VILLANUEVA, VON LUIZE B.

SEPTEMBER 23, 2O22

BSMT-1F PROF. BONG CALINAO

Navigational Chart

- are made up of topographic, general reference, and theme maps. For use as a navigational aid for
ships, ground vehicles, airplanes, and spacecraft, navigational charts are created.

Nautical Chart

- A nautical chart's function is to provide the sailor with up-to-date information so they can navigate the
seas safely, minimizing the chance of getting stuck, and avoiding restricted regions.
- The information on nautical charts is crucial for all types of watercrafts. This information's
applicability is closely tied to the navigational tools on board. Typically, nautical charts provide the
following details:

Positioning data
- Reticle
- Magnetic variation
- Details of the coastline
- Topography
- Soundings, or water depth measurements
- Landmarks
- Radar Conspicuous objects
- Maritime radio stations. Radio navigations and radiodetermination stations
- Range of radar stations
- Hyperbolic navigation grids

Route finding data

- Coastline
- Sounding and depth contours
- Dangers to navigation
- Currents and tidal streams
- Names of ocean bottom features
- Names of ocean division, bays, and waterways
- Names of land features
- Ports, road and anchorages
- Recommended tracks, Traffic lanes and waterways
- Restricted traffic areas
 - Leading marks
- Bridge or other clearances (Vertical and Horizontal)
Safety and ease of navigation
- Chart datum
- Nature of bottom
- Bridge or other clearances (vertical and horizontal)
- Various limits (fishing areas, customs boundaries, harbour limits, etc.)
- Military artificial features
- Maritime radio stations. Radionavigation and radiodetermination stations and various other stations
such as signal stations, pilot stations, etc.
- Harbour facilities.
- Places for clearance by Customs Authorities.
- Notes, warnings, remarks.

Different types of nautical charts according to skills

Navigational charts
- includes comprehensive details about the seas and rivers of the world.

Pilot Charts
- weather paths and time voyages

Small scale charts

- general charts, often known as planning charts

Large scale charts

 - coastal or general approach

Harbor charts
- largest scale charts that contain all information

Nautical Projection
- Nautical Projection is an approach or method that is used to transfer the details from a sphere onto a
plane, such as a cone or cylinder, which can be unrolled to form a flat surface, and is considered to be
developable.
There are 2 types of projections used by mariners or seafarers to navigate their way:
Mercator Projection - most commonly used for ocean and coastal navigation, and;

- The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and
cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It became the standard map projection for navigation because it
is unique in representing north as up and south as down everywhere while preserving local directions and
shapes.

Polyconic Projection - is utilized on the Great Lakes and Inland Rivers.

 - The polyconic projection is also known as American polyconic or ordinary polyconic projection. The
name translates into "many cones," and it is created by lining up an infinite number of cones along the
central meridian. This affects the shape of the meridians.
- The American polyconic map projection is a map projection used for maps of the United States and
regions of the United States beginning early in the 19th century.

Ellipsoid

- An ellipsoid is a surface that may be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional
scaling, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface; that is, a
surface that may be defined as the zero set of a polynomial of degree two in three variables.
- Volume: 4/3 × π × a × b × c

- Common objects with this shape: Watermelon, Bean, Skittles, M&M'S, Ball

- An ellipsoid is symmetrical about three mutually perpendicular axes that intersect at the center. If a, b,
and c are the principal semiaxes, the general equation of such an ellipsoid is x^2/a^2 + y^2/b^2 +
z^2/c^2 = 1.

Geoid

- The geoid (/ˈdʒiː. ɔɪd/) is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the
gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as
winds and tides were absent.

- The geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth,
including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were
absent. This surface is extended through the continents.