

5. Listen to battery-operated radio or television for the latest emergency information.

6. In case of emergency, use the telephone.

7. Emergency plan in your community should be followed.

8. Leave a message of your whereabouts if you want to leave your place. Emergency materials should be
brought.

Chapter 7

WORKSHEET NO. 9

Name

Date Performed

Class Code & Schedule

Course/Year-

I. Enumeration

Enumerate the 10 Earthquake Intensity Scale

FiIl in the blanks with the correct answer

1. _____________ is a sudden slipping or movement of a portion of the earth's crust, accompanied and
followed by series of vibrations.

2.______________is a recording instrument used by the scientists to location of earthquakes

3.______________is the record of the wave which is imprinted on paper, film, or recording tape or is
stored and displayed by computers.
4.______________is an earthquake of similar or lesser intensity that follows the main earthquake an
earthquake, and on the damage caused by an earthquake.

5.______________point on the fault where the earthquake rapture began.

6.______________is based on the effects a person experiences during

7.______________is the place on the earth's surface directly above the are the vibrations that travel
outward from the earthquake fault at speeds several miles per second. which

8.______________If you live in coastal areas, be aware of possible are also known as tidal waves.

9. Avoid lighting a ________ if you are trapped.

10._____________during an earthquake, the amount of energy is released which is computed from the
amplitude of the seismic waves

Chapter 13

Contagious Diseases

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Define disease

2. Identify carriers of contagious diseases.

3. Name common deficiency diseases.

4. Identify communicable diseases.

5. Define AIDS

6. Discuss the stages of HIV infection

7. Avoid HIV infection.

Introduction
Personal and environmental cleanliness are very essential in maintaining good health. Personal
cleanliness implies a set of personal habits important to physical and mental well-being and freedom
from disease while environmental cleanliness includes both internal and external cleanliness. It refers to
home, school, neighborhood, roads, fields, well, lakes and rivers, plants and forests, etc. Cleanliness
begins at home. It maybe small, but it should be properly maintained, with good ventilation for fresh air
and sunlight having plants and trees around the house.

Carriers of Contagious Diseases

Man spreads a contagious disease directly or indirectly. He is a carrier even if he has not been sick with
the disease, but carries the germs with him.

How can man spread a contagious disease directly? It is through talking, sleeping or holding hands with
the sick person.

Man can spread a contagious disease indirectly through handling the things used or touched by an
infected person.

How can we prevent the spread of germs? It is necessary that persons who are sick should stay away
from others. Avoid touching the things that they have handled and immediately disinfect these through
boiling, drying, burning or the use of chemicals.

A person who has phlegm should not spit anywhere. He should only spit in cuspidors which should be
covered when not in use.

Water. Drinking water is another carrier of a disease. We also get the disease by using the glass and
utensils of a sick person.

Food. Food is also a carrier of disease, so let us avoid eating unsanitary food. Leftover food should
always be covered so that flies, rats and cockroaches will not step on them.

To avoid getting diseases from infected food, we should not buy from ambulant food vendors, because
we do not know how those food are prepared and cooked.

The Common Deficiency Diseases

The common deficiency diseases among children in the Philippines are brougnt by inadequate nutrients
in the body. As the children grow up it has been noted that the quantity of balanced food they eat goes
down.

Hereunder are the common deficiency diseases:

1. Kwashiorkor. It is a global problem in malnutrition. It is brougnt by calorie deficiency. This is related

to the failure of breastfeeding and is common among infants.

2. Vitamin A deficiency. One of the effects of this deficiency is night blindness. Another is teomalacia. A
person suffering from this deficiency has difficulty in climbing stairs and in walking. There is a pain of the
rheumatic type on bones and legs and the lower part of the back.

3. Vitamin B deficiency. If there is an inadequate intake of Vitamin B, a person will suffer from beri-beri.
This is considered as severe deficiency. Gastrointestinal disturbances resulting from impairment of the
motor processes throughout the intestinal tract is one of the symptoms. There is macular weakness,
paralysis of the lower limb caused by a multiple neurotic condition may occur.

This can be treated and the patient will make the greatest improvement if there is more intake of B
complex rather than thiamine alone.

4. Vitamin C deficiency. If the tissue has been saturated with ascorbic acid, several months of dietary
deprivation may occur before symptoms of deficiency may be manifested. A person who suffers from
this deficiency has poor wound healing; irritability to infection is among the signs of deficiency. A person
who lacks Vitamin C will suffer from scurvy. Pain and swelling of the thighs and legs are present. The
baby is pale and irritable, cries when handled. Loss of weight, fever, diarrhea and vomiting are present.
If the teeth are erupted, the gums are likely to be swollen.

Common Communicable Diseases

A disease is the abnormal state or functioning of all or part of the organism. It is also an alteration of the
dynamic interaction between an individual and his environment. On the other hand, a communicable
disease is a disease that can be transferred from the source to another person.

Some signs of diseases are abnormal changes in temperature, pulse rate, and respiratory rate.
Symptoms are pain and restlessness, though these may not be the same for all persons.

The following are the different communicable diseases:

1. Sore Eyes (Conjunctivitis, Pink eyes, Red eyes). In conjunctivitis, the surface of the eyeball and the
inside of the eyelids become inflamed from exposure to dust and germs. lt is more commonly known as
pink eyes or sore eyes due to the redness, swelling, and yellow pus that come with it. In a new born
baby, sticky eyes or a yellow discharge from the eyes may not be due to sore eyes, but to a sexually
transmitted disease.

There are several symptoms of sore eyes such as:

1. The eyes are very itchy,

2. Redness in one or both eyes,

3. Tearing (watery eyes),

4. Mild pain,

5. Uncomfortable gritty sensation,

6. Uneasy in bright lights,

7. Yellow discharge (pus) from the eyes in the presence of bacterial infection, and

8. Encrusted eyelids upon waking in the morning.

2. Chronic Bronchitis. (Chronic obstructive lung diseases, smokers rough, emphysema, bronchitis.) This
is a common sickness among children and weak adults. It is most often a result of a common cold.
Enlarged adenoids and tonsils of children may lead to repeated attacks of bronchitis. Bronchitis is caused
by cigarette smoking air pollution.

The symptoms are the following:

1. Shortness of breath,

2. Tiredness,

3. Due to lack of oxygen, the person could have bluish lips and complexion

4. Swollen ankles and legs, and

5. Persistent cough with thick phlegm throughout the day and night.

3. Common Cold (Blocked nose, runny nose). The common cold is a viral infection of the upper air
passages, which causes the inflammation or the mucous membranes lining the nose and throat. It
usually begins nose and throat. A cold is easily spread via coughing or sneezing and by direct contact.
Other ways of catching colds are staying in very warm or cold rooms, lack of outdoor exercise, poor diet
including overeating sugary and fatty foods, and having diseased tonsils and

A person is susceptible to cold because of his low resistance, which allows the viruses to enter his body.
Allergic disorders of nose and throat also make a person more susceptible to colds and of the viral
infections.

The symptoms are

1. Malaise,

2. Congestion of the nasal

passages,

3. Sneezing and severe

throbbing headache,

4. Cough

5. Sore throat, hoarseness,

6. Congested or runny nose,

7. Watery eyes,

8. Body aches,

9. Mild fever, and

10. Chills.

Take note of the following:

1. Bed rest is still the best treatment for any severe cold.

2. A hot bath may help to relieve much of the congestion in the chest and nasal membrane.

3. Inhale steam to loosen nasal congestion and ease expulsion of mucus.

4. Blow your nose frequently, blocking only one nostril at a time to keep the nasal secretions from being
forced into the sinuses and the middle ear and infecting them. Immediately throw used paper tissues to
avoid spreading the virus.
5. Take medicine and drink plenty of fluids, particularly hot fluids,

6. If symptoms persist, consult a doctor.

To avoid this disease, eat a balanced diet and have regular exercise to keep healthy. Avoid staying in
overcrowded places.

4. Chickenpox (Herpes zoster, Shingles). These are mild, highly contagious diseases, which affect young
ones during their early years, but are more severe in adults. Infection is easily spread via airborne
droplets that are exhaled or expelled (e.g., when coughing or sneezing), causing outbreaks in places
where there are close person-to-person contacts.

The following symptoms are:

1. Begins with a low-grade fever,

2. Severe itch,

3. Mild headache,

4. Feeling of weakness,

5. Runny nose,

6. Small tear crop shaped blisters appear on the skin, mostly on the upper back or chest, and

7. In more severe cases, the face and extremities are also involved.

What should be done:

1. Take a complete rest until all blisters have dried up.

2. Do not burst the blisters, scratch, or peel off the scabs to avoid spreading the viral infection, as well as
to prevent secondary bacterial infection and scarring. Trim a child s fingernails or put mittens on is hands
to keep him from scratching.

3. Bathe the skin daily with soap and warm water

4. Calamine lotion and talcum powder are helpful in controlling itching

5. Take medicine for the fever; this will also take care of the disease.

6. Consult a doctor if your child has the symptoms and has not had the disease.

5. "ElTor" or Cholera. This is another contagious and serious which is an infection of the small intestine,
characterized by severe diarrhea that causes a person to lose up to half a liter of water an hour it is
caused by germs taken into the body through food and drink.

It is spread by improper ways of doing away with human waste. When waste is thrown on the ground,
brook or river, or used as fertilizers, it infects wells, ponds and streams. People who get drinking water
from these sources, may have the disease.

Rats, cockroaches, flies and ants are also carriers of ElTor or cholera. They may have fed from the stool
thrown, so when they crawl or step on the food, they leave germs on it.

Symptoms:

1. Pain in the back or in the legs and arms.

2. Frequent bowel movement. The stool appears thin and whitish like rice water

3. Vomiting and dehydration (severe thirst, dry lips and tongue, little or no urine passed).

What you can do:

Immediately go to the Emergency Department of the nearest hospital if you have symptoms of cholera.
Delay in seeking treatment can lead to severe dehydration.

What you should bear in mind:

1. Cover food and store it safely away from cockroaches, flies, and rats, all of which can spread the
disease.

2. Don't go to places, which are dirty. (e.g., eateries with poor hygiene standards) and areas with poor
sanitation.

3. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and clean water after using the toilet, and before preparing
food or eating. Immunization again cholera is no longer mandatory for international travelers because
vaccine is always at hand for protection.
4. Avoid areas where cholera is always present. You must go to such areas, take the following
precautions: drink boiled water/bottled drinks, eat food that is freshly prepared and avoid ready-cut
fruits raw salads, ice-cubes and ice Cream.

5. Have yourself immunized against cholera when traveling to an endemic area. Unfortunately, the
vaccine available is not 100% effective. Precautions must, therefore, be taken when drinking or eating.

6. Whooping Cough (Pertussis). Whooping cough is a serious and contagious bacterial infection of the
bronchial tubes, larynx and lungs. It is transmitted by direct contact with the affected person or by
indirect contact, such as breathing in air containing infected droplets.

The attack of whooping cough may last as long as six weeks. It is a distressing disease to both parents
and children, and may result in damage to the lungs and bronchial tubes, particularly in youngsters.

The younger the child, the more serious the disease.

Early symptoms are

1. Fever

2. Runny nose

3. Dry cough with sputum

Late Stages of Pertussis:

1. There are severe, continual bouts of coughing lasting up to a minute with a whooping' sound at the
end of each cough as the child grasps for breath.

2. The child’s face may turn red from effort or blue from lack of oxygen while coughing.

3. Fever

What you should do:

1. Isolate the child from the rest of the family and community.

2. Use & Cool-mist humidifier or steam inhalation to soothe the cough and help loosen bronchial and
lung secretions.

3. Keep the child in bed until the fever subsides, resuming normal activity slowly when the child is up
and become stronger.

4. Encourage the child to drink plenty of fluids such as "carbonated drinks and fruit juice,”

5. Ensure that the child takes the medications prescribed by the doctor.

6. Immediately call the doctor if there is blueness of the face with the coughing bouts and if fever rises
above 40 degrees.

How to prevent whooping cough:

1. Stay away from persons who have whooping cough, especially if your resistance to infection is low.

2. Immunize against whooping cough.

7. Measles. It is a highly contagious viral infection that usually occurs in the epidermis. It is marked by
fever and a rash similar to that of rubella (German measles). But unlike rubella, which is usually mild,
measles can be dangerous and even life-threatening. The disease is common in childhood, although it
can occur at any age. A person who has been infected with measles becomes immune for life.

Symptoms:

1. Chills and high fever, which do not subside when the rash appears.

In other viral infections with a similar symptom, the fever subsides when the rash breaks out)

2. Hacking cough

3. Runny nose

4. Cough, sore throat

5. Red, swollen eyes, tearing

6. General feeling of weakness and lassitude

7. A red rash (spots which sometime merge into blotches) that appear about 4 days after the fever
starts. If the rash begins on the hairline, face and behind the ears, then spreads to the chest and the rest
of the body. After about 4-7 days, the rash and the other symptoms start to fade.

8. Abdominal pain

9. Diarrhea, vomiting

Causes:

Infection by the measles virus, spreads via airborne droplets expelled when coughing or sneezing.

What you should do:

1. Keep the patient in bed up to one week after the rash has disappeared to avoid spreading the disease,
in a cool room to protect his eyes from bright light. Keep him away from pregnant women.

2. Drink plenty of fluids.

3. Take antifever medicine. If the fever is high, sponge with lukewarm water (especially for children).
Leave the moisture on the body to dry to have a cooling effect. Keep sponging until the fever goes down.

4. Give him appropriate cough syrup. For productive cough (cough that brings up phlegm), take an
expectorant. For dry cough, take a cough suppressant.

5. Apply calamine lotion several times a day if the skin is very itchy and keep the skin clean by frequent
bathing.

6. Consult a doctor if there is a breathing difficulty, persistent fever or cough, drowsiness, earache, or
convulsions.

Prevention Tips:
Immunization of children 9 to 24 months of age against measles in the form of MMR (measles-mumps-
rubella) vaccine.

8. Pneumonia. This is a respiratory bacteria. lt is the inflammation of the lungs. The disease is more
common in childhood and old age, and in those with impaired immune systems (e.g, diabetics, AIDS
victims, alcoholics). Pneumonia can be life-threatening.

Symptoms

1. Chills and severe pain in the chest

2. High fever, sweating, chills

3. Breathing becomes difficult and fast

4. Tiredness, weakness

5. Cough, phlegm, (blood-stained, green or yellow), in some case

6. Dizziness and vomiting

7. Sweats plentifully and sinks into a deep sleep

8. Headache, body aches, tiredness

9. Blue-lips, in severe cases

Causes:

Lung infection by bacteria, viruses, or other organisms (fungi, mycoplasma, protozoa).

What you should do:

1. Careful treatment of colds, coughs and chilling.

2. Take appropriate antifever and cough medicines.

3. Avoid staying out in the cold or in a damp place without enough protection.

4. Do steam inhalations to loosen a congested nose and make the expulsion of mucus easier.

5. Consult a doctor immediately.

Prevention Tips:

Immunization with pneumococcal vaccine.

9. Tuberculosis (TB). Better known as TB, is a highly contagious bacteria infection usually afftecting the
lungs. This is a disease which the most common cause of death in the Philippines. Today, with new
discoveries in medicine, TB in its early stages can be cured. As in other diseases, however prevention is
better than cure.

A less common type of TB, which comes iron contaminated cow's milk, attacks the lymphatic system,
other organs, or bones. In both types or TB, infection usually spreads to other parts or the body. The
disease is transmitted via airborne droplets, particularly when there is repeated exposure. TB attacks
those whose body resistances weak (e.g.. young children, the elderly, AIDS victims). Left untreated, TB
can be fatal.

Symptoms:

1. Fever

2. Sweating, especially at night

3. Malaise

4. Tiredness, weakness

5. Poor appetite

TB of the Lungs:

1. Chronic cough
2. Blood in the sputum

3. Chest pain

4. Shortness of breath

5. Swelling in the neck due to enlarged lymph nodes

TB of the Intestines:

1. Abdominal pain due to chronic indigestion

2. Chronic diarrhea

3. Weight loss

Causes:

Infection with the Mycobacterium tuberculosis or, rarely Mycobacterium bovis, which comes from
infected cows.

What you should do:

1. Eat a balanced diet get plenty of fresh air and sunshine and have sufficient rest.

2. Do not drink alcohol. Stop smoking.

3. Inform members of your family and people with whom you are in close contact of the infection and
convince them to see a doctor as well.

4. Take the prescribed course of medication without fail

5. Consult a doctor if you think you have tuberculosis.

Prevention:

1. Immunization at birth with BCG vaccine. A booster dose may be given to children 12or 16 years of
age.

2. Immunization of adults who live in close contact with one who is an active case of TB.
10. Dengue Fever (Dengue Hemorrhagic fever). Dengue fever is also known as H-fever' which is an
acute viral infection. It is transmitted to humans by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. It breeds in places
where there is stagnant water. One of the symptoms is extreme muscle pain. Although no specific
treatment or vaccine is yet available for dengue fever, it is not life-threatening. However, dengue
hemorrhagic fever, a severe form of the disease that affects children and young people, causes heavy
bleeding and can be fatal.

Symptoms:

Most of the early symptoms of dengue fever/dengue hemorhagic fever are similar to those of flu:

1. High fever

2. Rash/skin flush

3. Bone and muscle aches

4. Cough and runny nose

5. Burning sensation and redness in the eyes and

6. Diarrhea

Dengue hemorrhagic fever only:

1. Abdominal pain and vomiting (lasting 2-4 days)

2. Severe bleeding-nosebleed, bleeding from the gums and under the skin, vomiting of blood, rectal
(back passage) bleeding, black stool, internal bleeding

3. Red pinprick-sized spots on the skin due to spontaneous bleeding

Prevention Tips:

1. Get rid of stagnant water in your premises, e.g., canals where the Aedes aegypti mosquito can breed.
2. Disrupt possible breeding places e.g., water vases, drums, tin cans and containers and unused old tires
with water.

11. Typhoid Fever. Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that first attacks the intestines, and then
spreads to the liver, spleen, and gall bladder. The disease is highly infectious, transmitted through
contaminated water and food. Even after a person has recovered from typhoid fever, he may remain a
carrier of the bacteria for years. Typhoid fever can be fatal if not treated promptly.

Symptoms:

First week:

1. Severe headache, cough, high fever, chills

2. Loss of appetite, malaise, tiredness, weakness

3. Constipation, abdominal pain

Second to third week:

1. High fever

2. Diarrhea

3. Extreme weakness

4. Weight loss

5. Painful, swollen and tender abdomen

6. Raised pink spots on the abdomen and chest, as fever subsides

Causes:

Infection with Salmonella typhi bacteria. The disease spreads quickly in places or areas with improper
sanitation, or unhygienic practices, sometimes causing an epidemic.

Prevention Tips:

 Avoid unhygienic places and areas with poor sanitation.

  Avoid area where typhoid fever is endemic (always present). Take the following precautions in
such areas:
 Boil your drinking water or stick to bottled drinks.
 Do not eat ready-cut fruit, only freshly cut ones.
 Eat only freshly cooked food.
 Stay away from raw salads, ice cream, and ice cubes.
 Cover food and store safely away from cockroaches, flies, and rats.

3. Immunization is recommended only for those who may be exposed due to occupation (e.g.,
microbiologist, medical technologist) traveler to endemic areas or household members of known carrier
or person without signs and symptoms but who are sources of the disease.

4. Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and clean water after using the toilet, and before preparing
food or eating, especially if you have the disease or observe its symptoms.

12. Mumps. This is a contagious disease that occurs most frequently in children and young people
between the ages of five and fifteen years. Most people have mumps once in their lives. This disease is
caused be a virus which attacks the salivary glands of the mouth, particularly in the parotid glands
located on each side of the face below and in front of the ear. After a young person is exposed to a case
of mumps, it takes two weeks before he is cured of the disease.

Symptoms:

1. Pain in chewing and swallowing.

2. Painful swelling develop at the sides of the face and below the ears

3. Glands under the skin may also become enlarged and swollen, and there maybe a slight fever.

What you should do:

1. Keep the patient in bed for several days until the temperature returns to normal.

2. Local applications of heat or an ice bag over the affected area will help to relieve some of the
discomfort.

3. Use a good cleansing mouthwash to keep the membrane clean.

4. Be sure the patient has plenty of fluids and preferably a soft diet.
5. Consult a doctor.

Chapter 13

WORKSHEET NO. 18

Name-

Class Code & Schedule

Course/Year

Date Performed

I. Define disease

Enumerate the following:

Carriers of Contagious Disease

Common Deficiency Diseases

AIDS UPDATE

Introduction
People are worried about AIDS. It is a clear and present crisis nowadays, not only in our country, but also
all over the worId.

This disorder impairs the body's defenses. Even minor infections the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), which is spread by sexual contact, direct blood contact, or from mother to baby. Once AIDS is full-
blown, it is considered as incurable and fatal. Victims usually die within five years after full-blown AIDS is
diagnosed.

What is AIDS?

AIDS an acronym for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by the Human T-Lymphotropic
Virus Ill or the HTLV-I virus. It is commonly called Hivor Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

SYMPTOMS

HIV infection (early stages):

-No infection. HIV has an incubation period of 8-10years, a condition that normally lasts for many years.
However, HIV infection is a condition which is incurable. An HIV carrier is highly infectious even without
symptoms.

HIV infection (middle stage):

-Symptoms resembling those of glandular fever (high fever, swollen lymph nodes).

-Recurring flu-like symptoms (cough, fever, and loss of appetite, body aches, tiredness, and weakness).

-Recurring mouth or skin infections, or symptoms of common infection (due to a decreased resistance
level).

-Sweats.

-Significant weight loss.

Full-blown AIDS (final stage):

1. Chronic diarrhea.
2. Lung infections (e.g., pneumonia, pulmonary or disseminated tuberculosis), marked by breathing
difficulty, chest pain, and cough

3. Kaposi’s sarcoma, a skin cancer marked by pink/purple raised skin patches or nodules.

4. Brain infection or cancer, marked by disorientation, fever, headaches, nausea, and blurred vision.

5. Skin infection, usually around the anus, genitals, and mouth.

Causes

1. HIV infection, which' damages the body's immune system (defense against infection).

2. The virus progressively destroys T-cells (white blood cells that are vital to the body's defenses).

3. HIV can be transmitted during anal, oral, or vaginal sexual contact when receiving infected blood
transfusion; when sharing hypodermic needles (e.g., drug users); and during pregnancy and childbirth.

NOTE:

HIV infection of AIDS is not transmitted by:

1. Casual physical contact (e.g., kissing, touching)

2. Airborne droplets expelled when coughing or sneezing

3. Donating blood, as the equipment used is disposable

4. Mosquito or other insect bites

5. Sharing food or utensils

6. Public toilets

7. Swimming pools

What you can do

1. Consult a doctor if you suspect HIV infection.

2. Obtain personal counseling services. See HELPLINES

3. Avoid sex, particularly unprotected sex. Use condoms, as these provide the only possible (but not
total) protection against HIV infection (but not 100%).

Chapter 13

WORKSHEET NO. 19

Name-

Class Code& Schedule

Course Year

Date Performed

I. Define AIDS and what causes it.

II. Discuss each stage of HIV infection.

a. Early Stage

b. Middle Stage

c. Final Stage

III. Essay

What can one do to avoid HIV infection?

Chapter 15

Drug Education
Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Know what drug is and when is it harmful

2. Identify harmful drugs

3. Enumerate: (a) reasons why people turn into drugs, (b) drugs which are commonly used, (c)
description of a person who takes drugs, (d) ill-effects of drugs, (e) what a student can do to prevent
drugs.

Introduction

What is a Drug?

A drug is a chemical substance that brings about physical, emotional or behavioral change in a person
taking it.

When are Drugs Harmful?

Any drug may be harmful when taken in excess. One drugs can also be harmful if taken in dangerous
combinations or by hypersensitive (allergic) persons in ordinary or even small amount

Are Products Other than Drugs Ever Abused

Yes. Substances like glue, paint thinners, gasoline and other volatile (breathable) solvents contain a
variety of dangerous chemicals. They should be sold and used with caution.

What is Drug Abuse?

Drug abuse is the use of any chemical substance, licit or illicit, which results in an individual's physical,
mental or social impairment.
lt may refer to any of the following practices:

1. Using, without benefit or prescription, use of drugs which have the capacity to alter the mood or
behavior.

2. Using drugs and substances for a purpose different from the one for which the drug has been
prescribed.

3. Using drugs and substances having no legitimate medical application for purposes other than
research.

Why do People Turn to Drugs?

There are reasons ranging from the following:

1. "Medicines" can solve problems

2. Widespread access to various drugs

3. "Peer pressure"

4. The notion that drugs give enjoyment to users and in the context that it is used as an alcohol
substitute

What Drugs are Commonly Used?

Drugs that are commonly abused depending on their pharmacological effects may be classified into:

Stimulants- a drugs which increase alertness and physical disposition.

Examples. Amphetamine, Cocaine, Caffeine, and Nicotine

Hallucinogens (also called psychedelics)-drugs which affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and
emotion. Changes in time and space perception, delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations may be mild
or overwhelming, depending on dose and quality of the drug.

Examples: ISD, Mescaline and Marijuana.

Sedatives- drugs which may reduce variety and excitement.

Examples: Barbiturates, Non-barbiturates, Tranquilizers, and Alcohol.

Narcotics - drugs that relieve pain and often induce sleep.

Examples: Opium and its derivatives such as Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin

How Can You Tell When One is Abusing Drugs?

A person who is abusing drugs has a lot of changes in behavior, appearance and mood. The changes may
be pleasant or unpleasant. Thus he-

1. is irritable, discourteous, defiant and aggressive

2. is untrustworthy and lacks self-confidence;

3. is unhealthy and unconcerned with good grooming;

4. has a low frustration tolerance;

5. lacks interest in his studies/work;

6. blames everybody for his problems; and

7. prefers his "barkada" where he feels accepted.

What are the ill-effects of Drug Abuse?

Drug abuse leads to medical and health problems. . The physical complications depend on the specific
drug, its source and the way it is used. Among the physical and mental complications are:

1. Malnutrition. The lives of drug dependents revolve around drug abuse. They miss their regular meals
because they lose their appetite.

2. Panic Reaction. The loss of thought processes can cause panic reactions or feelings of invulnerability.
Both of these states can lead to injury and death. The prolonged harmful reactions includes anxiety and
depressive states, or breaks with reality, last from a few days to months.

3. Physical Damage. In addition to those diseases, which accompany the use of unsterile syringes and
contaminated the drugs these may cause certain medical problems. Liver and kidney damage may result
when large quantities are take. Many who abuse drugs also neglect personal hygiene, which can lead to
multiple health problems. Kidney failure, hepatitis, drastic weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies are
some of the adverse physical complications.
The life of drug abusers is a dreadful one. To support the habit, they resort to committing crimes like
stealing, prostitution and gambling, wherein they hamper their emotional maturation.

What can a Person do to Prevent Drug Abuse?

1. Maintain good physical and mental health.

2. Use drugs properly. Most drugs are beneficial when used under medical advice

3. Understand your own self. Accept and respect yourself for what you are.

4. Develop your potentials. Engage in wholesome, productive and fulfilling activities.

5. Learn to relate effectively to whom you can communicate your problem freely.

6. Learn to cope with your problems and other stresses without the use of suffering drugs.

7. Seek professional help if you feel you cannot cope with your problems

8. Develop strong moral and spiritual foundations.

What are the General Facts about Ecstasy (MDMA)?

Ecstasy is a synthetic amphetamine-related substance. lt gained popularity as a recreational drug, first in

the United states and then later in Europe and now is increasingly known in other parts of the world. It
has the following street names: X, Rave, Love Drug, Flying Saucer, LBD "Libido", Jagged Little Pill, Artist
Drug, Hug Drug, MDA, MDEA, XTC, E, Eckie, and Love Doves. Its scientific name is 3,4
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMIA).

What are the Methods of Administration?

A user generally takes the drug through oral ingestion, but some resort to snorting for its faster effect,
but this is usually painful and irritating to the nostrils.
Its dosage varies, whole tablet- 1 "hit" lasts for about 3 to 5 hours. A typical dose is between 75 mg. and
150 mg.; one half tablet - half a hit.

What are the Physiological Effects of MDMA?

1. Muscle tension

2. Involuntary teeth clenching

3. Nausea

4. Appetite loss

5. Blurred vision

6. Rapid eye movement

7. Hallucinations

8. Chills

9. Sleeping problems

10. Increase in heart rate, body temperature and blood pressure

11. Liver and heart damage

12. Irritability

13. Faintness

14. Sweating

15. Brain hemorrhage

MDMA is particularly dangerous when taken with alcohol, or by those suffering from heart ailments,
diabetes, asthma and psychosis.

Psychological Effects

The MDMA psychological effects are classified in first of which are positive psychological effects which
include:
1. extreme mood lifts

2. increase in wilingness to communicate

3. increase in energy (stimulation)

4. ego softening

5. feeling of comfort, belonging and closeness to others

6. feeling of love and empathy

7. forgiveness

8. increased awareness and appreciation ot usic

9. increased awareness of senses

10. profound life-changing spiritual experiences

11. neurotically based fear dissolution

12. experience bright and intense sensations and

13. urge to hug and kiss people.

The second category has negative effects which include:

1. inappropriate and unintended emotional bonding,

2. tendency to say things the user might feel uncomfortable about later,

3. depression and fatigue up to about 7 days,

4. confusion

5. drug craving, and

6. severe anxiety and paranoia.

What are the Long-Term Effects of MDMA?

1. psychosis
2. arrhythmia

3. same effect as with Amphetamines

4. psychological dependence

5. depression

What are the Short-Term Effects of MDMA?

1. restlessness

2. anxiety

3. pronounced visual and auditory hallucination at larger doses

4. increased blood pressure and heart rate which may lead to cardiac arrest

5. nausea and

6. vomiting

A user experiences grogginess, talkativeness, increased heart rate and palpitation, reverberating feeling,
glassy eyes, hypertension.

After-effect of Ecstasy leads to sudden drop of euphoria and depression.

After taking the drug, users usually indulge in sex (with single or multiple partners) and some resort to
mental intercourse (jamming) or sex talks.

What are the Signs and Symptoms of an MDMA user?

1. poor appetite
2. disturbed sleeping pattern

3. erratic behavior

4. paranoia and

5. suspicious of people

What is the Profile of the MDMA Users?

 "Class A" People

 "Yuppies" (young urban professionals)
 Spoiled brats
 Recreational drug users (party goers, night owls)
 Age range:20's-40's

Penalty

The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (Php
500,000.00) to Ten Million Pesos (Php 10.000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who unless
authorized by law, shall possess 10 grams of methylenedioxymethamphetarnine (MDMA) regardless of
purity to include illegal manufacture, sale, administration, dispensing, distribution, delivery and
transportation.

What You Should Know About Marijuana

Marijuana, often called grass, pot, or weed, is a crude drug made from Cannabis sativa, a plant that
contains a mind-altering (psychoactive ingredient called tetrahydrocannabinol THC).

In What Form is Marijuana Available?

A marijuana "joint" or cigarette is made from the dried leaves, tops and flowers of the plant. Its strength
depends on the type of plant, the weather, the soil and the time of harvest of the plant.

Hashish or hash-is made from the extracted resin of the plant. It is usually stronger than crude marijuana
and can both be smoked and eaten.

Why is Marijuana Dangerous?

Marijuana slows down the user's mental and psychomotor activities. Users don't remember what they
have learned when they are high.

The effects of Marijuana can also impair thinking, reading comprehension and verbal and mathematical
skills.

Marijuana creates other health problems related to the reproductive system, the heart, and the lungs. It
has been found that Marijuana use may lead to cancer.

Long-term regular use of marijuana may lead to psychological independence. Once started, it may take
more or the drug for the user to get the same effect.

Young Marijuana users are more likely to go on experimenting with drugs.

Immediate Effects

1. Faster heartbeat and pulse rate

2. Bloodshot eyes

3. Dry mouth and throat

4. Altered sense of time/disorientation

5. Forgetfulness/inability to think

6. Impaired reflexes, coordination and concentration

7. "Acute panic anxiety reaction"-extreme fear of losing control

Long-Term Effects

1. Chest pain

2. Irregular menstrual cycle

3. Temporary loss infertility for both sexes

4. Premature babies/low birth weights

5. Cancer

6. Marijuana "burn-out" (dull, slow moving, inattentive, and unaware of surroundings)

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT INHALANT ABUSE

What is inhalant abuse?

Inhalant abuse is the deliberate inhalation of volatile chemical substances that contain psychoactive
(mind/mood-altering) vapors to produce a state of intoxication.

Why is Inhalant Abuse Dangerous?

1. It will cause permanent damage to the brain o may result in "Sudden Sniffing Death".

2. Abusers under the influence of inhalants are prone to accident. Several inhalant abusers have died
from road accidents, drowning, falling from tall building etc. after sniffing glue. Abusers can also become
violent.

3. Inhalant abuse produces psychological dependence. Once habit is formed, the dose has to be
increased gradually to produce the same effect.

Immediate Effects

1. Confusion/Disorientation

2. Distorted perception of time and distance

3. Aggressive behavior/violence

4. Hallucination

5. Illusions

6. Nausea and vomiting

Delayed Effects

1. Loss of memory

2. Inability to think

3. Muscle cramps and weakness

4. Numbness in limbs

5. Abdominal pains
6. Damage to the central nervous system, kidneys and liver

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT OPIATES

What are Opiates?

Opiates, sometimes called narcotics, are a group of drugs that are used medically to relieve pain, but
have a high potential for abuse. Some opiates come from a resin taken on the seedpod of the Asian
poppy.

Which Opiates are Abused?

1. Opium-dark brown chunks or powder that are usually smoked or eaten.

2. Morphine -white or brownish powder that is usually dissolved in water and then injected.

3. Heroin - diluted or "cut" with other substances such as sugar or quinine

4. Codeine-is found in cough syrups.

5. Synthesized or manufactured opiates -come in capsules, tablets, syrups, solutions and suppositories.

Morphine, meperidine, paregoric (which contains opium), and cough syrups (that contain codeine) are
the most common opiates with legal medical uses that are abused

What are the Dangers of Opiates Abuse?

1. Opiates may cause dependence and tolerance. An opiate-dependent person makes finding and using
the drug his main focus in life. An opiate-tolerant person needs more and more of the drug to get the
same effects.

2. Over time, opiate users may develop infections of the heart lining and valves, skin abscesses, and
congested lungs.
3. Infections from unsterile solutions, syringes and needles can cause illnesses such as liver disease,
tetanus and serum hepatitis, and AIDS.

4. The opiate-dependent women suffer from health problems like anemia and may give birth to babies
with defects or who are dead.

The symptoms begin 4-6 hours after last dose of the drug, are stronger 24-27 hours later and subside
with 7-10 days. Sometimes symptoms such as sleeplessness and drug craving can last for months.

What Treatment is Available for Opiates Addicts?

1. Detoxification (supervised withdrawal from drugs, either win or without medication) in a hospital or
as outpatient.

2. Rehabilitation in therapeutic communities-patients live in highly structured drug-free environment

and are encouraged to help themselves.

3. Outpatient drug-free programs emphasize various forms of counselling as main treatment.

4. Methadone maintenance- using methadone, a substitute for heroin, on a daily basis to help people
lead productive lives while in treatment.

How to avoid Opiate Addiction?

1. Talk to someone you trust - your parents, a favorite relative, a teacher, a family doctor, a friend who
doesn't use drugs. They can help you understand and solve your problems.

2. Learn how to deal with bad feelings. Remember, you are responsible for what you feel-no one else. If
you change the way you think about something, you also change the way you feel about it.

3.Solve your problems the P.R.O.B.L.E.M. way

P=problem, what is it?

R=results, what do you intend to happen?

O=open a file, what info do you need to collect?

B=brainstorm, what options are there?

L = look at the consequences: what would happen by following each of the options?

E=evaluate and execute, which is the best choice? Make it.

M=make sure it works, have you got what you wanted?

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT COCAINE

What is Cocaine?

Cocaine is a drug extracted from the leaves of coca, a South American shrub, which has the same effect
as amphetamines-a central nervous system stimulant.

In what forms is Cocaine available?

1. Cocaine Hydrochloride-is the most available form. It is a fine white crystal-like powder that is
medically known as a local anesthetic. Users sniff or snort it into the nose.

2. "Street" Cocaine Hydrochloride or "Rocks"-These are the larger pieces of cocaine hydrochloride.

3. Freebase-is the purified substance of "rocks". It is usually injected or smoked

4. Coca Paste -is the crude product smoked in South America. It is more dangerous because it has
contaminants such as kerosene.

Why is Cocaine Dangerous?

1. In some people, even law doses of cocaine may create psychological problems.

2. An overdose may cause delirium, convulsions, respiratory failure

3. Regular intake of high doses of cocaine may cause paranoia or may lead to "cocaine psychosis"
(hallucinations of touch, sight, or smell).

What are the Risks of Cocaine Use?

1. Injecting cocaine with unsterile equipment can cause hepatitis or other infections.

2. Preparation of freebase exposes the user to death and serious injuries from fire or explosion that can
occur.
Why is Cocaine Addicting?

Repeated use of cocaine leads to addiction. Users can get to the point of centering their lives on seeking
and using the drug. Sometimes, they may continue to use it to avoid the depression and fatigue they
would feel if they stopped using the drug.

Random Drug Testing for Secondary and Tertiary Students

1. What is the legal basis for the conduct of the random drug testing for secondary and tertiary
students?

Article Il Section 36(c) of Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the "Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs
Act of 2002.

2. What are the objectives of the random drug testing?

 The random drug testing will be conducted tor the following purposes
 To determine the prevalence of drug users among the students
 To assess the effectiveness of school-based and community based prevention programs
 Tb deter the use of illegal drugs,
 To facilitate the rehabilitation of drug users and dependent and
 To strengthen the collaboration efforts of identified agencies against the use of illegal drugs and
in the rehabilitation of drug uses and dependents.

Who are going to be Tested?

Based on the implementing guidelines, the random drug testing shall be applicable to students in public
and private secondary, tertiary/higher education institutions and post secondary, technical and
vocational schools.

What Agencies are Participating in this Endeavor?

There are three (3) major government agencies participating in the drug testing program and they are
called "supervising agencies" in the guidelines since they exercise supervision of the schools. These
agencies are the Department of Education (DepEd), Commission on Higher Education(CHED), and
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority(TESDA).
Do these Agencies have the Capability to Conduct the Drug Testing?

The conduct of drug testing is not the responsibility of the said three (3) agencies but they have to
coordinate closely with DOH-accredited Testing Centers/Laboratories that will do the testing in the
schools. The school, through its respective health personnel, shall assist the Drug Testing laboratory in
the conduct of the test.

What, therefore, are the Responsibilities of DepEd, CHED, and TESDA with Regard to the
Implementation of the Program?

The three (3) major participating agencies shall:

 Issue an appropriate order informing all schools under their supervision about the government's
actions against illegal drugs, inform randomly selected schools on their inclusion in the random
drug testing program; and
 Formulate and conduct training programs on drug counselling for guardian counselors for the
purpose of enhancing their skills in handling drug dependency cases.

Is there Really a Need to Implement a Program of this Kind?

The program shall be implemented primarily for prevention of drug dependency and rehabilitation of
drug users and dependents. The entire populace shall be made aware of the ill effects of dangerous
drugs.

Since the Selection is at Random, how will the Selection be Done?

The selection shall be through lottery, which may be computerized, or in any manner the selection
board shall agree upon.

Who Compose the Selection Board?

The Selection Board shall be the board constitute at the level of the school composed of the Drug
Testing Coordinator as chairperson, one representative each from the students, faculty and parents as
members. The authorized governing body duly recognized by their respective Constituents shall choose
the representatives from these stakeholders based on a set of selection criteria formulated for this
purpose. In the absence of a parent's association, the School Head may appoint any parent who shall be
a member of the Selection Board.
Who shall be the Drug Testing Coordinator?

The Drug Testing Coordinator shall be the principal of a secondary school, the administrator of a
technical vocational education and training institution or the administrator appointed by the president/
chief executive officer in tertiary institutions.

What are the Responsibilities of the Drug Testing Coordinator?

The Drug Testing Coordinator shall

 Convene the Selection Board within five days from the receipt of notice from the Supervising
Agency stating that the school is included in the program;
 Ensure thee confidentiality and integrity of the random drug testing for the students, teachers,
administrators and personnel of the school;
 Inform both the student and parent concerned that a confirmatory
 Test shall be conducted in case the test result is positive;
 Relay to the parents full information on the process that shall be undertaken for the
confirmatory test;
 Inform both the parents and the students of the results of the test;
 Not delegate the task of informing the student and parent to any other person nor reveal the
results of the test to any person other than the student and parent; and
 Refer the student and his/her parent to government-owned DOH accredited facility or DOH-
accredited government physician to determine the student's level of dependency.

If Found to be Positive for Drugs, the Student may be a Subject of Discrimination among his
Schoolmates. How will this Concern be Prevented?

A positive confirmatory drug test result shall not be a ground for expulsion or any disciplinary action
against the student. But in the event that it is determined that the student is drug dependent, the school
may pose the appropriate sanctions against the student.

How is the Process of Rehabilitation Done?

It includes after-care and follow-up treatment, a the physical, emotional/follow-up treatment, directed
towards psychological, vocational, social and spiritual change/enhancement of a drug dependent to
enable him/her to live without dangerous drugs, enjoy fullest of life with his/her capabilities and
potential and render him/her to become a law abiding and productive member of the community.
Who selects the Drug Counselor of the School and what are his/her Tasks?

The Drug Testing Coordinator shall designate a Drug Counselor, a person trained in the techniques of
guidance and counselling particularly dealing with cases of drug dependency.

If after the Counselling Period, the student shows no sign of improvement, what will be the next step?

If the student fails the drug test the second time, the DOH-accredited facility or physician may make a
recommendation to the student, parent, and Drug Testing Coordinator to have the student referred to a

DOH-accredited facility suited to the student's level of dependency.

Can it be Detected if the Student is Using Drugs for Medical Treatment Purposes and not for illegal use
of the Drug?

Prior to testing, the selected students shall be asked to reveal the prescription medicines, vitamins, food
supplements that they had ingested within the past five (5) days. The Drug Testing Coordinator shall
keep the list and utilizes this in the evaluation of the confirmatory drug test.

What if a Student selected for the Drug Testing refuses to undergo such Test? Will he be Penalized for
such an Act?

Students who refuse to undergo random drug testing shall be dealt with in accordance with the rules
and regulations of the schools; provided that at no time shall refusal to undergo testing give rise to a
presumption of drug use or dependency; provided further that the school may impose sanctions on such
refusal other than the offense of drug use or dependency.

Who Pays for the Drug Tests?

The government shoulders the costs of random drug testing of students.

ls there a Penalty imposed on Schools that Refuse to Implement the Drug-testing Program?

Schools that refuse to implement the random drug-testing program shall be liable under Section 32 of
RA 9165 without prejudice to other administrative sanctions imposed by the Supervising Agencies. The

Supervising Agency shall report the same to the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) and the
Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB).
 Chapter 15

WORKSHEET NO. 22

Name-

Date Performed

Instructor-

Cass Code &Schedule

Definition

Define the following:

1. drugs

2. drug abuse

Enumerate the following:

Reasons why people turn to drugs

 Chapter 16

First Aid

Objectives

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Define first aid.

2. Identify/enumerate the following:

 What first aider should strive for

 Qualities of a good first aider
 The need for first aid
 General directions for first aiders
 Details to say when calling for a doctor
 Common accidents at home

3. Discuss the importance of first aid.

4. Demonstrate/apply first aid to the different common accidents, recovery position, mouth-to-mouth
and cardio-pulmonary resuscitations.

Introduction

We do not know when an emergency may occur and therefore we need to now how to react quickly to
such a situation. Knowing how to react is essential in applying first aid which is very crucial.

What is First Aid?

First Aid-is the skilled application of treatment, using facilities or materials available at the time, that any
trained individual gives an ill or injured person while waiting for medical assistance to arrive. It is further
defined as an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suffers from sudden illness or an
accident until the doctor arrives,

It is also defined in Primary Health Care Household Teaching Manual (1987) as giving of immediate
treatment to an injured or ill person. This includes emergency measures for life-threatening conditions
which would require further medical treatment. First aid also includes care or less serious injuries which
may not need further medical attention. After first aid is administered, bring the patient to the nearest
hospital.
It is important that you learn how to keep safe and how to get or give first aid. By getting or giving
proper first aid on time, you could lessen the suffering of the victim and make the doctor's work easier
when he takes over. It may also mean the difference between temporary or permanent injury, between
fast recovery and long hospitalization, between a chance to live or die.

It is further discussed in Primary Health Care Household Teaching Manual (1987) the setting of priorities
which are as follows:

First Things First

In an emergency situation where time is the most critical you should set PRIORITIES according to its
importance. Attend to the most seriously injured or ill victims first as well as to the most serious or life-
threatening injuries first, then proceed to the lesser ones.

1. Do not move an injured person immediately from the position in which he was found unless
absolutely necessary to avoid further injury.

2. Check breathing. If the person is NOT breathing or is breathing with difficulty, do the following:

 Clear the nose, mouth and throat of anything that can block passage of air such as false teeth,
vomitus, blood and saliva.
 Give ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION at once.

3. Check if there is a pulse and if the heart is still beating. If the heart has stopped, do cardiac massage.

4. Stop any bleeding.

5. If the person is unconscious, but breathing normally, do the following:

 Turn him on his side with head lowered, but not when he has serious neck or back injuries.
 Remove from the nose, mouth and throat anything that can block passage of air.
 Do not give water or food.

6. Cover serious wounds or burns with a clean dressing gauze, cloth or banana leaves.

7. Splint broken and/or dislocated limbs.

8. If life-threatening or serious conditions are present, seek medical help quickly, or bring the patient
immediately to the nearest hospital.
Plan of Action in Emergency Situation (Primary Health Care Household Teaching Manual, 1987)

1. Assess the situation immediately. Determine the presence of the further danger in the environment.
Check availability of extra help.

One who gives first aid always strives to:

1. Preserve the victim's life.

2. Prevent complications or keep the condition from worsening.

3. Aid recovery.

4. Assure the victim by comforting him and relieving pain.

Anyone who gives first aid must know exactly what to do in different situation, as the wrong treatment
could aggravate a victims condition instead of improving it.

The Qualities of a Good First Aider

1. Gentle. He should not cause pain in handling the victim.

2. Observant. He should notice all signs in the body of the victim.

3. Resourceful. He should make the best use of things at hand.

4. Sympathetic. He should know how to comfort the victim.

5. Tactful. He should not alarm the patient as it may cause a nervous breakdown.

6. Cheerful. If the person has a happy expression, ne can inspire confidence in the victim.

The Need for First Aid

1. To prevent accidents.

2. To prevent added injury or danger.

3. To prevent suffering or death.

4. To train people to do the proper thing at the right time.

5. To provide proper treatment when emergency occurs.

Nine General Directions for First Aiders

1. Adjust the proper position of the victim.

2. Examine the victim. Check for injuries.

3. Give immediately needed first aid.

4. Maintain the victim's body temperature.

5. Call a doctor.

6. Keep curious people away.

7. Make the victim happy and comfortable.

8. Proper and comfortable transportation should be given to the victim together with tender loving care

9. Don't give any liquid to an unconscious victim.

Three Details to say when Calling for a Doctor

1. Say your name clearly and tell directly your needed assistance.

2. Exact place where the accident happened, give the landmarks so that the place can be located easily.

3. Explain exactly what happened.

Where does the Duty of the First Aider Start and End?

The duty of the first aider starts the moment an accident happens and ends where the services of the
doctor begins, but he should stand by, making his report to the physician about the accident that
occurred; the nature of the injury, and the first aid treatment given to the victim.

The Recovery Position

While waiting for help to arrive, the recovery position in which to place a victim who is breathing,

Do not put a person in the recovery position if you suspect that he has a spinal injury or severe fractures.
1. Lie the victim on his back and kneel beside him. Tilt the head back and tilt the chin to open the airway.
Remove the eyeglasses and loosen his shirt, belt and pants.

2. Straighten both legs and place the arm nearest to you at the right angles to the victim's body, the
elbow bent, with the palm of the hand uppermost.

3. Hold the hand against the victim's cheek, palm outwards and bring the far arm across his chest.

4. Grasp the furthermost thigh with the other hand and pull the knee up, keeping the foot on the
ground.

5. Hold him towards you with the other hand holding the bent knee of the farthermost leg and support
the victim's head by keeping the hand pressed against the cheek with one hand.

6. Tilt the head back to open the airway, adjust the hand to support the head.

7. Adjust the uppermost leg so that the hip and knee are at right angles.

8. Check that the victim's breathing and pulse are regular.

Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation

This is an effective method in saving the life of a person through introducing air into the victim's lungs. lf
the victim has stopped breathing but still has a pulse, you have to take note of the following:

1. Place the victim on his back. Loosen his shirt around the neck.

2. Open his mouth and sweep a hooked finger deep inside to remove any debris.

3. Hold the back of the neck with one hand. Place the heel of your other hand on his forehead and tilt
his head as far back as you can.

4. Using the hand on his forehead, pinch his nostrils; take a deep breath, open your mouth, and blow.
His chest will rise as the air is forced into his lungs.

5. If the victim is a child, cover his nose and mouth with your mouth but do not blow as hard as you
would for an adult. This is also known as the mouth-to-nose resuscitation.

6. Repeat the procedure 4 times in quick succession.

7. Continue mouth-to-mouth resuscitation steadily at the rate of 10 breaths per minute until the victim
starts breathing on his own or medical help comes.

8. Once the victim is breathing normally, put the victim in the recovery position. If there has been or if
you suspect a spinal injury, and breathing and/or pulse are absent, then you still need to resuscitate the
casualty and maintain the airway.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

This is a life-support technique that is used in a medical emergency when the victim is not breathing and
when he has no more pulse.

1. There is a need for formal training to be able to administer CPR properly. However, if the victim's life
depends on CPR and nobody else is qualified, you have to apply it yourself.

2. Put your ear to his chest and listen for a heartbeat, so that you can get the pulse rate. If there is none,
proceed to administer

First Aid for Common Accidents

What are Accidents?

Most accidents result in broken bones or injured muscles. Care of our bones and muscles calls for
knowledge about common accidents, especially at home, as it is these organs that often suffer during
accidents caused by carelessness. Being careless, you may hurt yourself and cause great harm to your
body.

Accidents refer to unexpected mishaps. lf the resulting injuries are severe, send someone to call for a
doctor or ambulance immediately while you begin the first aid. Time is of vital importance; any delay in
medical attention increases the risk of complications or death.

If you are alone, however, you may need to administer first aid before calling for help if the person's life
is in danger.

Causes of Accidents

1. Unsafe behavoir

2. Attitude

3. Conditions

4. Equipment and machines

5. Knowledge

7. Physical limitations

8. Drills
9. Unsafe environment

Common Accidents At Home

Falls. Bad falls can cause death. As a result, a person can suffer from broken bones, sprains, dislocations,
or a broken skull.

Falls from a great height as from a building are more dangerous than falling from a stair or ladder.
Falling head first is also more dangerous than falling with the body first.

Several kinds of injury are caused by falls. There is the fracture or a break in the bone. There is the
dislocation caused by a bone set out of place at a joint. There is the shock caused by falls from great
heights or automobile accidents.

How can we avoid falls?

1. Toys, tools and other objects should be picked up and put away.

2. If we are reaching for something high, we have to avoid climbing unsafe ladders or stars, or using
chairs, weak boxes, crates or barrels.

3. Floors and stairs should be in good repair

4. Immediately repair unsteady ladders. If it cannot be repaired

5. Spilled water, grease, oil and other liquids should be wiped up

6. Be careful when stepping on slippery floors especially in bathrooms anymore, get rid it as quickly as
possible.

7. Stairs and doorways should be well-lighted; use flashlights if necessary.

8. Don't place small rugs at the bottom or top of the stairs as these may cause unexpected falls. If rugs
must be used, they should be fastened to the floor.

2. Burns. These are injuries caused by contact with strong heat. When a burn is caused by hot liquid or
hot, moist vapor, the burn is called a scald. Most burns are caused by dry or moist heat. They may also
be caused by electricity. An electric flash current causes electric burns. Chemical burns are caused by
strong acids and alkalines. Some chemical burns are as dangerous as electric burns. Both may destroy
the body tissues.
Types of Burns

Burns vary according to the degree or depth to which the body tissues are injured.

1. Minor burns (first degree burns) are the least serious. These include burns that do not form blisters
and those involving only a small area of the body. Their result is reddened skin only. e.g. sunburn and
scalding.

2. Second degree burns are more serious. They result in blistered skin.

3. The Deep burns (third degree) burns are the most serious. Those that destroy the skin and expose
raw or charred flesh. They result in deeper destruction of the tissues, great pain for the victim, and even
shock.

A PERSON MAY DIE FROM LARGE THIRD DEGREE BURNS!

Here are rules for the prevention of burns:

1. Be sure to pour kerosene into a coal or wood stove, even you think that it has no fire.

2. Lamps, matches, and lighted candles should be placed out of children reach.

3. Don’t place lighted candles or lamps near curtains, draperies, or mosquito nets.

4. Remove all dirt or rubbish under your house, in your yard or on street corners.

5. Be sure not to pour water on flaming grease. Use salt, sand or sods to put out the flames, or cover the
pan with a metal lid.

6. Don’t forget to put out the fire before leaving a bonfire.

7. Put kettles and pans with hot liquid or lard away from the edge of a stove, sink, or table.

8. Always keep the floor under a wood or coal stove covered with a sheet of metal.

9. See that elder people never smoke in bed or on a cushioned sofa or chair

10. Dont throw cigarette stubs or matchsticks on piles of dry leaves, paper, or wood.

11. Always use cleansing fluids that do not catch fire.

13. Don't allow children to play near bonfires.

14. See to it that your electrical appliances are always in good condition.
15. See to it there are no chemicals around when you are lighting a match.

16. Always turn off the electric iron when not in use.

What To Do:

Minor Burns

Immediately apply something cold at the burned part. Wrap the injured part with several pieces of the
core of a banana trunk if ice is not available.

The pain will be lessened and the damage caused by the burn. There is no other treatment needed but
has to take aspirin for pain.

Second Degree Burns

 Do not break the blisters.

 If the blisters are broken, wash with any of the following: a solution or sterile water and salt.
 Water boiled with guava leaves.
 Water and soap.
 A few drops of iodine or gentian violet.
 Or a pinch of potassium permanganate crystals in 8 glasses of boiled lukewarm water.
 Loosely bandaged the burn or simply covered to keep dirty, dust, flies and other insects away.
 Dead skin should be removed with boiled tweezers or forceps or with a clean soft piece of cloth
that has been boiled together with the washing solution.
 Once the burned area is infected, pus is noticeable. Hence, wash the area with any of the above
solution and apply compresses of warm sterile water with salt for at least 30 minutes. Change
the dressing at least 3 times a day, if it is bandaged.
 For medical treatment, consult the nearest health center or hospital.
Third Degree Burns

There is a need for immediate medical attention if the burns destroyed the skin and expose raw or
charred flesh or those that cover large areas of the body.

Always bear in your mind the following:

1. Immediately cut away the person's clothing with scissors.

2. Don't put clothing on the burned part.

3. The burned part should be covered with a dressing of sterile clean cloth,

4. You can control the pain and prevent shock to the victim by giving him plenty of liquid to drink.
Prepare the following drink:

 1 tall glass of water or fruit juice

 A pinch of salt

5. It is very important for burned person to eat food rich in protein and potassium like eggs, beans,
meat, banana and citrus fruits if the person starts urinating frequently.

6. Treat the burned person as describe above if it is not possible to seek further medical help.

7. Always keep the bandage very clean and change it each time it gets dirty with liquid or blood from the
burn. For treatment and advice, go to the main health center or nearest hospital.

8. The burned part should not be applied with ink, grease, pomade fat or feces.

Prevention

It is easier to prevent than to treat burns. Advise them about:

1. Don't let small children get near a fire.

2. Keep matches and lamps out of reach of children.

3. Handles of pans should be properly positioned, so that it cannot be reached by children

4. Always caution yourself in handling fire or heated objects.

3. Cuts and Punctures. Cuts are open wounds made by any sharp instrument like a knife, a razor, or
broken glass. They may bleed freely because the blood vessels are cut across, although only a little tissue
around the cut is destroyed. Because of the bleeding open wounds are not as likely to be easily infected
as other kinds.

Sharp instruments usually cause Punctured wounds and stabs. Nails and ends of wires carelessly placed
on walls, floor, or ground are common causes of punctures. Stabs and punctures do not bleed freely;
hence, they are hard to clean and become easily infected.

How can you avoid puncture wounds and stabs?

1. Don't walk barefooted in dirty places.

2. When your feet are unprotected, be sure to look out for broken glass or nails.

3. Razors and knives should be properly handled.

4. Bruises. These are caused by blows on some parts of the body. The blow breaks small blood vessels
just under the skin. Because of this, there is swelling and discoloration on the part that got the blow.

Fights are so common among boys today that you don't have to think long. When you box someone or
you get boxed, you could get bruises. Bumping against a hard or falling object usually bruises young
children.

How can you avoid bruises?

1. Avoid getting into fights and look carefully where you are going

2. Watch out for posts or doors, or closed windows.

3. See that children do not climb or go down chairs or stairs without help.

In case you get a bruise, ice or cloth wrung out of very cold water will prevent swelling and
discoloration. It will lessen the pain.

5. Electric Shocks. It is the state of the body wherein a person’s organs stop working properly because of
an electric shock.

This happens when someone comes in contact with live wire either through carelessness or through
faulty wiring system. The contact results in electric shock. The person who gets this contact may faint or
get burned.
The first thing to do is to break the contact between the person the live wire when this accident
happens. The person who does the breaking must first insulate himself to avoid getting the shock.

What should be done in case of electric shock.

1. Don’t get in direct contact with the source of electric power or with the victim if he is not yet
detached from the source of the shock.

2. Immediately cut off the electrical current by pulling out the plug or switching off the power main.

3. If the person's shock is brought about by a high voltage source, stay away from him at least 18 meters
and immediately call for help.

4. Use a wooden or rubber-coated object in pushing away the person from the electric current.

5. Put the person in the recovery position if he is still breathing and still has a pulse, and perform mouth-
to-mouth resuscitation

6. If breathing and pulse are no longer present, do cardio-pulmonary resuscitation. (CPR)

One who gets an electric shock may turn bluish in color. He may have severe burns and his body may be
stiff. But these should not be thought of as signs of death. These signs are just due to the electricity and
they may be made to disappear by means of timely and effective artificial respiration.

A person who has been struck by lightning will show the same signs as those of one who gets an electric
shock.

How can you avoid electric shocks?

1. Never touch any electrical appliance if your hands are wet.

2. Avoid buying electrical appliances that are of poor grade or quality or that have not been properly
tested.

3. Never unplug an appliance by pulling on the cord, since, eventually, you will break the connection of
the plug

4. Avoid getting close to a swinging wire. It may be in contact with a live wire somewhere.

5. Never touch or use electrical equipment that are not properly insulated.
6. Never touch an electrical appliance or switch when any part of your body is in water.

7. When there are faulty wires in your homes have a licensed electrician repair them. Don't just let
anybody to take care of your electrical problems; it's dangerous to have someone who knows little of
electricity to repair electric connections.

8. Never touch an appliance and metal fixtures such as faucet or radiator at the same time.

6. Fainting. If you see someone fainting, you will notice paleness and cold perspiration on the forehead.
A person who is about to faint becomes dizzy, and then sees a black cloud passing before his eyes. Then
he falls unconscious. His breathing becomes shallow and his pulse becomes weak.

Fainting is caused by the decrease in the supply of blood, specially the blood that goes to the brain. It is
indirectly caused by hunger, lack of air, by staying in a closed or crowded room, fatigue, fear, fright at
the sight of blood, sudden news, great pain, and any severe shock

Some people faint on hearing bad news. Others faint on seeing blood. It may also be due to some
internal bleeding or great pain.

A person who is subject to fainting should build up his physical and mental health.

7. Animal Bites. Animal bites are painful and can be dangerous. We should always be on guard against
getting too close to insects, pests and animals. They may carry germs of certain diseases.

Snakebites

-Bite of a poisonous snake-with fang marks

-Bite of a non-poisonous snake with marks of two rows of teeth but with fang marks (most snakes in the

Philippines are non-poisonous)

What To Do:

1. JUST STAY STILL. DO NOT MOVE BITTEN PART as the poison will spread more rapidly by moving it.

2. The limb should be tied, just above the bite.

3. Make a cut into each fang mark about 1 cm. long and ½ cm deep with a clean knife or blade.
4. Suck and spit out the poison. Just be sure that you do not have any wounds or open sores in your
mouth or tongue. If the bite is more than half an hour old, there is no need to cut or suck the bite.

5. Pack and wrap it around the bitten area if ice is available.

6. Do the above steps the fastest way possible.

7. Immediately seek medical help.

Avoid applying alcohol or other stimulants to a person bitten by poisonous snakes. These will act as
vehicles for the rapid spread of the venom.

Dog Bites and other Animal Bites

Our primary concern in dog and other animal bites is the rabies and tetanus whether they may be small
puncture wounds to large bleeding cuts. Rabies and tetanus may cause eventual death. Bites by dogs
and cats may cause serious infection. Cat bites are especially dangerous because the cat's teeth are very
sharp and go deep into the bitten part.

The danger of rabies infection from animal bites can cause serious harm known as hydrophobia. Rabies
is caused by a "mad" animal. All animals that nurse their young may have the virus. Dogs, cats, and pigs
carry rabies. Rabies is very dangerous but it can be cured by anti-rabies injections. When a dog, cat, or
any nursing animal bites you, it is necessary to consult a doctor immediately.

What To Do:

1. Serious bleeding should be stopped immediately.

2. The bitten part should be cleaned well with soap and water. Leave the wounds open.

3. The animal that has bitten should immediately be identified and observed for 2 weeks.

4. If within two weeks, the dog dies or if you fail to observe the dog take immediately the bitten person
to a health center prior anti-rabies injection.
Prevention

1. Keep away from any animal that looks sick or seems to be acting strangely.

2. Any animal suspected of having rabies, kill and bury or keep in cage.

3. Have your pet dogs be vaccined.

Insect Bites

There are many kinds of insects that bite people. Some persons may suffer from severe allergic reactions
to the bite, especially those of bees or wasps.

Signs and Symptoms of an Allergic Reaction

1. The bitten area has a severe pain and swelling around.

2. Nausea and vomiting.

3. Dizziness

4. Difficulty of breathing

5. Appearance on the skin or raised, reddish-rashes that itch.

What To Do:

1. If the bitten part is on the limb, fie it at once above the bite with a tourniquet.

2. Pack and wrap around the bitten part with ice if available.

3. Immediately seek further medical help.

Insect bites cause itching, burning, and smarting. Bites by spiders and some insects like black widows,
scorpions, and centipedes are poisonous.

8. Severe Bleeding. Simply apply pressure on the area in order to stop bleeding from shallow wounds. If
bleeding is due to large or deep wounds, apply pressure on it with your finger until a clot is formed,
because it could be fatal if too much blood is lost.
If there is no obvious bleeding after an accident but the victim goes into shock, there may be internal
bleeding. The signs of shock are:

1. paleness

2. rapid breathing

3. cold sweat

4. clammy skin

5. drowsiness

6. rapid pulse rate and

7. loss of consciousness

9. Choking. Choking can happen when a piece of food or foreign object blocks the windpipe and the
person is unable to breath. If the obstruction is only partial, the victim can usually breathe in enough air
to cough and dislodge the object. Immediate action is needed when the airway is totally blocked.

What should be done?

1. Open the victim's mouth and sweep a hooked finger deep inside in

2. Slap the victim hard between the shoulder blades four times with the heel of your hand, if nothing is
found.

3. If the victim is a small child, raise his legs and hold him face down over your thigh,with his head lower
than his chest while slapping.

4. If the victim is a bigger child or an adult, hold his head lower than his chest.

5. If you fail to remove the obstruction, perform the Heimlich maneuver until such time that the object
is removed.

6. If this fails, do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

What should be done

1. Let the person stand and support him from behind. Clench a fist and put it right under the
breastbone, with the angle of the thumb against the abdomen.

2. Grasp the fist firmly with the other hand.

3. If the blockage remains, do the Heimlich maneuver up to five time more, or as often as necessary.

10. Drowning. This is an accident in which anybody can be a victim especially those who don t know
how to swim. If you have seen someone drowning, bear this in mind:

To avoid brain damage and death, it is important to restore the breathing immediately to a drowning
victim:

1. Immediately pull the victim out of the water.

2. If the victim is still coughing, it means that he is still breathing.

3. Immediately put him in the recovery position, so that the water from his lungs and airways will be
drained.

4. Immediately conduct mouth-to-mouth resuscitation if he is not breathing even before the drowning
person is out of water. If there is no pulse, do cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Prevention

It is easier to prevent drowning accidents rather than treat drowning victims:

 Keep away from deep waters if you do not know how to swim.
 Swim with a companion.
 After eating, avoid swimming immediately as well as when you are tired.
 If the condition (depth and current) of water is not known to you, never swim in it.

11. Fracture (broken bone). When a bone is broken the most important thing to do is to keep the bones
in a fixed positions (not movable). This prevents more damage and allows faster healing.

This could happen when a person falls hard. There is a dislocation when the bones that make up a joint
are wrenched out place.
Kinds of Fractures

1. Closed-there is no wound at the fracture site.

2. Open -there is a wound at the fracture site.

Signs and Symptoms

The injured part has a severe pain when moving. There is deformity of the injured part, severe
tenderness, and swelling. The bone may be seen through the open wound.

What should be done

1. It is very important for a first aider to know how to handle a simple fracture properly.

2. The first aider who is careful should avoid handling the injured part and moving the injured person
until a splint is applied.

3. Place two strong sticks on each side of the broken part.

4. Place padding made of soft material between the sticks and the injured part.

5. Tie the sticks firmly above and below the injury.

6. If the victim is not breathing but there is a pulse, do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.

7. If the is not breathing and there is no pulse, do cardio-pulmonary

8. Try to stop bleeding. Cover open wounds with a clean cloth or sterile

9. If you have to move the victim before medical help arrives, immobilize resuscitation the broken part
to prevent further injury.

12. Poisoning. Poisoning often occurs among children in the home. Take extra care in storing poisons or
chemicals. Keep them out of reach of child. Always store liquids, medications, cleaning agents, etc.in
their containers to avoid confusion
Common kinds of Poisons

 Kerosene
 Food poisoning
 Cigarettes, matches
 Insecticides-DDT,
 Furadan, etc.
 rat poison
 rubbing alcohol
 medicines
 (any kind, when too much
 is swallowed)
 tincture of iodine

Prevention

Keep all poisons in safe and in conspicuous places out of the reach of children

Common Signs of Poisoning are:

1. The victim is vomiting.

2. There are burns or redness around the mouth of the victim.

3. The victim is suffering from abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea

4. Get a sample for poison identification if the victim has vomited.

Treatments to poison victim

1. Conscious victim. If the victim is still conscious, you have to a him what he took. Flush the mouth with
water or milk in order remove the poison from the mouth.

2. Unconscious victim. If the victim is unconscious, put him in the recovery position if he still breathing.
If there is a pulse and he is still breathing, conduct artificial resuscitation. If the victim is no longer
breathing and there is no more pulse, perform the CPR. Bring him to the nearest hospital.

3. If the person has burned lips, mouth or tongue or the person has taken acia, kerosene, gasoline or
petroleum. Do not make the person vomit.
4. For other kinds of poison, make the person vomit by:

4.1 Let the victim drink a glass of water with sat

4.2 Put a ginger down his throat and give him one tablespoon of syrup of lpecac, if available.

4.3 After he has vomited, give him any of the following:

 activated charcoal or powdered coconut shell charcoal mixed with water

 milk with eggs
 flour mixed with water

13. Splinters in the skin. If the person is careless, splinters in the skin could happen. Immediately
remove the foreign material using a needle or tweezers if the puncture is superficial. If the foreign
material is deeply embedded in the skin, immediately bring the victim to the doctor.

14. Fish hook in the skin. Removing embedded fishhooks is not easy because of their barbs. Attempt to
remove it only if medical aid is not immediately available, if the hook is not deeply embedded or if the
barb is visible. Removal of fishhooks is best left to a doctor.

15. Foreign bodies in the nose. Sometimes children may push objects into that the patient does not do
so and advise him to breathe through the mouth. This act can damage the inner lining. Blocking the nose
with any object can cause an infection. Seek medical attention when this happens. Do not attempt to
remove the object yourself.

Signs of a foreign body in the nose

1. Difficulty or noisy breathing through the nose.

2. Swelling of the nose.

3. Smelly or bloodstained nasal discharge indicating that an object has been inside the nose for some
time.

16. Foreign bodies in the ear. Children may also push objects into their ears. Insects may also crawl or
fly into the ear and get stuck. Cotton may sometimes be left in the ear after cleaning. These objects can
block the ear canal, causing temporary deafness or damage to the eardrum.
What should be done

1.For insects that get in accidentally, let the patient sit down.

2. Tilt the affected ear downward to let the insect fall out on its o2n.

3. If these measures do not work, bring the patient to the hospital.

4. Do not attempt to remove a deeply lodged object (or insect).You may push it further into the ear.
Immediate help is necessary to prevent damaging the ear.

Chapter 17

Family Planning

Objectives

1. Define family planning.

2. Discuss advantages of family planning to the mother, father, children and the community

3. Identify the different methods of family planning

Introduction

Family planning is the concern of married couple. It is defined as planning of when to have children and
the use of birth control and other techniques to implement such plans. Other techniques commonly
used include sex education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-
conception counseling and infertility.

It is also defined as a program to regulate the number and spacing of children in a family through the
practice of contraception or other methods of birth control. Birth control is a means to ensure that
pregnancy can only happen if and when you want it to.

It is further defined in Primary Healthcare (1987) published by the Department of Health as:

1. the number of children a married couple would want

2. when to have the next baby;

3. to use responsible means to achieve the couple's desired number of children;

4. to seek help so that childless couple will have children.

Couples are given the information and means to do so. It also means that people have availability of a
full range of effective contraceptive methods that enable them to take action according to their
decisions. This ability to take an action is also based upon the cost of contraceptives.

Purposes

Raising a child requires significant amounts of resources: time, social, financial, and environmental.
Planning can help assure that resources are available.

The mother should be at least 18 years old before trying to have children in order to have improved
maternal and child health. If the couple desires to have another child, it is healthier for the mother and
the child to wait at least for 2 years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive (but not more
than 5 years). After a miscarriage or abortion, it is advisable to wait for at least 6 months.

ADVANTAGES OF FAMILY PLANNING:

To the Mother

1. After delivery, the mother enables to regain her health. Her health can be fully recovered within 2 to
3 years interval.

2. The mother could be given enough time for treatment and recovery if she is suffering from some
chronic ailments such as: tuberculosis heart disease, anemia, diabetes, etc.

3. Young mothers (below 18) and old mother (aver 35 years old) are prevented from getting pregnant
because it is dangerous for them to bear children at their age.

4. The husband and children could be given enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention.

5. She can give more time for herself, her family and community

Through Family Planning, the Children will become:

Happy. Children could be properly attended and loved, hence they will live happily in their homes with
their parents.
Secured. I there are few children in the family, all their needs courage be well provided such as
adequate food, clothing. good educator etc.

Healthy. If the mother is healthy, children will also be healthy because the mother can afford to buy
nutritious food and vitamins for them.

Wanted and satisfied. The father and mother can attend to their growth and development, if there are
only few children in the family.

For the Father

1. The burden and responsibility in supporting his family will be lightened, since he will be providing only
for few children whom he can afford to support.

2. The father can give his family a happy and contented life.

3. He will have enough time and opportunity to relate his wife and play with his children.

4. The father can provide the family a good home, good education and bright future.

5. He can give himself an opportunity for his own personal growth.

6. The father could be given enough time for treatment and recovery if he is suffering from some chronic
ailments such as: tuberculosis, heart disease, anemia, diabetes, etc.

7. The father will not worry much of having additional child to support if he is jobless.

8. He can participate actively in his communities programs, activities and projects.

9. The father is proud of his family, his wife who can attend to his needs and children and maintain
herself as a loving partner.

To the Family

1. The family members have more opportunities to enjoy each other's company with love and affection.

2. They have the opportunity to have saving for the rainy days.
For the Community

The economic and social status of the community will be:

1. They will have enough time to socialize with the neighbors. The community will not be congested and
the health of the participate in the school activities of their children neighborhood projects and other
civic activities.

2. The community members will be improved. There will be playground for their children, more open
spaces between houses, land for gardening, responsive water/sanitation/waste disposal facilities; less
pollution because the community is not thickly populated. Thus, the community is conducive for
harmonious relationship and a healthful place to live in.

3. There will be better job opportunities.

4. Extra resources (skills, money, material, time, etc.) to share in the development of the community will
be available.

Methods of Family Planning

1. Tubal Ligation

It is a method performed by a trained doctor in the clinic or hospital. It is a permanent method for
women. Women who are non-pregnant can also be ligate. It can be done immediately after the mother
has delivered a baby or aborted.

2. Vasectomy

This is a method for men which is permanent. It is a method performed by a trained doctor in the clinic
or hospital. A man who is vasectomized has no more capability to make his wife pregnant.

3. Pills

To prevent ovulation and pregnancy, a tablet can be taken orally. The pill can be given only after physical
check up of a mother by a trained health worker.

4. IUD

The woman's uterus will be inserted with a devise by a trained health worker. Once inserted, the woman
will have usual menstruation. During the first day of use, the mother will experience a temporary slight
discomfort. The sexual intercourse is not affected nor the flow of the milk among nursing mothers. The
IUD can be removed by trained health worker once the couple decided to have a baby and the woman
can become pregnant.
5. Injectables

It is a substance in liquid form that is injected to the woman once in every 90 days. Ovulation and
pregnancy is prevented. Irregularities in menstruation may sometimes be experienced by a woman.

6. Natural Family Planning

a. Calendar

 It is a method wherein the couple will not have intercourse during the days when the woman is
fertile or ovulating.
 Based on the records of the woman past menstrual cycles for 6 months, the fertile or ovulation
period is calculated.
 The shortest cycle and the longest cycle are determined. Twenty is subtracted from the shortest
cycle and ten from the longest cycle. The difference represents beginning and the end of the
fertile period.
 A woman with regular menstrual cycle (28-30 days) can be recommended to use this method.

b. Thermometer Method

 To determine the fertile period of the women, this method is used by taking basal body
temperature for at least 3 to 8 minutes by mouth in the morning before getting up or doing any
activity.
 Readings of the temperature should be plotted daily on a graphing paper.
 The determination of the ovulation period is determined after a slight drop of the temperature
followed by a steady rise after 24-72 hours.
 The woman is considered highly fertile during this period and sexual contact must be avoided.

c. Cervical Mucus Method (Billings)

 The fertile period of the woman is determined by this method by examination of the cervical
mucus.
 The woman experience wet/slippery sensation during the fertile period, which usually occur
from 12 to 16 starting from the first day of menstruation.
 The mucus is characterized by abundant, watery, elastic and can be stretched from 6 to 12
centimeters long which resembles the raw egg white.
 The woman is considered highly fertile during this period and sexual contact must be avoided.

d. Sympto-Thermal Method

 The woman determines her fertile or ovulation period and her infertile and safe period through
this method by observing everyday the changes in her cervical mucus secretions, basal body
temperature and other accompanying body symptoms like heaviness of the abdomen,
abdominal pain, headache, irritability, breast tenderness, low back pain, appearance of bluish or
blackish spots in the thigh or arms and pimples before menstruation.
7. Condom

In order to cover the man's penis during intercourse, a thin plastic or rubber sheath is used.

During the intercourse, this sheath catches the man’s semen which contains the sperm cells that enter
the vagina which fertilize the egg cells. Care must be given in its use so that no semen escapes during
the couple's contact.

Complete Breastfeeding is another way of spacing pregnancy. A substance called Prolactin is produced
as the baby suckles the breast. This prolactin acts in the ovary to prevent ovulation. The more the baby
sucks the mother's breast, the longer the return of ovulation and the likelihood of pregnancy is
prevented.

8. A Health Worker can also be a part in the family planning of couple.

 By giving planning concepts and information essential to preventive measures in maternal and
child health care.
 She can identify and motivate priority target population.

Chapter 18

Good Parenting

Objectives

1. Define responsible parenthood and other terms related to it.

2. Name aspects of parenting.

3. Apply some guidelines to guide children to grow up healthy and happy.

4. Cite duties and responsibilities of parents to their children.

5. Become aware of the ten basic principles of good parenting.

Introduction

The family is the basic foundation of a community and the pillar to a progressive and upright society. It
plays a vital role in shaping values, molding virtues of each family member especially the children. The
success and failure of children lies in the hands of the parents. The intellect and character of children are
greatly influenced by their parents' words and examples. What the parents should give to their children
is unconditional love and set of Christian values. Children reared in a good family environment appear to
be better discipline, responsible, respectful and loving with strong faith in God. 1They are protected
from indulging in drugs that causes problems within the family and society as a whole.

The primordial concern of the parents should be the holistic development of their children, for they are
the hope of a bright future and play essential role in nation building.

Incidentally, with the advent of the fast changing society, it seems that raising children nowadays are
getting harder and more difficult to contain. There are even times when some parents are unable to
handle the tantrums of their children. However, through good parenting, the hardships of raising our
kids will be lessened and their behavioural problems could be effectively attended.

Good parenting entails responsibilities, appropriate skills and experiences in attending to and providing
physical, emotional, moral, psychological and spiritual needs of children. Inculcation of values and
discipline in their young minds are also included.

It is important that the ideals of responsible parenting is widely accepted by today's parents, parents-to-
be, and the youth who may soon become parents themselves as it helps build a better family and strong
community.

It is a lifetime duty and moral obligation of parents to raise a strong family and children with strong faith
to God through proper parenting. According to Dr. James Stenson, an educator and parenting expert as
cited in the Manila Bulletin (2003),"Children can be molded to acquire the great virtues of sound
judgment, a sense of responsibility, personal courage, self-control and magnanimity through the years
of steady nourishment with a confident and unified parental leadership"

The important facets of married life that has to be recognized and accepted to ensure a happy, healthy,
prosperous and empowered Filipino family are clear concepts on responsible parenting duties and
responsibilities of parents.

Responsible Parenthood Defined

There are several definitions of responsible parenthood and these are:

Responsible parenthood is the will and ability to respond to the and aspirations of the family and its
members. It is a shared it reponsibility between husband and wife to determine and achieve their
desired number, spacing and timing of their children according to their family life and aspirations, taking
into account psychological preparedness, health status, socio-cultural and economic concerns.
(Responsible Parenting Handbook, no date)

According to the Training Manual of the Department of Health (1996), to get actively involved in the
promotion of their children's well-being through the provision of adequate care, attention and affection.
What is Parenting?

Parenting is the way parents rear their children. It is a process of raising and educating a child from birth
until adulthood giving those cares, love, and guidance. This is provided by the parents and other people
who have direct influence or care for the children such as their extended family. They personally attend
to the children's physical, emotional, and spiritual needs; providing them love, care and protection by
being on their side during their growth and development. Parenting is the way parents rear their
children.

Three Aspects of Parenting

1. Physical care. This pertains to the provision of shelter, education, medical care, physical safety, and
nourishment.

2. Social development and emotional support. This means that the parents are bound to show their
love and concern, and time to play with children, and physical touch, social skills, etiquette, ethics and
value systems, moral and spiritual development, norms and contributions to the child 's faith, and ethnic
customs.

3. Financial support. This pertains to money, payments for education, food, clothing and many more.

There are several salient points that should be considered by couple in becoming a parent. The
primordial concern of the couple should be the happiness and stability of their marriage. The second
consideration is their physical and emotional readiness for parenting which mental tremendous
responsibility. They have to be physically and emotionally healthy so that they can give what is best for
the family.

Financial preparedness of the couple is another important consideration. Financial matters is oftentimes
the cause of stress and conflict within the family, as a result the couple separate their ways at the
expense of their children.

Becoming a parent is a lifetime vocation. Parents are responsible for the physical, moral, and emotional
upbringing of their children whom they choose to bring to this world.

How can I be a Good Parent?

There is not just one way to raise our children. There is no such thing as perfect parents and child. Here
are some guidelines to guide children to grow up healthy and happy:

1. Show your love. Always tell your children: "I love you. You're special to me. Give lots of hugs and
kisses. Children will also learn to love others.
2. Listen when your children talk. By listening to your children they will feel that they are important to
you and that you are interested in what they are going to tell you.

3. Make your children feel safe. Comfort them when they're scared. Show them you've taken steps to
protect them.

4. Provide order in their lives. Children should be taught their regular schedule of meals, naps and
bedtimes. If you have to change the schedule, tell them about the changes ahead of time.

5. Praise your children. When your children do something good, praise them so that they will repeat
what they have done. It will become a habit and will be internalized. Tell them you're proud of them.

6. Criticize the behavior, not the child. When your child makes a mistake, don't say, "You were bad."
Instead, explain what the child did wrong. For example, say: "Running into the street without looking
isn't safe." Then tell the child what to do instead: "First, look both ways for approaching cars."

7. Be consistent. There should be consistency in setting your rules. They should be made clear to them
so that they will not violate. (Consistent means the rules are the same all the time.) If two parents are
raising a child, both need to use the same rules. Also, make sure baby-sitters and relatives know (and
follow) your family rules.

8. Spend time with your children. Do things together, such as reading, walking, playing and cleaning
house. What children want most is your attention. Tantrums and bad behavior are usually an attempt to
get your attention.

Duties and Responsibilities of Parents

The Child and Youth Welfare Code or PD 603 and the Family Code provide that parents have enormous
duties and responsiblities towards these are:

1. Provision of physical care and love

The physical, emotional and mental health of children depend on the quality of prenatal care they get as
they grow. This duty and responsibility start during the prenatal stage. The growth and development of
the children should be properly looked into. Parents should keep them warm and healthy, cuddle them,
play with them and help to learn all the things important for their well-being.

2. Inculcation of discipline

The children should be guided by the parents to distinguish right from wrong. They should learn how to
accept their own limitations and understand that they are always responsible for their own actions.
3. Development of the children's social competence

The parents should teach their children how to socialize, emphasize to them that no man is an island so
that they will grow friendly happy, with self-confidence, responsible, imaginative, alert and energetic. If
children have high self-esteem they can develop social competence. They can think independently for
themselves, make decisions in accordance with their level of development.

4. Provide education

The first school of the children is their home and the parents are their first teachers. In order to hasten
their mental development, parents should provide suitable learning experiences.

5. Citizenship training

The children should be taught the sense of nationalism and develop their commitments to their country.
The value of order cooperation, tolerance, sportsmanship, self-discipline, and sell-reliance at home and
in school should be emphasized.

6. Teaching the wise use of money

It is very important to teach the children the value of money, thrift and self-reliance. Children should
only be given reasonable allowance when they go to school, so that they can learn how to budget their
money.

7. Financial aspect responsibility

The parents should provide their children other minimum basic needs such as a happy home and family
environment which is conducive for harmonious relationship between the members of the family;
clothing that is appropriate for every occasion, nutritious food that are not necessarily expensive; and
health care.

8. Spiritual formation

It is very important that you have to bring your children to the church, bringing them close to Almighty
God through family devotion. Involve them in church activities and family prayer.

Ten Basic Principles of Good Parenting (Steinberg. 1997)

Here is a quick overview of the Ten Basic Principles:

1. What you do matters. Be careful in treating and responding to your children, because it will have an
effect to them.

2. You cannot be too loving. Show your concern and love to your children, so that they will also learn to
love others.
3. Be involved in your child’s life. You may be very busy in your work, but find time for your kids and
they should be your priority. Be with your children mentally as well as physically life.

4. Adapt your parenting to fit your child. Adjust your parenting style with your children's development
in order to avoid conflict with therm. Giving them independence is very important so that when they
grow up they will not be dependent to you.

5. Establish and set rules. Manage your child's behavior when he is still young, because when he is older
it is already very hard to change him. Any time of the day or night, you should always be able to answer
these three questions: Where is my child? Who is with my child? What is my child doing? The rules your
child has learned from you are going to shape the rules he applies to himself"

6. Foster your child's independence. By giving the child independence, she could develop a sense of
self-direction. Parents should understand that it is normal for children to push for autonomy which is a
key to effective parenting. Many parents mistakenly equate their child's independence with rebellious or
disobedience. Children push for independence because it is part of human nature to want to feel in
control rather than to feel controlled by someone else."

7. Be consistent. It is your fault for your child's misbehavior if your rules vary from day to day in an
unpredictable fashion.

8. Avoid harsh discipline. The worst disciplinary measure that parents use which has bad effect is
physical punishment. Children who are spanked, hit or slapped are more prone to fighting with other
children. They are more likely to be bullies and more likely to use aggression to solve disputes with
others"

9. Explain your rules and decisions. "Good parents have expectations they want their child to live up to.
Generally, parents over-explain to young children and under-explain to adolescents. What is obvious to
you may not be evident to a 12-year-old. He have," doesn't have the Priorities, Judgment or experience
that you have.”

10. Treat your child with respect. Bear in your mind that for every action, there is an opposite and equal
reaction. You should give your child the same courtesies you would give to anyone else. Speak to him
politely. Respect his opinion. Pay attention when he is speaking to you. Treat him kindly. Try to please
him when you can. Children treat others the way their parents treat them

Good parenting, says Steinberg, is "parenting that fosters psychological adjustment-elements like
honesty, empathy, self-reliance, kindness, cooperation, self-control and cheerfulness.

"Good parenting is parenting that helps children succeed in school" he continues. "It promotes the
development of intellectual curiosity, motivation to learn and desire to achieve. It deters children from
anti-social behavior, delinquency, and drug and alcohol use. And good parenting is parenting that helps
protect children against the development of anxiety, depression, eating disorders and other types of
psychological distress." "There is no more important job in any society than raising children, and there is
no more important influence on how children develop than their parents."