•

h'.ECi fONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INDIGENOU!:.-; PEOPL.f:i:S

1 L'l TH1-:i.: c-:::.Uh.'.L>I I:...,L..ERA,. NORTHERN LUZON- PH 1 L .. ! Pl. • 1 N J(::

t-1.~:.1 _ B:lena. H _ Regpa.:la

'1on t.r-lh()S~-1 R,ec-le.-:t..rc.:;·h. .-::t.nd Deve lo:.r;.'nlent Center- ( t·1h' fH ~
:; ''i g ~-~. d H ~ J:-1 cn. urt~ a. i. n. P r.- cy v i n. c e

and

F<owf"'!Tlr::t.. Heyes-- Boc:n.:t i. re:n.

Jn vn i' c; ·j ·t-.·y <) r tht,..~ Ph .i 1 t Pr:.•:tnes College

•
'n.ii;"l.enous Minorities and Regional Development ( IMRD>
Research Network Final Meeting
Kota Kinabalu. Sabah. Malayeia
,J u l y l c - 12 • 19 9 2
 ..
A B ;) T R A C T

'!'hi.: l'hilit•toine ~-:~Jf.if~ hiphlights th~=: incornr••'ltibilltv ')f

national goals. strategies and structures -- in terms cf
r•rr.owth--cl'mtPred. fjtatF:- in i t.l a t.ed and foreign aid·-de r·•:r:der: t
duvel.uJmw•rJI. with the con<:r·etf.': reelltlee. int;eru::t.L: t111<1
aspirations of indigenbus peoples.

Since the ·7os • the Philippine government has been

purnuing the strategy of large-scale. capital-intenstve.
irrn.•rH·t dependent .<:md expcJrt-oriented development, with lnt·or-
- intensive agro-industrial programs as indispensable featurR
towards improving productivity levels. Key features of the
national plan include directing energy and infrastructure
e:upport to be geared for agriculture under the Balanced Agro-
r'ndu:::tr·lfd Llr::Vf~.lupment Strategy (BAlDS) supportive of th'is
str·ateg~;; Integrated Area Development (lAD) as strategy for
t:' lann 1 ng: and the Regional Development Investment Program
!RDIPI ~s bHsie for public resource allocation.·

11 ; .. -r-,lLicmr:~lizationof the Marcof) development pr<!f!r·'lln

'"-'TL-: ;>~::-·.::·>~'1 thr·ough government-controlled and gove!·nme':lt.
E:pons::·r·wl i ..-;rony) enterprises within a developmental is:.,
;:11Jtl'vn·it~n·io.n politi-cal regime for 14 years (1972-1Sl~6L
In Ut•; r.•(J:::•-.-- · 86 per-iod. under the Aquino leadership. th~~ .~.r-tr::.:·
d·~~._,eJc~IA~:c·~:t. rrw··lr~l persir:ited, but this time. through
pr·iv~tlz~~i~n. decentralization be~ause of a heavy debt
r·,:~d:H_:tl•.·r. ::o;l-:r·vicinc~l pr-ogram. Both regimes failed tc r.·r·inc
u,f, t'·()J;r:tr-:,r t.o t.rte road towards genuine development.

t_:;_-1::;(:: :=;tudjes on the impact of ODA projects in selected

Cor-dill•~r;J r_;ornrnuntties indicate the following trends :

1 _ r:,rnphAE:is on commercial crop production. to a ~r-cJSf;

neglect of the subsistence sector:

~trPAR on high-input. import-dependent. and

i u.-·r-f':i'JS i ngly inten~-::ive cropping, which doe:;; not lr~;t<J
!.:. Hu::-:to.inable production;

·3_ 1':::-:pansion of area devoted to commercial vegetable

.-.!;1t.ivrttion. resulting in wanton disregard
r;f :=;up;tainable management of the ecosystem as
r-F:flw:·tod in uninformed land use conversion
pr·actices. ma.ssive erosion. forest fire~:, and
r·,,dw:·t'Lon i.r: bi.odiversity;

-·1. ,.,·-~r,f i i r~tn ·be~tween go\7 ernment ·:policy and actual land
1: .' :"~ p r· :1 c: t. i ,.. _. r: .s ;
 6. undermin in~ of indigenous ¥)eoples • rights., mode of
!if~. Find institutlons

7. conflicts between and amana institutional for·ces

r:nmpetint?. for resource control, use and management
lthe farming householde, government
a,;;encies/programs, state laws and policies)
B. segmentation, lack of coordination, and dup1 i C:':l ~ ~: •·::
of r.~rograms. services and functions of line agenr.: l(:[;
wh1ch sponsor pro,iects in the local communitie~;

9. Encouragement of patronage politic&as well as graft

and corruption.

H~' way of recorrunenda t ion. this study suggests a

rever·sa.l ot thrusts and approaches to facilitate the
realization of empowerment and suatainability as goals of
development : rural strategies must shift ft"om state-centered
bases 0f political and economic power, to new and alternative
power c8nters based with the people.
In practical terms, we are recommending the following
((1) Government must seriously review, develop guidelines,
a.nd lru:;ti tute enforcement mechanisme for more efficient
and responsive ODA utilization.
lb) Hoat countries must set conditions in ODA utilization
that is not detrimental to the interest of indigenous
peoples.
(c) Private. international, national and local agencies and
orgCt.n i ;;;aticms must- contribute towarde a more reeponaiv~
policy development and enforcement. through timely
moni r..oring of development program implementation an,d
processes.
( d J Fr. . r-r--: i gn-assisted
projects must be supported on a
selective basis. according to the principles of
sustainable and empowering development.
f (:) skeptical of projects (such ae those
WP rr:L!::-:t. be
i:idvor .i.t Ling
watershed protection) which violate the
indigenous people·a right to ancestral domain.
r f) Cippr; r· t,uni ty being opened by ODA projects must be used to
pr"'•' ide peorJle • s organizations and non-government
urgun1zation, towards strengthening the!~ organization
and advancing popular education.
(g) Independent. people-participatory monitoring syeteme
muet be set up for ODA projects.
I

iii
 A C K N 0 WL EDd·t MEN T

Th tu finF.Jl report on the 1DlPf!Ot of Official Dt;velopmf.mt..

Assistance on the indigenous peoples of the Cordillera
region. in northern Luzon, Philippines, focuses on selected
case studies undertaken over a two-year period based on field
data collection and review of and institutional records.
documents. performance reports.
The authors deeply acknowledge tne assistance of the
International Development and Reeearc)Jf'Centre of Canada, and
the members of the Indigenous Minoritlee.and Regional
Development ( IMRD) Research Network ir{'S0Utheast Asia for
this ende.:tvor. -
.... . .
,.• ~

... :.:'. . :?_-:rf~:: . :.'-;rl/:.~r

We thank our respective inetitu~ionaftthe MRDC and the
UP College Baguio. for supportina off~O,i.tl:~t~:.th1e rare
opportunity for collaborative work betweert:iia ~development NGO
(non-governmental organization) and the academe.
We are indebted to the staff of th~ Oenter for
Developmc:nt Programs in the Cordillera, Inc. (CDPC) who
worked with us all throughout the data aatherina. proceefJlng.
analysis and report preparation tasks in order to come u~i
with the final report.
Our· .:tppreciation goes a long way for the all-out
support extended by Prof. Richard Dorall of the University of
t1alF.1yF:I. who gave us and the CDPC staff, extensive technic,lil
training and advice on the geographical as well as conceptual
aspect~ of the study. _

. We keep full responsibility for the viewer and positions

t!.iken in this report, as we attempt to ehar-e ·and articul'ate
th'.: .sentiments of the indigenous peoples of the Cordillera in
pointing out policy issues from our unfortunate experiences
wi.th Official Development Assistance. It is our hope that
utilization of ODA assistance, as with the rest of external
support coming to the Philippines, shall irtthe future give
full consideration of the principles of a just and
uusta.inable development which indigenous peQplee uphold.
! ..

Ha. Elena R. Regpala Rowena Reyes-Boquiren

Hontafiosa Research and Univer-sitvof the Philippines
Development Center (MRDC) Colieae, SaaJJio.
Sagada, Mountain Province · Baauio · 01~l- · · ·
,:)::· '·

. iV
 RlGIONAL DBVILOPMENT AND. ..
IN THE CORDILLERA, NORTHIRtf 'WZON.;':·"'P!tlttPP%NIS
.. / ......... ,

C 0 N T E N T Page No.
I. INTRODUCTION 1 .. /j

A. Background and Ob,jectives of the·study 1-2

fl. Development Modef.s and the Pliabt.of Indigenous

Peoples ,, 3-8

II. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY THROUGH THE '70S : 9 - 18

THE PHILIPPINE CASE
A. Large-scale, Capital-intensive Development
The Experience During the Marcoe Period 9-11

Bt Micro-level Development The 'A~uirio Period 11-13

C. The Pursuit of Regional Development in the
Cordillera 13-14

D. Types and Distribution of ODA,.PtfJ~ots in the

Cordillera ' · · 14-H3

LII. IMPACT OF FOREIGN-ASSISTED PROJECTS ON

:-)ELEG'TED CORDILLERA COMMUNITIES 19 - :3?

/\. Development Context of Indigenous Peoples in the

Cordillera Region · 19-22

H. c~~P.Study Sites and Highlights. of ODA Pro.iect

Experiences 23-111

IV. ANALYSIS OF THE CORDILLERA ODA EXPJRIENCE .112-124

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 124-126
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
I. Distribution of Minority Grupe in the Philippines
II. Indigenous.Peoples in the Region
III. Distribution of OPA Projects in Provinces"With
Indigenous Minorities
IV. Ma.ior Mining and Logging Opera:'tione Affecting
National Minorities
V. Existing anq Proposed Hydro-l}:lectric Dams
Affecting Philippine Minorities · '
VI. Distributipn of ODA Projects in the Cordillera
VII. Selected
. ... Development
. Indicators . "

·- ""'~

v
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background and_Objectives of the Study

The research was undertaken as part of a two-year

regional research program funded by the International
Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada to investigate
the effect of development projects on local indigenous
populations of· the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand.

The Philippine component focused on the Cordillera

region in Northern LuzonA home to seven major ethno-
linguistic groupings indigenous to the area, and whose
historical experience has distinguished them from the rest
of the Philippine population on account of the mode of life
they have largely retained up to the present.

Inasmpch as development thusts, programs and strategies

in the region have depended largely on bilateral and
multilateral sources of assistance, the study o~ development
impact concentrated on projects funded by.Official
Development Assistance (ODA), comparatively for the period
under the Marcos (1965-1986) and Aquino (1986-present)
administration. ·

Three major objectives are addressed by the research :

(a) to provide an improved understanding of the impact

of regional development on the socio-economic
condition of indigenous communities

(b) to make recommendations towards the review of

national and regional p6licies which bear on
indigenous communities, and

(c) to disseminate research findings to communities,

concerned institutions and organizations, as well
as development planners at the local and national
level, towards generating long-term interest and
support for monitoring development processes in
communities of indigenous peoples.

The study includes a review of development thrusts,

policies, programs and strategies of the Philippine
government, particularly at the local level; an in-depth
investigation of the impact of such development policies and
strategies·, through case studies of selected indigenous
communities; and an inventory and data base mapping of .
foreign-assisted projects since the period of the Marcos
administration.

,. ...... . ~

' ·.

1
 Two (2) Cordillera provinces were selected for the study.
Choice of ODA projects and communities was determined by the
need to ensure commparability in terms of the following :

1. source of development initiatives

2. development strategies and processes
3. types of community responses.

Using the case study method, different types of

information sources were utilized and compared, such as
secondary or agency data, interviewing_key informants,
individual and focused group interviews, and observation.

From a social resource management approach, individual

and group interviews were conducted with respondents from
varied sectors, agencies, and groups, such as big, medium-
scale, and small farmers; present and past employees of line
agency implementing the project; past and present local
officials; entrepreneurs in commercial, transport and
construction services; professionals and non-professionals;
old and young respondents; men and women; project
beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries; and the like. This
approach was used throughout gatherinS and pr6cessing of data
at the household, community and project l~vel.

The.data collection was guided by a tack on providing

historical contextualization of the projects for different
periods withih which the impacts to be evaluated were
supposedly created.

Partidular emphasis was placed on quality of life

measures and indicators. In addition, detailing of.
development processes and evaluation of the impact of
developm~nt projects and strategies also covered the aspects
implementation.

li

2
B .. Development Models and the Plight of Indigenous Peoples
'
Development, largely state-sponsored and traceable to
the post-World .War II efforts at recoDstruction and
rehabil~tation, has more than 70% percent. of the world
population - the rural poor - as priority target, whether
"agricuJ..tural," "peripheral," "marginalized," "non-
industrial," or "cultural minority." Since the Second Word.
War, three main generations of development models have
evolved. : the growth-centered or 'stages of economic growth'
models of the '50s and '60s; the 'structuralist-
internationalist models of the late'60s and the'70s; and, in
the '80s, the so-called models of empowerment and sustainable
development.

Reflecting dominant development paradigms for their

r~spective periods, each of these models was translated in
international and inter-regional trade, financial,
industrial, and even cultural programs which resulted in
. incremental improvements in the quality of life, ironically,
for a minority of develop~d countries who should have been
last in the development agenda.

International models of development · vie~ from the top

The thinking of the'50s and '60s saw development as

proceeding from stages of economic growth. Investment,
foreign aid and the right amount of saving were considered as
ali that could propel an underdeveloped country to the path
of development. Development had in fact become synonymous with
rapid economic growth in the national and regional planning
process because of the influence of growth-centered theories.·
This has been translated into the export-oriented, foreign-
investment-led growth strategy of the past 15 years in the
Philippines, which assumed a trickle-down income
distribution effect.Growth, however, was measured in economic
terms such as gross national product. Equity was not at all
the concern, ~either the·soundness of growth.

In the late'60s and the '70s, this view was supplanted

by the more internationalist and str~cturalist theories,
based largely on experiments in Latin America and the rest of
the Third World. The dependency model focused on the neo-
colonial and exploitative relationship between the center and
periphery -- or rich country-poor country -- as explanation
to Third World underdevelopment, Another model, the so-called
'false paradigm' model; attributes underdevelopment not so
much to the unequal relationship between the developed and
underdeveloped countries, as to the often inappropriate
(because of institutional and structural factors like unequal
Land ownership) policies pursued by developin~ countries
based on prescriptions of the 'uninformed' experts of
multinational donor agencies like .the World Bank,
International Monetary Fund, ILO, UNDP and the like.

; ....

3
 Yet, neither of these two major theories or generations
of development had really gone beyond a primarily economic
focus. A May 1982 UN-sponsored Conference, for instance,
declared -that the "economic growth as the central objective
of development must give way to an integrated package of
objectives, comprising growth, equity in distribution,
popular· participation as . . fundamental human right . .'
self re 1 iance and· ecological balance." In actual terms,
however, subsequent development strategies, continued to
follow a rapid development path through economic growth.

Ironically, the imperative for modern-day development

that is initiated by governments, largely by outsiders, has
often neglected that same significant segment of the
population for whom develoment is supposedly intended. As
actual experiences based on these models have proven, most of
development has been top-down, centrally planned and
directed, has worked more and more for the "developed,"
rather than the "underdeveloped" or "developing,". who are
assumed by planners to be "traditional," "backward," or
"illiterate."

The search for alternative models and the indigenous

peoples : view fro• below

The treatment given to indigenous peoples characterizes

an even worse version of centralized, top-down development
planning, where their settlements are ignored in big
development projects. This was experienced by the Kalingas
and Bontocs of northern Luzon whose centuries-dld settlements
were to be inundated with the construction of big hydro-
electric dams in the Philippine energy development program in
the '70s, and the Tinggians whose still forested ancestral
domain then was exploited by a Marcos- crony logging
corpo~ation.. A recent improvement of this development
approach by the state, through the so-called Integrated
Protected Area Strategy (!PAS) of the government in the '90s,
now considers indigenous peoples as integral to the
utilization and management of ·resources but, unfortunately,
and as the indigenous peoples themselves have read the fi~st
drafts of the IPAS documents, merely as part of the flaura
and fauna of the natural resource base which highe~
government bodies must manage.

It is therefore not surprising that in the Cordillera

and southern Philippines, the Igorot people and Islamized
communities have been clamoring for autonomy, in view of the
incompatibility of national goals with their respective ways
of life.

I~ recognition of the weaknesses of first and second

generation development models, more recent definitions of
development measure progress beyond mere economic· standards,
stress improvement of quality of life and empowerment as
,. ,, '
•• . ;.

4
equally important as economic gtowth, and pay attention to
implications for stability, sustainability, and equity.

The Declaration of the Right to Development adopted by

the United Nations General Assembly in December 1986 (and to
which the Philippines is a signatory) defines development as
"a co11prehensive social. cultural and political process,
which ai11s at the constant i11prove11ent of the well-being of
the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of
their active, free and meaningful participation in
develop11ent, and in the fair distribution of benefits
resulting therefro11." The Declaration affirms the right to
development as ail inalienable hu11an right, and one which
"illplies the full realization of the right of peoples to
self-deterllination, which includes . . . the exercise of
their inalienable right to full sovereignty over all their
natural wealth and resources" (Article 1). It also
recognizes that·"the hu11an person is the central subject of
develop11ent and should be the active participant and
beneficiary of the right to develop11ent" (Article 2).

Among the indigenous ~eoples in the Philippines and

elsewhere, these assumptions and principles of the
Declaration require "development" to be consistent with
the local cbmmunity's status, interests and aspirations as a
people. Essential as it is to their integrity and survival as
indigenous communities, the struggle for genuine development
among so-calleti "cultural minorities" is no'w increasingly and
militantly beirig articulated locally and internationally.

It is widely believed that development, to be true to

its goals, must be sustainable as well. Sustainability is a
magic word that has become inextricably attached to
development, having become a fad just as the word
"development" became fashionable in the '50s. Governments,
agencies, and entities of all political pe~•uassion and
ideological leanings have joined this bandwagon for
"sustainab·le development" almost in a frenz.y. That the
essence of sustainability may be lost in its bandwagon
effect, should be a serious concern,

..

.
.........

5
 The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development
as "development that meets the needs of the present with.out
c01npromising the ability of future generations to meet the'tr·· ·
own needs." The Report of the United Nations' World
Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), so named
after Gro Harlem Brundtland who chaired the Commission,
stressed the link between poverty and the environmental
problem as the main development concern, a link recognized by
the Club of Rome (Limits t..a. Growth) even as early as 1972.
Subsequent art:j.culations of the concept of "sustainable
development' cite its six principles:
1. The principle of cultural and social integrity of
developaent. ·

Developaent aust gro~ fro• ~ithin, not slapped

on fro• the outside.

2. The ecological principle.

Developaent aust be coapatible ~ith and restore

diversity and rely on sustainable foras of resource
use.

3. The solidarity principle.

Developaent aust provide the basic necessities of

life and.secure living conditions for all peoples,
proaote equity, and avoid unequal exchange.

4. The eaancipation principle.

Developaent aust foster self~reliance, local control

over resources, eapo~eraent and participation by the
underprivileged and •arginalized, and opportunites
for action people can feel is fulfilling.

5. The non-violence.principle.

Developaent •ust be peaceful, both in the direct

sense (the non-use of physical violence) and in the
structural sense (violence as eabodied in the
institutions of society).

6. The principle of error friendliness.

Developaent •ust allo~ for 11istakes ~ithout

endangering the integrity of the i••ediate ecosyste11
and resource base.

(Thijs De La Court, 1990).

6
 Among indigenous peoples, "sustainable development"
may be a novel expression, but its essential features are as
established as their centuries-old cultural system.
Nevertheless, on account of the impact of the modern state
system and capitalist forc~s. aspects of the econoic, social,
cultural, ·and political system have persisted through
outright resistance to change; eroded where local
institutions proved weaker; or transformed where the
community has been able to evolve new ways to respond
creatively. In the light of the stresses on local community
systems,. "sustainable development" is translated in ways that
safeguard the rights of indigenous peoples.

Tothe "tr.ibals," the key element of sustainable

development is the right to ancest~al domain. To Philippine
indigenous peoples and tribals, land and all the resources
attached to it, is life. It is the source of sustenance, as
well as the basis of evolved institutions which form the core
of the cultural system which sets indigenous·communities
distinctively from the rest of the colonized majority.
Recognition of the right to ancestral domain also implies an
acceptance of the indigenous peoples· sustainable use and
control of natural resources within the domain. The
maintenance of a harmonious balance within the ecosystem is
an important principle observed by indigenous peoples, who
use and control the natural resources at a s~ale and in a
manner that ensures the stability of the environment. While
environmental knowledge is only now forming among the rest of
the world population, to the indigenous peoples, development
has always meant 'the preservation and enhancement of the
ecosystem which'is their natural habitat. The right to
ancestral. domain is the basic political principle which
ensures the ecological principle.

Another element of sustainable .development for

indigenous peoples and tribals is the respect for the
integrity of their institutions. Development must give
utmost understanding and optimum utilization of existing
structures and institutions, which the local community
prefers over those introduced from the o~tside. Accordingly,
development must be participatory, involving established
structures and processes, and covering the entire cycle
from planning to implem~ntation, monitoring and evaluation.

The same historically evolved institutions guide the

democratized access to and control of resources for public
and private types of access within the ancestral domain.
Proponents of sustainable development require this principle
as a safeguard to equity considerations. Ironically, as a
result of state formation (and intervention), the established
modes of governance are threatened by government impositions.
Among many tribals, traditional institutions have been wiped
out, as to alienate members of the indigenous population from
their own cultural heritage,· particularly through the formal
school system and the capitalist market forces .

7
 In view of this tradition, modern-day development among
indigenous communities includes in definitions of
sustainability the gaining of access to economic, political,
social and cultural opportunities, including those located
beyond the local community, to enable the p~ople to rise from
less human to more human conditions. Essentially, since the
collective interest of the community is safeguarded by
indigenous institutions, opportunities for progress must be
with the control of the majority of the people. Only then can
development genuinely become a process towards social
justice.
Vis-a-vis modern structures and processes of the larger
national and international systems which have encroached on
the "peripheral" world of indigenous· peoples, development
must include a sustained effort to nurture the people's
potentials toward self-governance. By impinging on the entire
socio-cultural system of indigenous communities, the modern
state system has rendered such communities poweriess. Along
with the marginalization of· indigenous p~oples, the state and
capitalist forces pursue development from the fram~work of
paternalism and dependence.
Among the indigenous peoples, t"her·efore, self-reliance
is both an important criterion and goal of development. Any
form of external support should be aimed at supporting this
goal.
Decidedly, any assessment of development impact among
indigenous communities should· proceed from a recognition of
the basic hunan rights for dignity, cultural integrity. and
solidarity, alongside the improvement of quality of life
in terms of higher gross national product or per capita
income. Economic goals do not weigh more than the respect .for
democratic institutions and modes of governance which the
local people have evolved and maintained for 6enturies.
Hence, to be truly developmental what is warranted is a
reversal of thrusts and approaches : rural strategies must
shift from state-centered bases of politic~l and economic
power, to new and alternative power centers -- the
communities at the grassroots level, who in the past have·
been denied the pr~rogatives of direct and meaningful
participation in development planning and action.
People, who have always been treated last in the
development process, ·must now be the first.

8
IL PHILIPPINE STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPKBNT THROUGH THE '70S

The Phil~ppine case is a very clear illustration of how

growth-centere~ development persists to dominate development
planning to thi;s day, and continues to fail ,1 acbordingly.

Since th~ post-war period, the Philippine crisis has

been characterized by demand inflation carried into an acute
balance of payments imbalance. As a way out, prescriptions of
the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have been
followed religiously : stabili~ation, ex6hange rates
adjustments, an open-arms foreign investments program,.
decentralization, and austerity. Under different regimes,
IMF-prescribed development strategy have been characterized
by the following

* 14 years (1949-1962) of rigorous import and exchange

controls under state direction

* decontrol and import substitution phas~ to encourage

free and private enterprise for the next ten years
(1962-l972)

* state ~nterprises and state-sponsored (but) private

enterprises during a developmentalist, authoritarian
politidal regime for 14 years (1972t1986)

*privatization, decentralization and'a heavy debt

reduction (servicing) program in the post-'86 period

A. Large-scale. Capital-intensive Development·

The Philippine Experience During the Marcos Period

Development thrusts of the Philippine government in

the '70s, reiterated .in subsequent decades, put emphasis on
an import-dependent, export-oriented direction, with labor-
intensive agro~industrial programs as indispensable feature
towards improving productivity levels particularly in rural
areas. ·Fundamental goals cited by the Development Plan at the
national level are

a) increased productivity for sustainable economic

growth,

b) more equitable distribution of the fruits of

develppment, and

c) total human development

(Updated Philippine Development Pl~. 1984-1987) .

9
 Key features of the national plan include Balanced
Agro-Industrial Development Strategy (BAIDS) for agriculture,
requiring energy and infrastructure support to be geared
supportive of this strategy; Integrated Area Development
(IAD) as strategy for planning; and the Regional Development
Investment Program (RDIP) as basis for pUblic resource
allocation.
In the '70a, broad regional strategies according to the
national development plan consisted of the following
1. Industrialization for higher employment, income,
and productivy levels
2. Social development for an equitable distribution of
income
3. Self-sufficiency in food
4. Infrastructqre for social and economic development
5. Ecological balance and environmental quality
safeguards
6. Effective regional development mechanism
(!locos [Region I] Five Year Development Plan
1978-1987, NEDA).

Particularly during the Marcos period, the dominant

regional development strategy was the Integrated Area
Development. Presidential Decree 1376 in 1978 created the
National Council for Integrated Area Development (NACIAD)
tasked with implementation of the pro~ram. As a concept, IAD
is defined by its former Chairman Lichauco as having no set
blueprint, a result of the failure of traditional
approaches, and using many approaches, being a mixture of
traditional app+oaches, community development, comprehensive
planning and others (Lichauco, 1984). The country's main
economic planning body,the National Economic Development
Authority (NEDA) defined IAD as : ·
·· . . . strategic intervention in'a sub-regional
system seeking to enhance the integration of
programs and projects in an area by considering
the functional linkages, resource utilization,
access to basic services and local participation
in the planning and implementation process in a
manner consistent with national and regional
goals and objectives... (La was, 1981).
\

Other terms used for lAD are : comprehensive

developmeht ~preach, ititegrated ruial development project,
river basin development project, and others.
' .
10
 The aii.ms· of lAD are a) to accelerate growth in
depressed areas, b) increase local participation, and
c) distribute economic gains equitably. Essentially, the
features of IAD 1ncludethe following:
1. It:operates in defined geographical uriits : river
basin, watershed, coastal region, island.
2. It is multi-sectoral in operation, in·order to
produce complementary effort. ·
3. It is spatial, to link rural to urban centers,
utilizing trickle-down effect.
4. It involves grassroots participation.
5. It requires political commitment, because the
political will of the leadership essential to make
IAD work.
B. Micro-level Development Since 1986 : The Aquino Period
The same thrusts and strategies of the Marcos
administration are substantively carried over during the
Aquino period, which is highly. indicative of the low level of
achievement of development targets in the 70s. 'Under the term
of President AQuino, these thrusts were similarly defined in ·
terms of : (a) alleviation of poverty, (b) generation of more
productive employment, (c) promotion of equity and social
justice, and (d) attainment of sustainable economic growth
(Medium-Tera Philippine Developaent Plan 1987-1992).
Key regional and physical development policies and programs
of the Aquino government put stress on the follow~ng:
1. rural development" and rural employment promotion
2. assistance to low income communities ·
3. pursuit of desirable regional population
distrl.bution
4. promotion of peace and security
5. strengthening decentralization efforts
6. better management of local resources
7. dispersal of industries to the region~
8. support to Integrated Area Development: Planning
9. implementation of the Regional Development
In~estment Program and development of region-wide
pro~jects
10. public investment supportive to rural development

To provide facilities and serv1ces that would increase

employment and livelihood opportunities to induce countryside
development the Aquino plan proposed the construction of
rural-based projects particularly infrastructur~ support for
priorities ip Qrop production. In the main, Aquino's
development ~n~ailed programs and strategies initiated since
the Marcos p~riod : the BAlDS, IAD and RDIP.
'

11
 The Aquino administration inherited from the former
leadership aplundered economy. Moreover, it obliged itself to
commit to a debt servicing program using 46% of the national
budget. It is understand~ble why the government would pursue
development through micro-projects instead of the large-
scale, capital intensive type. Decentralization and
privatization are also mere logical conseqriences of the
pathetic situation of the country since '86.
Another new trend which the Aquino administration has
established refers to the Philippine Assistance Program (PAP)
as it is known inthe country, or Multilateral Assistance
Initiative (MAI) as its authors refer t~ it in the US. While
it takes off from the traditional approach to foreign aid,
what is new in the PAP is the attemt to bring private
development assistance into the· old aid paradigm, and the
tapping of sources other than the US ostensibly to ea~e the
burden on the US economy. The Philippine Assistance Program
(PAP) is a miniature version of the Ma~shall Plan in Europe
(or the MacArthur Plan for Japan and China) at the end·of
World War II.
At the start, grand expectations of volume of aid to
come in estimated some US$10.0 billion to come in the 1988-
1992; later this estimate was scaled down to $1.4 billion,
and then further reduced to $1.0 bilion for 1989-1990. In the
end, only $600 to $750 million seemed forthcoming in 1990.
The Aquino administration believed that an increased
aidflow would spur economic development, yet, the programs
focus mainly on production and trade. In effect, the
singlemost imp6rtant goal as laid out in the programs is to
increase the export standing to enable the government to
repay its international obligations. This view is clear in
the three main programs durigng Aquino's term : the 1989-1992
Medium Term Economic Plan, the Memorandum on Economic Policy
and the Letter of Intent (MEP/LOI) submitted to the IMF, and
"The Philippine Agenda for Sustained Growth and Development"
presented to the Tokyo meeting of donors in 1989.
Interestingly, the key PAP projects are lAD projec~:
the Samar Island Development Project, Panay-Negros Agro-
Industrial Development Project, Gene~al, Santos Agro-
Industrial Special Development Project, Cagayana de Oro
Special Development Project, and the CALABAR, now CALABRZON
project, covering five provinces.
While it is clear that the government thinks it can
borrow its way to progress, the trend, nonetheless, is
towards debt-driven growth. The debt. servicing required
34 percent of foreign exohange receipts. Particularly for
1988-1992, the expected net resource out·flow was 16.3 billion.
Hence, the expected $2.0 billion annual aid would not even be
enough to co~er debt servicing on government debts alone at
some $2.5 billion :a year.
....
12
 Thus, beyond mere continuance of the direction by the
authoritarian leadership of Marcos, a new direction in
development!using ODA during the Aquino administration has
been the ris+ of micro-level projects aimed ~~t improving
i~sfrastructure support servic~s. anij supportive of the
policy of d~centralization and privatization.
i
At th~ level of implementation) it would appear that
most of these articulations have remained largely at the
rhetorical level, or that development needs and problems are
too serious.and widespread such that the process is bound to
take a painstakingly long peri6d. In large measure,
development projects" and programs aimed at rural development
remained particularly at the level of survival) whether in
terms of me~ting food sufficiency levels or generating cash
income in a highly competitive market, to ~ neglect of the
subsistence'sector.
Henceforth, foreign assistance coursed through Official
Development Aid has largely been utilized for providing
infrastructure support services to meet ba~ic needs as much
as to impro~e very low productivity levels, particularly in
agriculture. As the Updated Philippine Developa~nt Plan 19Q4-
1987 put~ it, international cooperation must be supportive of
national efforts at self-reliance, "taking into consideration
policies and programs with respect to productivity
improvement and balanced agro~industrial development (NBDA :
1987).

C. The Pursuit of Regional Development in the Cordillera

In the region, the interest in pursuing large-scale
development projects through Official Development Assistance,
is close!'y fSsociated w:iJth fo_rmer president Ferdinand Marcos
in the '70s; Particularly within the Integrated Area
Development strategy of the Philippine government then, ODA
projects in the region first caught the-attention of the
general public because of the furor created over the Chico
River Basin'·Development Project and the operations of the
C~llophil Resources Corporation.

Big hydro-electric dams constituted the major type of

ODA projects during the Marcos period, consistent with the
identification of the Cordillera region as resource base for
Luzon. Whil~ infrastructure projects such as the construction
of roads, bridges, irrigation systems have remained crucial
needs to this day on account of the neglected situation of
the region, the thrust of the previous regime had been for
large-scale; high-impact projects, usually confined to a few
selected-sites, and managed unilaterally by single government
agencies/corporatiQns. Such projects were then heavily
assisted by:loans from the IMF and IBRD. Other physical
infrastructural support was virtually absent, and neither
• • ; > ', I I ~ • t f1 • ' '~ ' ....... .

13
were agriculture, education, and health included as part Gf
considerations for deciding on how foreign assistance was to
be allocated.
The overwhelming response of indigenous communities
residing within the affected areas of the Chico dam and
Cellophil Resources Corporation (in Mountain province,
Kalinga and Abra) an4 the less publicized Abulog dam (in
Apayao) cau~ed the eventual suspension· of these two projects
as these became a source of widespread embarassment on the
part of the government. Subsequent official initiatives
thenceforth veered away for sometime from big, high-profile,
infrastructural projects which have caused great losses in
financial resources and credibility for the government .
. Towards the latter ·part of the '80s, however, ·and even
more aggressively under the Aquino administration, the
Cordillera has once again become a catch basin for foreign-
assisted development programs. Crucially timed when the
central government had to intensify its efforts at gaining
credibility locally and internationally, it is not surprising
that foreign funding extended to. such big programs is
associated with the strategy and techniques of Low Intensity
Conflict (LIC). Not only is the level of foreign assistance
in socio-economic programs highly political in character,
being very selective as these are of local partners. More
significant than this is the fact that most of the foreign-
assisted programs put strong emphasis on high impact (because
of the amount of.fuhding and geographic spread of project
sites) and institutional capacity building, while at the same
time destructively competitive with local. NGO efforts in
terms of building up meaningful partnerships with the local
population.

D. Types and Distribution of ODA Project$

Beginning with the Aquino government, the previous
trend in foreign-assisted projebts has virtually been carried
over : lar.ge-scale, high- impact projects based on loans. A
m~rked change may be 6bserved, however, in that more projects
addressing the socio-economic rieeds of the local population
are now bei~g pursued. Furthermore, country sources have also
become more diverse. There have been continuous attempts to
rely on inter-agency cooperation for the management of
foreign-assisted programs, th~ requirement for which is
supposedly being met by the inclusion of local capability
building as.usual program or project component. The
encouragement for people's participation (and empowerment)
has also now become part of the language of government agency
workers, to the point that community-based programs,
approaches and techniques developed by non-government
organizations are also being adopted .. These trends are very
evident in almost all of the Cordillera provinces since the
mid-'80s.
. ·~ • • t .. ,.. ..
.

14

i .
 Project types have ranged -from infrastructure to
-education, health and livelihood projects, as sumi'lart~z~d tn·
Tables 1 and 2. Particularly since the start of the Cory
'Aquino government, foreign-assisted projects in the
Cordillera have devoted a significantly in~reased attention
on concerns which· were not. highlighted during the ~arcos
regime.
These include the following :
(1) construction of farmer-to-market roads, foot
bridges, irrigation and water supply systems in all
the provinces;
(2) experimentation for seed/stock improvement and
dispersal;. and.
(3) community organizing
. . and literacy programs.
Infrastructure projects have been pursued in almost all
the ·provinces, ·with Benguet'; -Pfc:mntain -pr-'ifvrrn~·i:r and Ifuii"ao as
major beneficiaries. The entry of such projects in these
areas is •ssociated heavily with two big and very recent
(compared with the almost US-dependent character of ODA of
the Marcos period) funding sources : the European
Communities' Cental Cordillera Agricultural Program (CBCAP)
and the Asian Development Bank's Highland Agricultural
Development Program (HADP).
In Benguet most of the projects are directed towards
improving the produc.tion of temperate vegetables and the
introduction of fruit-trees, both for the larger d6mestic
market and for export. The ADB (for HADP) and GTZ (for the
RP-German Fruit Trees Project and the RP-Germa~ Seed Potato
Project) ~re predomin~nt sources of fundin~ for projects
pursuing this objective.
Mountain Province is also now fast shifting to
commercial vegetable production with the introduction of both
agricultural projects by the two sources. The RP-German
Fruit Trees Project, in fact, has been conducting activities
in all the Cordillera provinces, although the efforts are
concentrated in Benguet and Mountain Province. In addition to
agricultural projects, for both these pro~irices,
infrastructure projects are being assisted by ADB, OECF and
USAID .

..
15
 Meanwhile, ODA projects in Ifugao, Ahra,. and Kalinga-
Apayao have been limited to infrastructure projects
(construction/repair of roads, bridges, irrigation and water
supply, health centers and school buildings). These types of
projects are pursued at a much smaller and! localized scale
(a few barrios in selected municipalities).'The IBRD, OECF.
and ADB are the predominant sources of funds for these
project types. Particularly in Ifugao, the EEC and UNICEF are
aiso major funding sources.
Reforestation projects seem to be very few in the
region,· considering the seriousness of environmental
destruction particularly in Benguet, Mountain Province and
Ifugao.
In the main, the involvement of several agencies in the
planning and implementation of the various components of the
major rural progra~s (such as the HADP, CECAP and ABCSD
Program).constitutes th~ general character of these foreign
assisted undertakings.

16
 !abll.' l. eiSiRJBI;lljQII Of '!~GR JDII !'ilCJ£ClS Ill THE CORDillERA BY IYFEAfC SOUR{E

?HYSICAL lMFRASTRutlURE SOClAI. SERviCES AGRICULiuiiE Aiiilu-FORESi i~CHNICAL

I\ANA6EI\ENT ASSIST ANtE
lrrig- Rds Bra~s Ldr.g 5trag! DrUCJI! H2fi Coat no\p Sch Pbllc iHth Eouc- Seed Fert ii'.ihE1 Tiaber Refore5t Fire Reseircli ·tnst.
plat facil supply center erkt iaevaent/ distri~ tqtt tgat contra~/ devt.
AGE NO dsperul protection

ADB I I I l I l I

EEC l l

GTZ 1

tBRD l

!FAD 1 I l

JICA l I I 1 I I

OECF 1
--- ......... --- ·-- ... -- --·- ------ __ -- ----------..,---- ... --
... _,; ----·------~ -- ------------------------------------ .. -- ------------------ --._... --------- .. -.. --------------------
-~~-

USAIDI
ESF 1 I I l
-------------------~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~
UtliCH L _J- - _I I

con ..·no
,., J, - " ' '

(:42: ;(:
T3~!~ :. ~!STRIBUTIO~I 8f ODA PROJECTS in the CORDILLERA bv AMOUNT and SOURCE

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Total No. No. of Projs. with Amount ( f4i)
of Pr-ojs. Undeter-mined Deter-mined Par-tial Total Loan'
Amount Amount (used for- Gr-ant
some projs.)

ADS 249 81 168 77.596,575.93 448, 338, s<?C•

(HADP) 210 ?9 131 24,757,685.93 395,500,000
(DENRl 39 2 37 - 52.838,890

EC 125 12::- 0 not iden. 400 ~ ooo, ooc•

GTZ. 15 15 0 not iden. not iden.

!FAD 210 79 131 24,757,685.93 96,050,000

IBRD c 2 1 576,384,578.88 -not iden.

JICA 17 0 1' - 26~248,000

JUMBO 7 2 -·
r::
25,310,000.00 not iden.

KFI>J . 18 ·--.: 15 7,032,960.00 not iden.

OPEC 18 "'= 1 ~. 7,032,960.00 not iden.

OECF 24 14 10 13,910.00 not iden.

UNDP 19 ?: 16 991.112.80 not iden.

USAIDlESF 27 5 15 12.951,474.06 not iden.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Te>tal 610 207 4')(1 7 56, 7 78,943.53 970,636.8°0
III. IMPACT OF FOREIGM•ASSISTBD PROJECTS ON
CORDILLERA COHHUN!TIES

A. Development Conte~t of Indigenous Peoples in the Region

Two main features characterize the Cordillera peoples.

The first one is the evolution and persistence of anci~nt
m~des of governance which set them apart from any of the
o~her regions in the country. Generally kinship-baaed, strong
family ties constitute the ba.ses of community solidarity,
dlrect people's democracy practiced through the local council
of leaders, and settlement of disputes through peace pacts of
v~r ious forms. Rituals and ceremon.ies dominate the people· s
l~ves, arid among the most i~portant (and persistent) ones
·a~e those connected to produ6tion, particularly rice
agriculture.

The sedond feature pertains to a complex of problems

Cbnfronting'the people-~ ~hich concern not only their
development,
.
but even survival, as a people. This c~mp lex of
~

problems include : violation of ancestral land rights,

econom~c underdevelopment accruing from sta~e control over
the resource base, neglect of basic se~vicesr political
misrepresenta~ion, cultural aggression, and increasing
militarization. ·

The Cordillera region is home to a total population of

a little more than 1 million as of 1985, _growing at an annual
average rate of about 1.9% to 2.0% in the 1980-1985 period.

The land area is 1,838,951.20 hebtar~s. encompassing

31.56% of the northern section of Luzon, and consisting of
theprovince~ of Abra, Benguet, Ifugao, Maountain P~ovince and
Kalinga-Apayao (Figure 1). Generally described as mountainous
and hiliy, the highland elevation ranges from 5 meters in
Abra to more than 2000 meters abo.ve sea level, reaching up to
2j922 M626rs above sea level at Mount Pulog in Benguet, the
second highest mountain the the country. Deep and narrow
valleys characterize the terrain, ~ith steep .slopes often
between 35 and 45 degrees. The regi:on experiences a wet and
dfy s~ason; varying across provinces from· type B (humid),
type C (moist) to type D (dry) (MAF, 1983). In view of the
t~~rain and elevation,· ther~ is great variation in climatic
r6nditi~ns between 'the ea~tern side~ which t~nds to have a
s~orter dry season, and the western ~ide, which is in a rain
s~adow. Fog is frequent at elevation,pqints above 1.200
m~ters from D~cember to Februar~ and during the rainy months
rforn July t'o October.

Hore than 60% of the Cordillera mountains is

dipterocarp, mossy and pine forest. This forest cover
c~nstitutes 10% of the Philippine forest. More importantly,
the tegion is considered a rich resource area because of its
h~drologic and mineral resources. It:s~rves as origin of five

19
 ~,I
"ih:-
/, r; ~~lF
'
Tl 11
ir.L
i' ' l-, r. ru -1 I
,!---' I r
--- "• ·"
,.._. ~ \
-~
I
L-1..-....;.---...J..--...J
!
' L· _J i \ ""'-- '-- '-·· ·. : , ( I

~0! I L'"'>· i
)
~)
f'l
\
''"" ' I·
i
(~"'----.., ', ~
I''
I M•>tlL.:.V~' ~-~
'

~ \J~u~
1
~ •

--~_.
-/}
I / W
~
~~
jJ v
0

0
;~
a
rJ ~Q~o !Jo
0 N\.....
lJ (:\ L.\
~!
fi:\.iu.
()
·)
'Is
<::.>

tP
Figure 1
The Cordillera area, Philippines

D;
17·

\ ~
---- '"" ~~
"'-
NUEVA '.'., I _
•..._ VIZCAYA ,_ / ' _,/"

'
/
_..--\ _./"'..._, 0 te 2e , / :e sem
V \ , /L I 1 I
I
major river systems : the Amburayan, Abra basin, Agno, Choco
River, and the Ahin. Its nine river systems, if dammed, can
supply a little over 50% of the energy nee~s of the entire
country. Meanwhile, five big corporate mines operate in the
area, owned mostly by Philippine corporations but controlled
by multinational interests.

Essentially rural in character, the region's indi~enous

population is generally referred to as lgorot, a derivation
from the old Tagalog word which means "people from the
mountains" (Jenks : 1905). Up to a time the term applied only
to the Kankanays, Inibalois and Ifugaos, as well as to the
mountain settlements in !locos Sur and Pangasinan (Scott :
1962). Today, the term is used to refer to all the Cor.dillera
provinces, excluding Abr~ f9r which the term Tinggian for its
major ethnolinguistic group means the same thing as the word
lgorot.

The seven major ethnolinguistic groups indigenous to

the Cordillera a~e : the Isneg in the sub-province of Apayao,
Tinggian or Itneg in Abra, Kalinga in the sub-~rovince of
Kalinga, Bontoc in central Mountain Province,.-Kankana-ey in
western Mountain Province and northern Benguet, lbaloi in
southern Benguet, and I fugao in ·I fug.ao province ..

Several smaller linguistic groupings are found within

each of the Cord{lera provinces. The spread of each of the·
indigenous groups does not necessarily follow the pattern of
definite administrative bounda~ies, these. being conveniences
of modern society. (A description of the various linguistic
groupings and their location are both presented in Appendices
I anp I I to illustrate the extent ·to which ethnic plural ism
is a characteristic feature of the Cordillera area.)

For instance, Kalinga is a grouping of as many as 36

linguistic variations, while the Tinggians are further
distributed in 11. distinct ethnolinguistic subgroups spread
over some 801. of Abra"s total land area (Oorral 1979 and
i987).The Kankanays distinguish a northe~n and southern
group; the Ifugaos, into the Ayangan, Tuwali, Yat-tukan and
Kalai-e.

Amidst such linguistic variation, Cordilera communities

are characterized by varying modes of economic life some
are slash-and~burn agriculturists, others are paddy rice
c~ltivators, still .others are producers of cash crops like
mid-latitude vegetables, fruits, and coffee. There are also
communities whose majority population are engaged in small-
scale mining, as well as those in non-agricultural, urban-
based livelihood activities.

The communities of these groups may be categorized

conceptually as belonging to any of the six general
geographic-ecological zones : the highly inaccessible
subsistence farming areas in the interior; rice and vegetable

21
p~oducing plains and foothills; the comme~cial vegetable-
p~oducing belt; mining a~eas la~gely unde~ the cont~ol of
p~ivate co~po~ations; logging zones, also la~gely being
tapped by p~ivate co~po~ations; and the urban cente~s where
wage employment is highest.

In these zones, a wide ~ange of va~iability exists in

te~ms of access to t~an~po~t facilities and othe~ physical
inf~ast~uctu~e, c~edit sou~ces, physical and institutional
const~aints on ~esou~ce us~ (including land), cont~ol and
owne~ship of p~oduction, objective of p~oduction, and scale
of capitalization. Fo~ instance, economic opportunities fo~
wage employment a~e concent~ated in u~ban cente~s and ~ajo~
towns where, ironically, the demand for labo~ is low because
of high in-migration rates. Hence, unemployment and
underemployment rates a~e high ~n u~ban centers, while
entrep~eneurial activities ~emain limited in ~u~al a~eas. As
it is, only 38% of households depend on wage employment.
Meanwhile, •g~icultu~e, the liveli~ood source fo~ as many as
36% of the population, is cha~acte~ized by low levels of
p~oductivity; excessive middlemen cont~ol in financing and
marketing, weak gove~nment suppo~t mechanisms fo~
inf~ast~ucture and c~edit assistance, and high dependence on
comme~cial inputs.

Acco~dingly, the quality of life in most communities is

low. Not only is the~e a high incidence of poverty, with more
than 65% of households conside~ed ~oo~ as of 1987. The~e is,
furthe~mo~e, a wide dispa~ity in development within the
~egion, as development tends to concent~ate in the majo~
urban centers. If health and nut~ition indicato~s a~e used to
asce~t~in the level of· gove~nment suppo~t fo~ publ~c welfare,
data woul~ show that the Cordille~a p~ovinces are among the
most neglected and disadvantaged a~eas, pa~ticularly Ifugao,
Kalinga-Apayao, Ab~a and Mountain Province. Infant death
~ates range f~om 40.8 to 90.21 pe~ thousand live bi~ths in
these p~ovinces. As of 1987, malnutrition ~anged f~om 48.7%
(Benguet) t6 69.2% (Ab~a).

Co~dille~a communities, except in u~ban cente~s and

major towns, are also cha~acterized by low lite~acy rates,
lack of te~tiary level and secondary level _schools, g~eat
inaccessibility of schools, and lack of teache~s. (Summary
tables of selected indicato~s a~e appended in this report.)

22
•
B. Case Study Sites and Highlights of ODA Project
Experiences

The Case Study Sites

=====================~

Foreign-assisted projects studied intensively in the

case studies include 3 in irrigation, 3 in water system
improvement, 1 in cropping (seed dispersal), and 1 in
education. The features of these ODA projects are summarized
in Table 3. These projects, implemented during the Marcos and
Aquino administrations, are located in the municipality of
Bauko in Mountain Province and Kiangan in Ifugao (please
refer to Figure 2 for location map of ODA projects and study
sites).

BAUKO, MOUNTAIN PROVINCE

Bauko is a Kankana-ey area engaged primarily in

farming. The municipality lies on the southwestern section of
Mountain Province, approximately 30 kilometers away from
Bontoc, the provincial center, and about 123 kilometers from
Baguio City. It is informally classified into two districts :
Lower Bauko, characterized by rice agriculture; and Upper
Bauko, by forests and commercial vegetable production. There
are 22 barangays. The elevation ranges from 1,000 meters to
2,305 meters above sea level, with a slope range of 15 to 30Y.
gradients and characterized as steepy, sloping, rolling•and
undulating land. The total land area is 17,487.79 hectares.
Forest (56/. ) and agriculture (33Y.) are the dominant land use
types. Almost 90Y. of the area is classified as public forest.
Not surprisingly, the tenurial and land clas•ification status
of land overlaps for uses such as for homelot, paddy.culture,
swiddening, and forest.

The river systems of the municipality serve as a

headwater of Chico River; three river systems. run through the
area. There are two watersheds : Ampo in Guinzadan, and Kanap
in Leseb. Fresh, non-sulfuric water is abundant for
agricultural production; potable water is limited.

Mo~t households (85/. of total population) depend on

rice farming, supplemented by fruit growing, both for local
consumption. The first crop is planted in January, the second
in July. Production of mid-latitude vegetables for commercial
purposes is a recent phenomenon. Towards the higher elevation
zones of the municipality, the shift from rice to vegetable
cropping has been slowly gaining ground for the last ten
years. Other sources of livelihood are livestock-raising and
wage employment (see Figure 3 and 4 for transect of
agroecological zones and livelihood calendar).

23
 'a~!! ~. sumRr 9F mE mms

~u~. : hmqlJ : ~o;. Sin Pnirtt : Tnr : fn~ia~ A•my : tontn : Aleut : hh of : I of Hcnr~cUs: ~ cf !oh!
: I of H~. : Scuce : (,~ :h~!ea. tc (ctDltti~a: !rnrfittr~ : Pc,ahtioc

"~~NI Al!l :o~y. mm PEP.I9!

m Hh }ftfrl. 2!2.50~ 199?- US?
!~~~~ ¥cbh:ior. !149 / 5tU. IJdq.
Sc~l. !ld9. lafr1.
ESF
usm
USA
liSA m~ - 1'74
100 "'ils
307 Jtpih . '
AOUIIIO PERIOJ

hukc Jih m-' m Hh. lrri,. lafu. All I !FAt h,u ~10,102.91 3-e- ·aa to H- '88 100 Hh. 45

huto SidUdlD 1,859/275 fth. lrrit. lafn. m aJFAJ Jlpu 4,600,000 12-1981 to 5-28-'89 62 n. 22

huko Sidudu mm Kh. Sd.Pohto Pn.. lafu. I I.P .-Grrua Grram ao dah 1978 to 1!84 29 K~. 22
a,ri.

!F!!SAe !ARtiS PEI!Dt

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Ma9mdan !Dfu.
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mum PEP.!Of
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hlgaia. !ltth!rlnh,
L•:raboar,, 6rrrtr I Pcrta~a!
The Cordillera Administrative
Region
Figure 2
LOCATION OF CASE STUDY SITES

LEGE~-[)

PROJECT SITES Hjttf

0 Kiangan, Ifugao
0 Bauko, Mountain Prov.

NUEVA ' \',../"

VIZCAYA
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 Fig. 4. livtlihood C~lendu of Baulo, llounlain Province, 1990

livelihood J F II A II J Jl A s 0 N D:
Aclivi lin

Croppinq
Rice :lp/s:
First p cc cc cc cc h h :lp/i:/p lEGEND
Second h :lp/s p cc cc cc cc h h - harvest
cc - crop carl:'
Veget~blts p - planting
s - sowing
Cabbage I S p cc [[ h pt- pottery
lp- land preparation
·Carrot cc :cc/h h lp/p: p cc

Chinese lp p h lp
pechay

Pohto yur-round

Fruits

B•nana yur-round

h I h h h h

Persiaon h h

Purs I h

Or~nges h h h
Lives tack
lpig,goat,:
chicken, : yr~r~round
duct,qoosr
1 turh•yl:

Wage
eaployaent: year-round
(qov' t. l :
pvt.,
overseas,:
eaployaentJ

Othus
Business yur-round
Pottery : pt : pt pl pt pl pl
 Within this municipality, foreign assistance funded the
following : the Inkadang-Bago Community Irrigation Project
(completed 1988) in Bila, a barangay which has largely
retained subsistence production (rice); the Cada Communal
Irrigatio~ Project (1989) and RP-German Seed Potato Project
(1984) -- both in Sadsadan, the site which has been
transformed to commercial vegetable farming; and the School
Building Project in Poblacion, another predominantly rice
producing barangay.

KIANGAN, IFUGAO

In Ifugao, the selected ODA projects include : the

Water System Projects in Duit, Nagacadan (both completed in
1986) and Poblacion (1987), and the Pindongan Communal
Irrigation Project (completed in 1989).

The province of .!fugae is a l~nd lock~d area located at

120 40'17" at the foot of the Cordillera Central. It is
bounded on the north by Mountain Province, 6n the west by
Benguet, on the east by Isabela and on the south by Nueva
Vizcaya. Municipalities towards Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela on
the eastern side have a warmer temperature. The dry season ia
from January to April, while the wet months are from May to
December.

The total land area is.261,361 hectares, the largest

municipality being Mayoyao (19~ of total land area), and
the smallest, Hingyon (5.28%). A total of 173 barangays are
distributed among ten municipalities composing the province;
these are mostly not reached by land transportation, and are
therefore accessbile only by travelling on foot.

Total population is 149,161 as of 1990, growing at an

average of 2.96% annually for a period of ten years.

Kiangan, the site of reviewed ODA proj~cts, has the

second largest number of smaller po~itico-administrative
unit?, at 23 barangays. It also has the second largest
population representing 14.30% of the provincial population.
The land area is 22,358 has., out of which 20,855 is
classified as forest land, and 1,503 as alienable and
disposable. Out of a total of 3,137 households constituting
the municipality, some 2,604 (83 'l.) derive their livelihood
from farming (see Figure 5 and 6 for summary description of
agroecological zones and livelihood calendar).

Nagacadan is predominantly a rice producing area

although its shift to commercial vegetable farming has begun
"in the '80s. Duit and Pindongan· are primarily commercial
vegetable farming areas now (these used to produce rice
traditionally), while majority of households are engaged in
wage employment and entrepreneurial activities and the
services in Poblacion, being the town center for Kiangan.

28
Fig. 5. TRANSECT OF AGP.O·ECO ZOIIE OF SELECTED BARANGAYS OF t!ANGAN, IFUGAO, 1990
ELE'IATION DUJT IIAGACAOAN PINDONGAN POBlACION
1,482 •.

livrlihood : Far,ing : Farling : Faraing : Farling

Actlvitirs : GardPning : 6ardPning : GardPnlnq : Gardtninq ·
: ll~P!Iocl livt~locl ~ llvtsloc• : Livrstocl
: Wag~ Elploy,Pnt: Waqt E1ployarnt: Waqt E•ploy•ent: Wagr £aploy•Pnt
: Fishing

land USP : Ht~~tPiot : Houlot : lfol'ltlot : Honlot

: Paddy : Paddy : Paddy : Paddy
: Uu : U11a : Un : Uu
: Forts! : Forpst : Forrst : Forts!
: Fish pond

Crops : P.icto : F!icP I Ric! l P.itP·

Fruit~ \'t>gE' I a~ Irs : Habiturln Fruits
Co If~· : Ca~~aqt
: Coffrr
: Papaya

land UsE' 2
lnt~nslty :

!nfra. . Road. : Ro~!l,irrig. 1 Road, school : Road, PHC

Support root~ri~qP' Foot~ridgt~ 1 Day Cart Center: Day Carr CrntPr
AvailablE' Ja~~rwor•~ Watprworh 1 Irrigation : Jrriqation
ElPclricity : WatPrwor~ Footbridgr
1 Eltc!ricity : Natrrworts
: Eltctricity

Proble~s in: typhoons !yphot~ns typhoons typh!.'ons

Agr i. A rro~i1ms
Piophysical: infE'rtiiP land
EnvironMMt:
 Fig • 6 livelihood Calendar of (hnqan, lfugao, 1990

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
F A Jl A s 0 N D:
livelihood
Aetivi tirs
J
"
" . J

------"·-------------~----~---------------------------------------~-----------------
Croppinq
Ricr : .: rip I s:lp/u
First II I CC cc cc ec I h h li p I lEGEND
.'I
Src011d s I· :lp /s:Jp /s:
·l h - harvest
: p :p /eel cc :ec/h.l h cc - crop cur
.: p - phnting
Habiturlas: yrar-round lpl•ntinq is 31 a yr.;can br harvestrd aftrr 45 days) lp - land prrp1ration
s - sowinQ
Cabbaqr : )p/p cc I CC I cc h b • brooaealing/
... h
bhclseHhinQ
r - rlttan••linq
Coffrt h h
.. w - 11oodcarving
9anana yur-round

Papaya h h h

livntocl
lltlq,qoat,r I I
ch'ithn, 1 yur-round
dtttl,qoosr
-1 tttrtry)r
J I
IU~f I I
et~l oyffftt:
lqttv' t. ! I
yur•round
. . I
I
pvt.,, I
q
11V~rsu·s, 1
I
tf~Joy-m.t I
I
Otlfrts I
llf1adt:lfvtng It It I • II
1
bJ ltl Sfi (hi'ft9 II I 'f) b b
r• tt ltrC'flf t r 1 r : r r
broo11dfll'9 I b I b
bU1fnru · ytar·rourid
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The ODA Projects

CASK 1 lnkadana-BBao Community Irriaation Project

(Also known as Bila Irriaation Project.)
SITE Bila. Bauko, Mountain Province

I. COMMUNITY-LEVEL DATA
A. Physical Profile
Bila reate at the base of mountains. It occupies 818.4
has. or 4.60 % of the municipal land area. It is composed of
7 sitios, namely, Mokgo, Laglaean, Gawaan, Sasaan. Napakey.
Kabugnay and Kalkalinat. The community center called
"Timbulan" is located in Kabugnay.

The site is 27 kme. away from Bontoc and approximately

125 kms. from Baguio. It is accessible throueh two public
transportation lines with daily t~ip at 6:00 A.M. going out
from the community, and comina in at·around 3:00 in th~
afternoon.

B. Socio-demoeraphic and literacy level

The 1989 population survey ahowed a total of 1,040
persona distributed among the . 221 households or 229
families. The community has a relatively hieh literacy level
compared to other barangays in the: municipality as evidenced
by the large number of professionals, although only few work
in the community.
A public elementary school offerine grades one to six
serves the barangay. Secondary education is availed either in
Otucan or Poblacion. Approximately 85% of the population are
literates.
Indigenous and modern socio-cultural practices arA
observeable in the community. As in the rest of Bauko.
religion has become a major part of their daily living due to
the influence of Roman Catholic and Anglican churches.
Notably the former has greater influence over the later.
Other sects are also penetrating. On the other hand.
indigenous socio-cultural practices like begnas. lumdang.,
house rituals, death rituals, and some indigenous practices
in healing the sick are still observeable.

31
 Bila is a predominantly subsistence agricultural
community shifting towards the cash economy. Farming has been
the first and major livelihood engagement of the residents up
to the present. The community presently observes two
croppings. Planting for the first cropping starts in January
and is harvested in June or July. The second cropping called
"Tupeng" starts in August and ~nde in December. Those with
insufficient water supply for the second cropping engage in
pottery and seasonal job. Others plant legumes, peanuts or
camote in place of rice.
Fruits like mango, pears, apples and orange etc. thrive
in the community.
Prior to the ·40s, rice and sweet potato used to be the
only agricultural crops. Rice was produced in one cropping
only. The rest of the year was utilized for pottery making,
usually by the women. Sometime in the •40s, the practice of
two croppinge was introduced by some people in the community
who were then trading and interacting with the lowlanders of
Cervantes, !locos Sur. Realizing the feasibility of the idea
in areas with sufficient water supply. the suggestion was
accepted readily by the community, who named the first and
second croppings "ginuaufot" and "tupeng", respectively.
Notably, the same period marked the beginning of outmigration
to the mining communities.
The decade of the ·eos marked the opening of the first
local variety ("sari-sari") store, and the graduatior~ of the
the first batch of professionals from·the area, majority of
whom were teachers. It was in the latter part of the decad~
when massive outmigration for additional income started.
after the planting seasons covering the months of March to
May and September to Nove~ber. The practise is called
"partikular" by the community. Jobs.engaaed in ranged from
carpentry, to riprapping and wage labor on the farm. One
respondent recalls that two residents of the place returned
with a carabao after several months of work in the lowlands.
Other livelihood engagements evolved in the '80s.
Though farming remained as major occupation, income sources
were observed to have been increasingly diversified.
Statistical estimates show that about 2% of the total
households received income from overseas employment. The
number of professionals also increased, reaching
approximately 25% of the households with at least one
professional each. The number of commercial establishments
likewise increased from two houeeholda,in the ·eos to eight
households at present. Finally, in farming, rice production
is being coupled with commercial vegetable production.
Carrots, tomatoes, chinese pechay, pepper are being planted

32
to v·:tc:l·:~'1':i.<-:-~ld!;• w:i.th m:inimc:.l :i.rr·ir,Jcl\t.j.r.m ,;,r;d to nP~A.•lY op+::·r·r·,c·<l
q;;,,··dt:,~rn:i.. Tf·H::: ~H:·mplf.·~ c>hs>e.•rVfi~ 'tha't Clll:l t.e:• '" nt.llnb£·~r· of yt:.•l'!' h
prefer to plant commercial ve1etablee than to work in the
mines.
Notably, however, Bila remains ae a subsistence farmini
area despite its rapid assimilation into the cash economy.

D. Access roads and other economic infrastructures

Government infrastructure projects in the community
started in the #60s with the Otucan Proper-Bila road as the
first. The road, however, has served more like a widened foot
trail considering the limited number of vehicles which used
the Mountain Province national road then. In addition, a foot
bridge linking the community (residential area) with the
ricefields and "umas" was constructed in the latter part of
the decade. The ricefields are separated by a river.
Other infr~etructure projects were implemented from
1980 onwards. From 1980 to 1986, Otucan Sur-Bila road. three
footbridges, two foot trails and two waiting sheds were
constructed aside from three baran1ay pathways ·which were
cemented and required maintenance. Since 1987 to the present.
one irrigation project has eo far been completed while two
are under construction.

D. Facilities for educ4tion, health and recreation

Prior to 1950, the only existing educational
institutions were the churches. Gradee one and two were first
offered by the Episcopal Church; subsequently, the Roman
Catholic Church opened a primary school. The construction of
the first public school in the *50s for grades one to four
brought about the closure of these institutions. Intermediate
pupils were then educated at either Poblacion or Otucan until
the opening of intermediate classes towards the later part of
the decade.
In 1985, a 3-room ESF school building was constructed.
There has never been a secondary school in the barangay.
students attended school at Cervantes !locos Sur th~n. prior
to the opening of Otucan-Bila Barangay High School and Bauko
Catholic School.
The barangay health unit has not yet been established.
Health services were first extended by ACAP, a non-government
health organization which intiated the formation of barangay
health workers. It was in the 80s when a midwife started to
conduct regular visits once a week. Usually, health services
were sought either in the private health clinic in Poblacion

33
tor m1no~ cases. or ~t the Luis Hor~ Memori~l Hosp1t~1 tor
major illnesses.

Recreation facilities were non-existent before. It was

only in the later part of the ·aoe when a betamax player
which served as a bia screen was introduced in the community.
Other than this, young men while their time away playng
billiard. The common form for ependina leisure time is by
casual conversation around the store and at-ato.

E. Credit availability , sources and usee

Traditional borrowing in kind is common in the
community for basic commodities during emergencies and in
times of rituals. Stores are also sources of basic things
which were paid back in cash or in kind. Such forme of credit
do not require interet charges.
Cash credit was first sought for house construction,
and lately to finance education. Some avail of credit to
finance small business operations and overseas employment.
Usually, the latter is paid back with 5% interest at the
most. Storeowners and profeesionals are the most common
sources of credit in the community.
Recently, credit is reported to have been availed of to
finance gardening inputs. Terms of payment are very similar
with the "pa-eupply.system" (a financing arrangement in
vegetable production/marketine) in Benauet where all expenses
were deducted from the erose income and the rest was shared
equally between financier and farmer-debtor.
Outside credit source is also availed of by almost half
of the total households, particularly from the Saint Paul
Credit Cooperative in Otucan.

F. Extension of other services by GOe and NGOs

Implementation of extention services started in the ·aoa
through the day care program of the Department of Social
Welfare and Development and which was originally handled by
the Episcopal church. The same agency had sponsored a
nutrition seminar. Swine dispersal program was another
program implemented by the Department of Agriculture, for
which 2-3 households were beneficiaries. Also, a consumers·
cooperative was set-up in 1987 with a j5,000.00 capital
provided by the same agency. The cooperative, however, ceased
to operate since 1988 because of low repayment rate.
Last year, the Department of Trade and Industry started
assisting the pot industry in coordination with Igorota ·
Foundation, a private agency whose primary concern is women.

34
 0 ·l:.h+:·:·v· t h.:Hl thf.·~ Iqon:>'t.i:' Fm.tnt:l.:' t ion~ ~:wme t)U ·h::. :i. rl<-:·:·r·· q ,··u•. 'l"""·
and non-government agencies have also been operating in the
barangay. Among the first was the Peace Corps Volunteer
Program which started its activities in the community in
1982. Three volunteers were reported to have been residing in
place, each of whom had been supervising separate projects.
Among these is loomweaving for the handicapped, based in
Poblacion, the repair of waterwork pipes and lastly, the
formation of the Bila Farmers Association with the
construction of the BIFA building.

Just after the expiration of term of the last batch of

Peace Corpse volunteers in 1988, the Development Agency of
Tribes in the Cordillera, a non-aovernment agency, has
responded to the waterworks problem of the community.
Presently, aovernment and non-aovernment projects being
implemeted range from waterwork, irriaation to livelihood .
projects.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

Ingkadang and Bago are the moat accessible farming
areas in Bila. It is in these areas where two croppings of
rice was possible then. An irrigation system constructed much
earlier through the initiative of community members provided
water abundantly to ricefields, until 20 years ago when
farmers were confronted for the first time with shortages.
Such shortages became very pronounced during the dry season.
This problem was relayed in 1985 to the Mt. Province
National Irrigation Administration Office, the government
agency ~esponsible for irrigation projects.
Initial steps to address the problem of water shortage
were taken in 1984 but were shelved due to unavailability
of funds to meet the requirements. Finally, in 1987. after 12
years since the problem was reported to the appropriate
government agency, the proposal was incorporated into the
workplan of the Highland Agriculture Development Project
(HADP) of the Department of Agriculture.
The Inkadang-Bago Community Irrigation Project, as it
came to be called, was the first government irrigation
project implemented in the barangay. It is aimed at
improving the old irrigation canal which used to supply 12
hectares during wet season, but which eventually was able to
irrigate only 42 per cent during the dry season, from
January to May. Ultimately, as intended by the NIA project,
there would be an increase in production in the community.

35
 ·--~~----

LEGEND
[.::·.::::·.·J LIMIT OF IRRIGABLE
AREA PRESENTLY
t_...c.. ! IRRIGABLE
...~a. •-

·~AREA TO BE
~ REHABILITATED
10 BONTOC 26.5 KH
f · · ·J SETTLEMENT AREA
I ~ :== )EXISTING CANAL TO
BE REHABIL1TATEO
BAGUIO
BILA) BAUKOJ: MP
IPRIGA TION SYSTEM<
 One hundred seven potential farmer-beneficiaries we~e
:1. fiE•J"r WhC:)ffl J.()() bt?.C::ci\tnt~> ci' c:tt.tcil l bt:mt~>·f' :l <:: :i. c\1 1r·j, E•!;;. (Jf '1. h!·.'
t :l·f' :U:~<:I ~ c:rf'
actual beneficiaries, 92~ were residents of Bila, 7% from
Otucan and 1% from Guinzadan (see map of project area).
Project construction proceeded in a etaaaered manner,
throuah the leadership of the elected sets of officers and
board of directors of the or1anization set up for the
project. In turn, personnel from the NIA constantly guided
these officers. One NIA staff handled:the technical aspects
of· the project, the other tacltledconnunity oraanizina to
encouraae people participation frompl'oject plannina to
implementation. Local residents partio'lpated durina the
construction phase in terms of pravidina labor, for which
they were paid.

III. PROJECT IMPACT ON SELECTED HOUSEHOLDS

The following are household cases of various types of
farmer-beneficiaries immediately prior to and after project
implementation. Respondents~include a veaetable producer
(with cash orientedproduction), rice producer and a rice
producer who had shifted to veaetable production. Cases
specifically focussed on chanaee of the level of production.

* Respondent A : Veaetable producer

The farm land was purposely prepared in the 1960s for
rice production. However, because of insufficient water
supply, it was converted into a aarden planted with beans.
sweet potato, and peanuts for varied months in a year. It was
in 1987 when the farmer planted the land to veaetables when
he rceived his inheritance from in-laws. By then the farmer
had already harvested the first batch of potatoes prior to
the irriaation project, and to• which hie farming· tecniquee
were acquired from Mountain Trail• At the start, he planted
varied crops: potatoes, carrots, wombok and lettuce.
Production coste and income:fieures are shown in the
followina summaries. One noticeable chanae was that while
the farmer had to water the crops everyday prior to
irriaation, this was reduced to SX a week, after the
irriaation.

36
 Area: 300 sq. m.
1. Prior to project construction

Crop: Potato
Production inputs:
Inputs Unit Amount
seed line 150 kge. P1,000.00
Fertilizere:
Triple 14 2 eacke 460.00
Urea 1 sack 110.00
Funeicide I Insecticide:
Manzate 4 baas 45.60
Thiodan 1 bottle 150.00
Transportation .50 /ltilo 1,200.00
Total expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .. 2, 204. 00 ·
I ,

Grose income (1,200 kilos x P7.00) .•. 8,400.00

Net income ......................•...... P5, 396. 00

2. During project construction

crop: Carrots
Inputs Unit Amount
Seeds 10 spoons P75.00
Fertilizer:
Triple 14 1 sack 230.00
Urea 1 sack 110.00
Funeicide:
Manzate 1 bae 114.00
Transportation P1.00 I Kilo 2,000.00
Total expenses ......•..••...•.•••....•..
---------------
P2,529.00
Grose income (2,000 kilos X P5.00),... 10,000.00
Net income . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . .. . . P7,471.00

37
 J. After project construction

Inputs Unit Amount

Seeds 10 spoons J50.00
Fertilizer:
Triple 14 1 sack 250.00
Insecticide I Funaicide:
Thiodan 2 bottles 300.00
Vetigran Blue 2 cartoons 350.00
Transportation loOO X 500 Klso 500.00
-------------.----
J1,450o00
Gross income (J5.00 X 500 kle.)... 12,500.00
Net income ................... 0...... 11,050.00

* Respondent B : Rice producer before

and after project construction
Area: 750 sq. m.
crop: palay
1. Before project construction

Inputs: Unit Amount

Ammonia 12 kle. II 60.00
Triple 14 10 kl~o II 60.00
Harvest 250 bundles =2 cavane II 640.00
Net income ........................ J 520.00

2. After the project

Inputs Unit Amount
Ammonia 12 kls. J 60.00
Triple 14 10 kls. J 60.00
Harvest (250 bundles= 2 cavane) J 640.00
Net income .................... o... 2 ~20.00
 D;:d.iil r·~:rf'h·•c:t+:~d t':\bm1p. is 11\pplic:mble only to t.he !!>+:·H~ond
cropping and does not show production for the first harvest
which is usually greater in volume.
There have been no significant changes in the harvest
as reported by the benefiary, except for the time release
that was made possible when, because of the irrigation, the
farmers did not have to manually lead the water into the farm
parcels, or even to clean the weed very often if water had to
be directed.
The use of fertilizers usually depends on the
availability of money, in which caee organic fertilizers (pie
manures) were resorted to instead.

* Respondent C : rice producer to vegetable producer

The case shows a shift from eubeietenoe to cash crop
production. The family used to plantPf,lav and later ohan1ed
to carrots and wombok after the irri1ation had been cemented.
The shift of product took place after the family realized
that vegetable production was more productive than palay as
observed from other farmers in the community. The farm had
been planted to rice since early days until· 1989 when
vegetables were grown instead. ·
Shown below is a comparison of dila on palay and
vegetable production. Vegetable production was noted to be
more capital intensive than rice farminJ. In this particular
case, hauling expenses was not reflected since the products
were bought by a middleman directly from the community

Area: 700 sq. m.

a. Rice yield prior to project construction
1. First cropping (January-June)
Inputs
Fertilizers: compost and animal manure
Seeds 2-3 bundles
Harvest
400 bundles =3 cavane 1 P 1q5o.oo (350.00/cavan)

39
 Inputs
Fertilizer: compost and animal manure
Seeds :. 2-3 bundles
Harvest
400 bundles = 2-2 1/2 cavane.P?00-875.00
Total annual income: P1,750.00-P1,920.00

b. Yield after project construction

1. Chinese Pechay (2 months)

Inputs Unit Amount

Seeds 1 spoon ' 42.00
Fertilizers
Triple 14 1 sack 230.00
Urea 1 sack 180i-OO
Insecticidee
Thiodan 1 liter 190.00
Manzate 1/2 box 50.00
Total expenses ...................... P692.00
Total harvest: 800 kes.X P2.00/ke .. P1,600.00
Total income: P1,600-P692.00 ...••. P 908.00

2. Carrots (3 months)
Inputs Unit Amount
Seeds 1 1/2 cane P 180.00
Fertilizer
Vrea 1 sack 180.00
Insecticides
Vstieran Blue 1 box 150.00
Thiodan 1 liter 100.00
-----------
Total expenses .........•........•........ P 610. 00
Total harvest:{P3.00 X 1,000 kle.) ... ~3,000.00

Total income:(P3,000.00-P610.00) . . . . P2,390.00

Income for 5 mos.P908.00 + P2,390.00 = P3,298.00

40
5

CASE 2 Cada Coaaunal Irriaation

SITE Sadeadan, Bauko Mountain Province

I. COMMUNITY-LEVEL PROFILE

The total population in Sadeadan as of 1989 is 1,859

composed of 275 households or 300 families which are
distributed in 13 eitioe.
Primarily a forested area before the ~50s, the barangay
has presently been transformed into a commercial vegetable
producer.
Before and during 195o·s, the place was a. thick pine
forest with patches of swidden (kainfin). The major crops in
the kaingins were sweet camote and different varieties of
leaumee like pigeon pea, lima beans, snap beans. Commercial
gardening was not yet known, after.the plantina activity,the
head of the family (father) would leave the place to look for
a job in the minina communities or to other places like
Baauio,Bontoc,La Trinidad, and even to the lowlands. The
mother and the children were the ones responsible to take
care their plants in the kainain. Camote was the major food
of the family until the father would return. From the savings
of the father, the family can purchase their basic needs ..
The introduction ~f modern aarioulture in Sadsadan came
in the late part of 1960s, althouah native potatoes .had been
planted since the 1950s althouah this was limited to a few
farmers. Gardening started by converting the swidden farms
to garden plots and slowly began to expand by cutting the
trees around the kaingine. Riprapping of eloping places was
done to flatten the area to make it suitable for gardening.
The major vegetables that they plant in the 196o·s were
beans. pechay, potato, and cabbage but minimal in 'quantity.
Population then was increasing, eo tax declaration of gardens
was started to ensure righte towards their lands.It was in
1970s when commercial gardenina became popular, almost all
the residents were cultivatina their lands, It was thie
period when aardenina became the main source of livelihood of
the people in Sadsadan althouah business beaun also to rise.
However,planting of veaetablee was done durin& wet season
(May-October)thus,one to two croppinas per year. Camote
planting was not totally abandoned because their income for
gardening was not enouah to finance their daily needs.
Remnants of the thick pine forest were the loge used in the
construction of the reeidents• houses. Vegetable dealer
vehicles were limited to larae ecale farmers only, most of
the farmers relied to local and Chinese middlemen to buy
their harvest . if not,they will rely to buses to transport
their harvest to sell them in the market (Baauio City and La
Trinidad). Capital sources before were store owners from the
city or from their neighbors, loan to the some banks was also

41
I:'IVii•tJ.,;·d::.:l.t:·~ but IM'InY Wf:·W<V~ tu:.;.m:l.tc'ilnt tf.) ci\Vc1\j,l br.~C:c'ill.l!!tf.·~ o·f' too lltt.tl::h
paper works and the need of collateral. The uee of commercial
inputs for gardening were limited because soil fertility was
not a problem and peste ware not also observable. Total
population of Sadsadan in was 493 composed of 95 households.
It was in the 1980s when massive gardening started.
Major crops were potato, cabbage, sweetpeas, and carrots.
Vegetables like wonabok, lettuce ~d beans were minimal.
Construction of personal irr11ation started but limited to
few, only large scale farmers were theonee who can put· up
irri1ation. Hiring of workers to do aarden tasks outside the
locality was observable, oriain ·of lU.Md workers are from
Ifugao,. BeniUet and from other municipalities of Mt.
Province. Crop rotation and the use of commercial fertilizers
were observed to augment the loet fertility of t~e soil
because of constant land use. Some farmere·etarted to flock
to the community to 1arden by rentinl land. Payment of rent
may be in terms of money or produce. If on cash. basie.
average payment for one hectare for one crop is P2,000.
Cleaning and maintenance of the aarden for a certain period
can be a means of paying rent.
The creeks in the place be1an to dry up during summer
because trees are minimal and concentrated ·only to some
places where gardening was not suitable. During the tate 80s,
disease such as bacterial wilt for potatoes and black lee for
cabbage were obeerved. It was also 4urina thie period when
farmers began to acquire private vehicles (1986) to transport
their harvest to the market outlets. Gardeners cold now
afford to have the capital for 1arden1na dependinl on the
prices of veaetablee that they eell and if no natural
calamity like typhoons and· lona droUiht would happen so ae to
destroy their plants. Other sources ot.; income are their
neighbors, storeownere, and middleme* fre• other places.
It was in 1988 when, with the communal irrigation,
plots not irrigated before could be reached for the first
time, thus increasing croppina intensity from once to twice
per year, to ae often ae thrice.
Farmers before must have to prepare cabbage seedlings
in places where wate~ is available. They sow the seeds near
the creeks to · have constant supply of water. Sowing is
usually done during summer to make it ready to be planted
when the rainy days come (May).When the irrigation project
became functional, farmers need not prepare seedlings of
cabbage near the creeks or sprinas. they can prepare it in
their garden vicinity.

42
 I
I :t:. F'I:W,'.JECT F.•ACKGFWUNl>tt COVf.::RAGE AND !MF'1 l.EI"'f::I'ITATIOi'l Pf~Dcc:;~:;

The project is a communal irriaation located in

Sadsadan,Bauko. It was undertaken under the Highland
Aariculture Development Project thru the National Irrigation
Administration. •
Beneficiaries of the project are residents of Sadeadan,
Bauko. Farmers whose garden is located in the eix sitioe
(Sadsadan Proper, Cuba, and Lonaen for;- Phase I,and Bato,
Ngaya-an, and Sumey-ana for Phase II) are potential
beneficiaries of the irriaation eyatem. An irriaatore association
was formed ( Cuba-Sadaadan Irriptore Aaeociation) composed
of all potential beneficiaries with the help of a NIA
organizational worker before the project was started. There
are 62 families who are actual beneficiaries and 45 families
as firm-up members from the 108 potential beneficiaries.
Potential benefeciaries are farmers whoee 1arden was surveyed
by NIA to be irriaated. Those who helped in the construction
of the project are the actual benefic1arlee and those who did not
are called the firm-up members. Pirm•Up members are potential
beneficiaries who were not able to joined in the construction
of the project while labor counterpart waa oneoing, eo they
were not given the priority to avail of the project. These
firm-up members can avail of the irriaation upon payment to
the irrigators association (term of payment still to be
studied and determine by the actual benefici.ries). Firm~up
members were not able to extend their labor counterpart
because they may have their own irrigation sources. ' or had
been busy with other eneaaements at the time of the
construction.
The labor counterpart of the beneficiaries during the
construction of the irrieation system constituted the
associations· 30% equity to the total project coat for which
funding was made available throueh the NIA. All actual
beneficiaries are farmers in which eardening is the main
source of their livelihood. The ennalleet garden area · of
actual · beneficiaries ie 1/4 hectare and the largest is 3
hectares, the averaae is 1/2 to 2/3 hectare.
Out of the total population in Sadeadan as of 1989
which are distributed in 13 eitioe, only 3 are presently
serviced by the irrigation system (Sadeadan Proper, Loneen,
Cuba, Bato, Ngaya-an, and Sumey-ana). However, not all the
residents of these eitios are actual beneficiaries either
because some do not have 1ardens located in the area, or
because others have their own irriaation •vstem. More or lees
15 actual beneficiaries are not reai~enta of Sadeadan.

43
 The mumm~ry distribution presented below shows the
number of farminl households served by the irriaation system:

--------------------------------------------------------
Sitios covered by the Nos. of Households
irrieation
-------------------------------~---~--------------------
Sadsadan Proper 56
Langen 12
Cuba 5
Bate 35
Ngaya-an 3
Sumey-ang • 49

Total number of Households in BaranaaY Sadsadan ......... 275

Number of Households in sitios covered by the project ... 160
Number of total potential beneficiaries ................. l08
Number of actual beneficiaries .......................... 61
Number of actual beneficiaies from other ai tics ......... 15
Number of actual beneficiaries in Sitios
covered by the project •..........•............. 46

Phase I construction started in the later months of

1987 and was completed after 10 months (see map of project
area). Phase I covered 3 sitios (Sadsadan Proper, Cuba. and
Langen). The source of the water for the irrigation is a
spring, the headwater of Cuba Creek in which a mother tank
was made to supply 6 intake tanke(lOxlO feet) that supply the
gardens with water throueh pipes. The mother tank is located
more than one kilometers away from the garden beine
irrigated.
For Phase II, construction started in 1988 and was
partially completed in 1989, some portion was not yet finish
due to lack of pipes. It has 4 tanks, the source of the water
is a creek. Phase II has more water supply than Phase!
because the place is lower than the water source unlike in
Phase I that the irrieated area has almost the eame elevation
with the water source; therefore,the flow of water is not as
strong with Phase II. The Cada Communal Irrigation was
inaugurated last May 28, 1989 with the presence of top
provincial and local leaders invited to erace the occasion.
The irrigation supplies water. to vegetable lots. actual
irrigated area for Phase I is more or lese 24 hectares with
33 families as actual beneficiaries, compared to the supposed
irrigable area of 84 hectares. For Phase II, actual irriaated
area is more or lese 18 hectares with 29 actual
beneficiaries, the supposed irrigable area is 63 hectares.

44
 •••
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t-l
r '
.
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~ •••(!)
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~(f);::tJ3I -<
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··- . --- -- ~---l--~------:----:.__
m
 .Otw:i.nq f:H.HrttrJPI'' ~ th+:~ Wfd.€~1 .. !!i.t.IPPl y :i.n Ph,"<;:.(:· T ., "' nnl..
enough because the level of water from the aource,·a spring,
decreases. For Phase II, no problema in water supply are
experienced. At first, a misunderstanding among the
beneficiaries in Phase I was very evident be~auee of
insufficient water supply; farmers near the tanks are the
ones who can avail of the irrigation. To solve this problem,
beneficiaries agreed to have a schedule of water use on a
rotation basis. Each members can u~e the irrilation for a day
and night in a week. Since there are 6 tanke,6 members can
avail of the water service at the same time. With this kind
of schedule, the misunderstanding was solved among the
members because everybody would have to strictly follow their
schedules.

As specified in the NIA-IA Policies and Systems for

Construction, all manpower and labor for the project
construction were to be shouldered by the actual
beneficiaries, with free labor as their counterpart to NIA.
Beneficiaries were the ones who constructed the water
tanks and connected the pipes from the water source to the
gardena of each members. Every member should render the same
working hours until the project was finished,except for those
who have wider aardens who must render labor which
corresponds to the target cost of equity per hectare (i8,604)
in order to pay their equity, 2 laborers for a day from the
family member will go to work to be able to pay their labor
equity. For beneficiaries who have smaller size of gardens.
they may stop working after they have rendered their
corresponding equity labor. Project construction for Phase I
started October 1987 and completed after 10 months. Phase II
started in 1988 and partially finished in 1989 although some
portion was not yet done due to lack of materials. During the
construction of the project, some members neglected their
farm works. To solve this problem of the laborer8, rotation
was adopted in order not to interrupt their performance of
daily tasks. Other family members will do the farm works when
a family member will go to work in the irrigation. Water
source for Phase I was donated by one farmer beneficiary.

III. PROJECT IMPACT O» THE COMMUNITY AND SELECTED HOUSEHOLDS

Since the irrigation became functional, actual

beneficiaries are assured of 2 to 3 croppines in a year. They
can plant during summer and wet season, harvest durine theee
periods is the same in quality and in quantity, the only
disparity is on the used of farm chemicals. For potatoes,
during rainy days sprayine of funeicidee ranges from 5 to 7
days because of leaf blight. Durinl dry season (use of
irrigation), spraying of funaicidee ie done at 15 days
interval.

45
 For cabbaqe" during r~iny measonm mpray1nq of
insecticides is done at 15 days interval compared to 5 to7
days during the dry season. Almost all the actual
beneficiaries are now practicina mono-cropping all
throughoput the year, which results in constant land use,
bigger capital reqirements for more farm inputs, and
additional volume of production.

More specific chanaes on the biophysical environment

have repercussions on the croppina eyetem to be maintained.
For isntance :

a. The presence of irriaation that supplies water

to the gardens induced the people to work more which
results to additional croppina in each year. All
garden lots during summer are beina cultivated. This
condition showe constant use of lands. '

b. Due to continuous planting, chemical usage

increased which contributes to air pollution. Farmers
related instances that continuous spraying of.chemicals
makes them feel dizzy and weak after spraying.

c. The beneficiaries need to protect the vicinity

of the water source from cuttina trees to prevent
erosion and drought in order to have continuous water
supply. At present, the irrigators are requesting the
DENR to provide . them tree seedlings to be planted
around the vicinity of the water source.

46
 In ·t.f:.~nnffi. c:rf' t1~·f·fc.i~c:'t!:l on hr.>LI!'J.f:·~hc)lrJ~ !:~omv.·~ tlltu::,tnd.:t.vP
case~ are pre~ented in the followina paaee

* Respondent A : Mel Mordero

Size of land planted and supplied by
the irrieation: 1.3 hae.
Crops: Potato and Cabbaae
Period: Before the irrieation (1986)
Table Chanee in Net Incomes Before and After
the Construction of the Irrigation
Farm Inputs Quantity Unit Price: Total Cost
Chicken dune 1 truck load 50/sack ,10,000
Tripple 14 15 sacks 255/sack 3,825
Urea 7 sacks 240/sack 1,890
Thoricide 6 bottles 280/bottle 1,560
Tamaron
Atabron
7 bottles
4 bottles
.. 180/bottle
450/bottle
1,260
1,800
Curzate 24 bags 175/baa 4,200
De thane 6 bags 200/baa :'., 1,200
Hoietic 10 bags 87/baa : ·, 870
Vetigran Blue 1o cartoons 150/ctn. 1,500
Potato Seeds
Personal
Cabbage Seeds a cane !55/can 1,250
Hired Workers Haulers
regular worker: 10,000
............................................................
. . '

Total Expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,000

Harvest/Output:
Cabbaae ..•.......... a loads ( 20,000 kilos )
Potato .............• 2 loads ( 6,000 kilos )
Total Harveet .••••.. 26,000 kilos

47
 Cabbage
Quantity Cost Total Cost
5,000 kiloe J4/kilo J20,000
7,500 kilos J4.50/kilo J37,500
5,000 kiloe J5/kilo J25,000
2,500.kilos J5.50/kilo J13,750
Potato
3,000 kilos JS/kilo J16,000
3,000 kilos JB/kilo J24.000

Gross Sales ............................. J137.000

Transportation Expenses:( J.75/kilo x
26,000 kilos ) = J19,500
Net Sales ............................•.. J 117, 000
Net Income: (Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses)
illl7,000- J40,000 J77,000=
Period: After Irrigation Construction (1989)
Crops: Potato,Cabbage, and Sweet Peas
Farm· Inputs Quantity : Unit Price : Total Cost
Chicken dung 250 eacke J55/eaok J13,750
Tripple 14 18 sacks J270/eack J4,860
Urea 10 sacks J220/eack J2,200
..
Thoricide 6 bottles J265/bottle J1,590
Tamaron 7 bottles J160/bottle Jl. 260
Atabron 5 bottlee J450/b0ttle J2.250
Curzate 30 packs JlBO/paok J5,400
De thane 8 bage J210/baa J1,680
Hoistic 10 bottles J67/bottle J870
Vetigran Blue: 10 cartoons J150/otn. Jl. 500
Hosthation 8 bottlee J220/bottle Jl 760
t

Thiodan 4 bottles il200/bottle J800

..
Seed Potato
(tubers) Personal
Cabbage 5 cans »180/can P900
Seeds
Sweet Peas 3 cans J80/can P250
Seeds
Hired Workers: Haulers & :il13.000
:regular worker
Total Expenses ........ J53,000

48
5

Harvest/Output:
Cabbage ...... 5 loads (12,500 kilos)'
Potato ....... 4 loads ( 11.000 Kilos)
Sweet Peas ... 20 sacks (800 kilos)

Total Harvest ..........•..... 24,300 kilos

Sales:
Cabbage
Quantity Unit Price Total Cost
5,000 kilos i7 /kilo J35,000
7,500 kilos iS/kilo i45,000
Potato
2,500 kilos J9/kilo 1122.500
6,000 kilos i7.50/kilo J45.000
2,500 kilos iS/kilo J15.000
Sweet Peas
300 kilos Jl8/kilo J5.400
300 kilos i15/kilo J4,500
200 kilos i20/kilo J4,000
Gross Sales ..........................••.. J176,000
Transportation Expenses:
il/kilo x 24,300 kilos =J24,300
Net Sales: Total sales - Transportation Expenses
J176,000-P24,300 = P151,700
Net Income: Net sales - Farm Inputs Expenses

i151.700- 1153,000 = 1197,300

Expenditure Pattern of the Familv/Respondent:
The family·s expenses before and after the construction
of the irrigation had no significant changes. Their major
expenses were focused on basic needs, food, clothing and
education of the children. Budget for medicine is always
allotted every year because the children (9) are always
attacked by minor health problems such as fever, colds,
and diarrhea.

49
 (.:, m~i1mb<·:~r· crt' thf:·~ ·f'.Mn:i.ly we•nt to the M:i.d<:llf.\' E<:1!:>t :i.n :J.9B~i'
1:15,000. The capital for gardening
!::.o ti·H,·:·y h<:H:l t.o ~:>p+:md
inputs are always prioritized in order that they can proceed
planting for the following vear.
If the budget of the family for capital in the garden
for the next year is not enouah, the family borrows inputs
from neighbors at rates higher than the price of inputs sold
by agricultural farm supplies in the city or in other firma
selling inputs.

* Respondent B : Mr. Reynato Tahap

Land area being eupplied by the irriaation: 3/4 ha.
Crops: Cabbage and Potato
Period: Before Irrieation Conetruction (1987)

Farm Inputs Quantity

Chicken dung 180 sacks
Tripple 14 13 sacks
Urea 10 sacks
Tama.ron 4 bottles
Curzate 18 bags
De thane 6 baas
Vetigran Blue 6 cartoons
Thiodan 4 bottles
Selecron 5 bottles
Hoistic 8 bags
Manzate 6 bags
Daconil 8 bags
Sumiciden 6 bottles
Potato Seede 1,200 kilos (personal)
Cabbage Seeds 1& cans
Hired Worker &
Haulers

Total Farm Inputs Expenses .•..........••...... t45,000

Harvest/Output:
Ca.bbage ........... 8,000 kilos
Potao ............ 12,000 kilos
Total Harvest .............. 20,000 kilos

50
 Cabbage
Quantity Cost Total Cost
2,500 kilos ~3/kilo ~7. 500.
1. 500 kilos P4/kilo P6.000
3,500 kilos P4.50/k1lo lt18.750
500 kilos P3.50/k1lo P1,750•
Potato
5,000 kilos P4/k1lo ,20,000
2,500 kilos P5/k1lo lt12,500
3,000 kilos P7/kilo lt14,000
1,500 kilos P5.50/kilo lt8,250
Grose Salee ..................................... P88,750
Transportation Expenses:
P.75 x 20,000 kilos= lt15,000
Net Sales:
Grose Sales - Transportation Expenses
lt88,750 - J15,000 = lt73,000
Net Income:
Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses
lt73,000 - lt45,000 . = lt28.000

Period: After Irrigation Construction (1989)

Crops: Potato and Cabbaae
Farm Inputs Quantity
Chicken dune 200sacks
Tripple 14 15sacks
Urea 10sacks
Tamaron 6bottles
Curzate 20packs
De thane 8packs
Vetigran Blue 8cartoons
Thiodan 6bottles
Selecron 5bottles
Hoietic 8bottles
Manzate 6baas
Daconil 10packs
Sherpa 4 bottl.,s
Dec is 4 bottlee
Potato Seeds 1,500 kilos
Cabbage Seeds 20.cane
Hired Worker &
Haulers
Total Farm Inputs Expenses ... P52,000

51
H<•"'"Vf:~!!!· t../Du t put~
Cabbaee ......•......•.•.. 9,500 kilos
Potato ................... 14,500 kilos
Total Harvest ....... 24,000 kilos
Sa lee:
Quantity Cost Total Cost
Cabbage
3,500 kilos P4/k1lo 1114,000
2,500 kilos 5'6/kilo J15,000
1,700 kilos 115.50/kilo P9,000
1,800 kilos 117/kilo 1112,000
Potato
2,500 kilos P4/k1lo 1110,000
6,000 kilos 116/kilo P36,000
3,000 kilos 115/kilo 1115,000
3,000 kilos 117/kilo P21,000
Grose sales ............................. Pl32, 000
Transportation Expenses:
Ill/kilo x 24,000 kilos = P24,000
Net Sales:
Gross sales - Transportation Expenses
11132,000 - P24,000 - 11108,000
Net Income:
Net sales - Farm Inputs Expenses
P108.000 - 1152,000 = 1156,000

Expenditure patterns of family :

A large share of the budget is used as capital for
gardening. Other items in the budeet are expenses ·for food
and clothings and other basic needs; education of the 3
children; mediqal expenses; and acquisition of new garden
tools.
If income is enough only for basic needs expenses for
the family, capital for farm inputs is borrowed from
suppliers or neighbors. Averaee food allowance of the family
for 1 month is 112,000 ( L cavan of rice, 1 cavan flour,
5 kilos sugar, 2 and 1/2 kilos lard, coffee, milk, etc.)

Last May 9,1990 the community, especially the garden

lots planted to vegetables were destroyed by a hailstone
which caused the farmers to lose thousands - worth of
vegetables. Vegetables planted durin& the summer which were
irrigated were the ones destroyed by the hailstone. Mr.
Tahap himself lost 1150,000 worth of inputs because all hie
plants were totally destroyed.

52
 Respond~nt C = Mr. Emilio B~l~o (Non-bene·r1r10~v)
Land Area Planted with Vegetables: 1 Hectare
Crops: Potato and Cabbage
Period: 1989

Farm Inp'l.}ts Quantity

Chicken dune 180 sacks
Complete T-14. 20 sacks
Urea 10 eaoke
Insecticides
Sherpa 4- bottles
Penant 4. bottles
Selecron 6 bottles
Thoricide 6 bottles
Thiodan 6 bottles
Fungicides
Garvox 10 cartoons
Curzate 18 cartoons
Daconil 6 packs
Vetiaran Blue 10 packs
Sticker .·10 packs
Potato Seeds 1,300 kilos
Cabbage seeds 18 cane
Haulers
Others
Total Farm Inputs Expenses .... P68.000
Harvest/Output:
Cabbage ................. 15,000 kilos
Potato .................. lO,OOO kilos
Total harvest ........ 25,000 kilos
Sales:
Quantity Cost Total Cost
Cabbage
5,000.kiloe J5/kilo P25,000
1,000 kilos J6/kilo te.ooo
3,000 kilos J4.50/kilo P13,500
1,700 kilos 114/kilo P6,800
2,500 kilos JB/kllo i20,000
1,800 kilos J6.50/kilo i5,200
Potato
1,800 kilos J5/kilo J9,000
1,800 kilos i6/kilo P10,800
3,600 kilos P7/kilo t25.200
2,400 kilos J6.50/kilo P15,600
500 kiios PB/kilo 113.500
Gross Sa lea ...................... ·.......... . i139,000

53
Transportation Expenses=

The respondent has his own vehicle to transport his

products, however he spent PlO,OOO for aaeoline expenses,
registration, and repair for,~he car (Ford).

Net Sales: P129,000

Net Income:
Net sales - Farm Inputs Expenses
P129,000 - PBB.OOO
J61,000

* Respondent D: Angela Langaato (Non-beneficiary)

Land area planted with vegetables: l/2 ha.
Period: 1986
Crope:Potato and Cabbage
Farm Inputs Quantity
Chicken manure 110 sacks
Tripple 14 12 sacks
Urea 8 sacks
Tamaron 4 bottles
Sumiciden 6 bottles
Thiodan 4 bottles
Vetigran Blue 6 packs
De thane 16 packs
Manzate 6 cartoons
Hoistic 8 bottles
Potato Seeds 700 kilos
Cabbage seeds 6 cans
Haulers
Total Expenses ...•.. P38,000
Harvest/Output: .
Cabbage ................ a,ooo kilos
Potato ....... ~·-·······9,500 kilos
•
Total harveet ..... 17,000 kilos
Sales:
Quantity Coat Total Cost
Cabbage
2,500 kilos J4.50/kilo P11,200
1,700 kilos J5/k1lo" J8,500
1,700 kilos P6/kilo J10,200
1,000 kilos J7/k1lo P7,000
1,100 kilos J4/kilo P4.400

54
 Po·t;:1t0
1, 700 kilos t4/kilo f6,800
1.700 kilos J6/k1lo J10.200
3,400 kilos il5/kilo t17.000
2,700 kilos ll4.50/kilo ll12.000
Gross Sales ...... J87.000
Transportation Expenses:
Hired Vehicle ...... ll.75/kilo x 12,000 kilos
t9,000
Bus ................ f.50 x 5,500 kilos
t2,700
Total Expenses ....•.. Jl1,750
Net Sales:
Net Sales - Transportation Bxpenses
t87,000- P11,750
J75,300
Net Income:
Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses
t75,300 - P38.000
ll37,300

* Respondent E : Bobby Ommo (Beneficiary)

Land area supplied by the irrigation: 1.7 Hectares
Period: 1989
Crops: Potato and Cabbage
Farm Inputs Quantity
Chicken Dung 280 sacks
Tripple 14 26 sacks
Urea 15 sacks
Pesticides 24 bottles
Fungicides 46 packs·
Vetieran Blue 15 cartoons
Hoistic 13 bottles
Garvox 6 cartoons
Potato Tubers personal
Cabbage Seeds 16 cans
Hired Workers 4 regular workers
Haulers
Others
Total Farm Inputs Expenses ..... t75,000
Harvest/Output: t
Cabbage ................. 18,000 kilos
Potato .................. 20,000 kilos
Total Harvest ........ 38,000 kilos

55
~; <·=·, 1 e~ r:; ::
Quantity Cost Total Cost
Cabbage
5,000 kilos i7/kilo ·J35,000
1,700 kilos iS/kilo JlO,OOO
3,400 kilos P5/kilo J17,000
1,700 kilos i8/kilo 1!13,000
2,500 kilos i6.50/kilo i17,000
2,500 kilos i9/kilo i22.000
1,200 kilos i8.50/kilo JlO,OOO
Potato
8,000 kilos iS/kilo J48.000
1,700 kilos ll5/kilo J8,500
2,500 kilos i7/kilo J17.000
3,500 kilos iS/kilo J28,000
3,500 kilos ll6.50/kilo J21.000
1,700 kilos ll9/kilo Jl6,000

Gross Salee ....... ll280,000

Transportation Expenses:
The respondent delivered his harvest through the
use of hie private vehicle, however he spent a P40,000
for gasoline, reaietration, and repair.

Net Sales:
Grose sales - Transportation Expenses
i280,000 - J40,000
Jl40,000
Net Income:
Net Sales - Farm Inputs Expenses
J140,000 - J75,000
ll65,000

56
\.
 RP-German Seed Potato Progr81D
SITE Sadsadan, Bauko, Mt. Province

I. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

A. Project Backeround and Components

The RP-German Seed Potato Proeram under the Bureau of
Plant Industry aims to distribute seed potatoes to its
cooperators for seed multiplication.
The Buguiae Experiment Station was established in 1978,
primarily to serve as the research station and seed farm for
the Philippine-German Seed Potato Proeram, subsequently
referred to as the Philippine Seed Potato Proeram. Inteeral
components of the proeram are the followine:
a. Bueuias Seed Farm
b. Laboratories (Serum, Invitro Rapid Multiplication
and Nematoloey) and areen houses in Baeuio City
c. Seed sto~age houses located at different ac.cesible
areas within the places where the program is
implemented
d. Cold storaee for seed potato ( 40 tons capacity) at
Baeuio City.

The Buguias Seed farm itself is located at Barangay

Calagan, Buguiae, Benguet with an elevation of 2,100 meters
above sea level·. The total land area of the seed farm ie
36.04 hectares. Seven hectares are fully developed and
utilized for research and production of basic seed ,pieces in
rotation with other crops.
The proeram provides seeds to farmer cooperators. After
harvest, cooperators are expected to return the exact
quantity of seeds they borrowed (tubers ready to be planted),
and a 10% additional if the tuber is newly harvested. The
additional 10% is used to cover the lose in weieht when the
seeds will be stored for aermination.
Extension activities include farmers~ trainini pro1ram
and field demonstrations. Technical assistance is also eiven
to seed erower cooperatives, farm$rs and other individuals
interested in seed potato production.
After 3 years of operation, the RP-German SPP
constructed a seed potato etoraee (50 tons capacity) to store
potato tubers. Only farmer cooperators and implementors can
avail to use the storage. The land where the storage stands

57
w0s don~t~d by ~ f~rmer benefici~ry but~ must b~ returned to
the owner after 25 years from the date of construction.
The program started with 20 households as major
beneficiaries. Five percent of this number (4) out of the 20
members attended a seminar in Sayangan, Atok, Beneuet for one
week together with other farmers from different places who
were identified as ben~ficiaries. The seminar aimed to impart
to the farmers the proper ways and techniques on potato
production. Beneficiaries of the project were farmers with an
average land area ranging from 1 to 1.5 hectares. To them,
the project provided from 500 to 1,000 kg. of tubers on loan
basis, payable with 10% additional tubers.
At first, some farmers were hesitant to avail of the
project because they suspected that the program was like the
FACOMA which resulted in ma~y farmers being indebted for
several years. Each benefio'lary can only avail of loaned
potato tubers once a year, loaned tubers range from 500 to
1,000 kilos. Beneficiaries were selected from the members of
the Mount Data Marketing Coop which wae at the point of
organizing when the project wae introduced in the community.
Beneficiaries formed an oraanization (Mount Data Seed Potato
Growers Association) to hays a systematic and better
agreement among members and between the project
implementors.
When the marketing cooperative was pursued in 1980, the
RP-German Seed Potato Program aave a counterpart of f5,000.
The marketing cooperative was independent of the program, as
it was conceived and implemented solely through the
initiative of the members.
The seed farm is envisioned to become the major· source
of basic needs for distribution to qualified contract growers
who in turn will produce commercial certified seeds for the
Region and other potato growing areas of the .country.
Commercial production and marketing will be done by seed
growers cooperatives. The program implementore will certify
the seed produced by the farmers.
Research activities deal with germplasm collection and
maintenance, seed technology improvement, screening of
varieties for pest resistance and other desirable
characteristics, crop protection, soil nutrients
relationships, potato-based croppina system, and post
harvest.
Production of Quality eeede starts at the in-vivo and
in-vitro rapid multiplication laboratory and greenhouses
located at Baauio City. It is then carried to the Seed Farm
and to selected farm cooperators.

58
 r hi• pn:H:fur.:t:i.on <:r1' Prf.·~· ..·b,\\!il:l.<:: ~"'nd bti\!5i<:: !!H:·:•f·>d<;:. ;;\~''(.':• rlonr··
using the Rapid Multiplication Techniques ( stem-cutting,
einele-node cuttines ) and sprout cuttinas in elaes house,
and in-vitro multiplication of nodal cuttinas.
On the other hand, the production of certified seeds ~nd
subsequent eeneration of seed crops are done with selected
contract &rowers.
Seed certification is done to ensure the health
standards of seeds produce. Field and laboratory
certification programs are implemented.
In field certification, seed potatoes are inspected
three times durin& the crop season (30 ,40 and 50,days after
planting) to determine the percentaae of virus and potato
cyst nematode incidence in the field.
Under laboratory certification tuber samples are
randomly selected from each contract arower and subjected
to enzyme-linked-immuno-eolvent-aeeay, a sensitive
serological teet for p~et harvest certification.

Seed potato varieties which have so far been distributed

by the RP-GSPP include the followine:
1. Cosima 6. Conchita
2. Granola 7. Fina
3. Be lor ina 8. Greta
4. Marion 9 Isola
5. Monea

After 3 years of operation, the RP-German SPP

constructed a seed potato etoraae (50 tone capacity) to store
potato tubers. Only farmer cooperators and implementors can
avail to use the etoraae. The land where the storaae stands
was donated by a farmer benrficiary, but to be returned to
the owner after 25 years from the date of the construction.

B. Project Coverage
The total population of Sadeadan in 1975 was 493
distributed into 95 households. Por 1980, the total poulation
was 1,087 composed of 200 households. The program started in
1978 with 20 households as major beneficiaries. 4 out of the
20 members attended a seminar in Sayanean,Atok, Benauet
one week together with other farmers from different areas
who were identified as beneficiaries. The seminar aimed to
impart to the farmers the proper ways and techniques on
potato production. Beneficiaries of the project were farmers
with an average land area of 1 and 1/2 has. (see map of
project coverage).

59
 Ben~fici~riem in S•dm~d•n wereselected b~sed on the
1' o l l n•.... :i. n c:.t IIHi.' t <:r1' c: r· :i. 'b~\ t'' ion 11

a. Farmers whose aarden is located in Cada and

Sadeadan Proper in order to meet the prescribed elevation
required by the proaram. (1,004 meters above sea level
or not lees than 5,000 feet above sea level);
b. Favorable soil condition - must be free from
any soil diseases;
c. Interest and capacity to plant potato.

I I . PROJECT IMPACT ON SELECTED HOUSEHOLDS

Several effects were reported or identified by

respondents in the course of the case study
1. Potato seeds accounted as defective

* Respondent A : Hr. Al Beta1

The respondent is a restdent of Sadeadan, Bauko since
birth , and is a contract arower bf potato seeds. He is
married with 7 children (1 married,2 out of school who both
finished hieh school and 3 are still studyina). He is a
plain aardener, cultivatina a land area of 1 and 1/2
hectares (tax decla~ed since 19eo·s). The family at present
usee their own capital for aardeninl unlike in the 1970 e 4

when they needed to borrow capital from fellow farmer·s who

are well to do or to some middlemen comina to the place for
business. When the project was not yet implemented, he
acquired potato seeds from fellow f-rmers from the nearby
places like Sinto and Monamon, aside from the self-produced
potato tubers. Potato varieties arown before project
implementation were the Pontiac and Michiaan varieties.
The respondent related that when he started planting
potato seeds comina from the RP-German SPP in 1978 there was
no observable seed defect until 1979 when he planted
Granola and Belorina and bacterial wilt became observable.
"Cuyos", local term for Bacterial wilt is a potato disease
that causes the plant to wither after more than one month
from plantina. To prevent cuyos, the respondent used lime
or ashes mixed with the soil before plantina the .infected
seed potato. The respondent was not able to return the
loaned seed immediately when hie plant was attacked by
bacterial wilt, however he still manaaed to borrow seeds
from the RP-German and was able to pay hie loan. He
was able to sell potato tubers to non-beneficiaries for
i5.00 a kilo after plantinl the second 1eneration of hie
seed stock.

61
 At prement~ b~cteri~l wilt im mtill observable in all
seed potato varieties planted in the place but not to the
extent that every seedline is affected.

* Respondent B : Mr. Reynaldo Tahap

He is a resident of the place throuah marriaee (1970s),
orieinally from Loo,Bueuias,Benauet. He has 4 children ( 1
high school,2 elementary and 1 pre-$chool ). The family was
a beneficiary of the project, in fact, Hr.Tahap joined in
the trainina that the proeram provided before the project
was established in their place. The family cultivates a
garden lot of more than a hectares (1.3 has) since 1978.
Before the proaram, the respondent planted Michigan
varieties of potato tubers, self- produced from hie stock
(old stock), and ueina capital of hie own. When the
project started, he beaan to acquire seeds. In 1980, when
he planted Granola ( he planted this variety before but no
observable defect was noticed) he observed that hie plant
was affected by bacterial wilt, so he suspected that the
seeds that he planted were defective or not certified
as a foundation seeds.
Until then, whenever he plants potato of any variety,
some sedlinas are affected by the disease specially durina
rainy season. To check this;diseaee,the respondent must
have to check and seereeate tubers that are affected for
these not to be planted amymore. Tubers that are affected
can be determined by a whiti~h thina appearina in the nodes
and skin of the tubers or the whole tuber becomes soft after
a few days from harvest. Even hie old eeedetock (Michiaan
Variety) was affected aradually but not ae bad as ~ith
Granola. The respondent still prefers to plant Granola
because it can be harvested after 2 and a half months from
plantina, unlike the other potato varieties which take 4 to
5 months before they can be harvested.

2. Other sources of potato diseases

a. Before a contract &rower can borrow potato tubers he

should apply first, statin& the quantity that he wants to
loan. After harvest he should return the seeds immediately
and if he want to avail aaain for the next year, he should
re-apply. The seeds returned by the cooperators will be
accumulated and stored in the etoraae for aermination. When
the tubers are ready to be planted, they will be transported
to other baranaays like Sinto to be planted there and the
seeds from Sinto will be the ones to be planted by the
cooperators in Sadeadan. Constant traneportine and mixing

62
of seeds coming from different places and cooperators can
be a cauee for the spread of seed dieeaee because defective
seeds will be mixed with the good seeds and eventually
contaminated. The purpose of exhanging seeds according to
a BPI worker is to upgrade the seeds. Usually potato seeds
that are planted on the same soil will produce less harvest
because the seeds are immune to the· soil nutrients so it
will bear lees rootcrops.
b. Soil defects can also cause potato diseaae,although
agriculture technicians will examine first the soil before
the seeds are planted, soil disease may arise after the
examination or after planting.

3. Spread of seed potato in the communnity

After harvest, the cooperators will return the exact

quantity of the seeds that they loaned. The excess will
serve as personal seed stock and even sold to
fellow farmers who can not avail of the proaram. Since not
all can borrow seeds personally, they can buy from
farmers availina of the project for J5 to 10 per kilo.
Since then, the seeds have spread throughout the community.
At present,almost all farmers in the place are planting
potatoes whose origin is from the RP-German SPP.
All the farmers who joined in the training sponsored
by the RP-German SPP shared their knowledge on the proper
care and techniques on potato production that they learned
in the training.

4. Experimenting on p~tato variety suitability

a. Michigan variety-original seed planted' by the
farmers when the program was not yet operating in the place.
Farmers related that this variety can endure and survive
any season. Farmers in the place prefer to plant this
variety because it can stand even without so much water
and even extreme cold. This variety was existing since
gardeninl started in Sadsadan (1960.s), oriain can not be
traced because farmers acquired the seeds from their fellow
farmers and the local aaricultural farm supply store.
b. Granola-introduced by the RP-German SPP. The farmers
also prefer this 1 variety because it can bear rootcrope
eventhouah it will not complete the maturity date. This
variety can be harvested after 2 and a half months from
planting time. Althouah easily etriken by bacterial wilt,
farmers prefer this for it can be planted on short term as
compared to other varieties that take 4 to 5 months to
mature.

63
 5. Project supervision

Airiculturiet~ will have to eee that the 1ardena where

the seeds be planted must be in accordance with the
prescribed elevation (1,004 meter above sea level) as
required by the project. Throuahout the cropping period, the
technicians will supervise and assist the cooperatoree for
3 times (30, 40, and 60 days after planting). It is the
responsibility of the cooperator to return the loaned seeds
after harvest. Farmers whose crops were destroyed by
natural calamities who can not return th' loaned seeds
can change the seeds on the next croppinl.

6.Practices/beliefs corrected when the program was

introduced in the place

6.1.Slicing of seed potatoes before planting

Agricultural technicians from the RP-German SPP taught
the farmers that it is better to plant seed potatoes when not
sliced even though there are many sprouts around the potato
tuber. It is safer for the seed from the attack and infection
of any worms or diseases during aermination on the soil. More
roots are developed and better harvest ensured in terms of
quality and quantity compared to sliced seeds.

6.2.Sprayina in a fully opened faucet of sprayer

Farmers believed and practiced that sprayine planted
vegetables in a fully open faucet is appropriate artd better
in controlling any diseases or bacteria. When the program was
int~oduced in the place agricultural technicians taught the
farmers to cont'rol the flow of the faucet moderately and to
properly and evenly distributed eo that the spread of
chemicals from the faucet will reach all the parte of the
plants. Spraying in a fully open faucet is wasteful and not
effective.

64
 7. Conditions before the program was implemented

When the proeram was not yet operating in the

Sadsadan,farmers got their potato seedstock from fellow
farmers in nearby places like Sinto and Monamon aside from
their old seedstocks. Others bought to aaricultural farm
supply in La Trinidad. Seed potato variety was very limited.
the only existing potato variety was Michiaan and Pontiac.
Farmers were not very aware about the new techniques and
skills in eardenine. The use of commercial inputs was very
limited as compared to the quantity of inputs used by farmers
at present. However ae the proaram operated in the place, the
farmers were able to improve their aardenina practices
throueh the help of aaricultural technicians. Before the
1970s, eardenina was limited to a few farmers and yet on a
small scale. It was in 1970s when aardenina became popular in
the place.

' ' ' '

Gardening inputs with referrenoe to the RP-GSPP are
usually characterized by the followina standards :
Sample Land Size: 0.5 Hectare
Seedstock: 1,000 kilos
Farm Inputs:
a. Fertilizers
-chicken dune (120 sacks) i35.00/eack
-commercial (Tripple 14 and Urea) 7 sacks
for i250.00/sack
b. Insecticides
-Thiodan (2 bottles) il90/bottle
c. Funeicidee
-16 packs i150/pack
Production/Harvest:
-8,000 to 9,000 kilos (Bia,Medium, XL,Extra)

65
 V~ried ve~ctions and views were &licited from proiec1
benP-ficiaries and other residents in the community.

1. Municipal Mayor
When the RP-German SPP started to distribute
seeds to·us, potato production became very popular.
A great help for us because we need not to allot a budget
for seeds, all we have to do is to apply and request
for seeds. It enable us to acquire new seed varieties
• of potatoes and we learned the new techniques
in gardening procedures. Everybody were interested
in gardening to the extent that that those who want
to avail of the program rented garden lots to·met the
~rescribed elevation of place where the seeds are to be
planted as required by the project. Payment for renting
before was in kind, some do not pay i.n cash, they will
just clean and maintain the garden properly, then
after a few years they will return it to the owner. The
average rent before was i500.00 per cropping for
1,12 hectare.

2.0ther Members
With the new techniques in gardening that we
acquired duringthe seminar, we were a~e to increase
our harvest in terms of quality and quantity. Although
some seeds were defective, we were able. to acquire
new varieties of potatoes in which we are still
using at present.
3.Non-Members
Even though we were not able to directly get
seeds from the RP-German SPP, we were able to acquired
seedstocks by buying to those who were recepients to
the program. We were just late in getting the seeds
because we have to wait that our fellow farmers can
propagate the seeds for at least two croppings.
The only problem is that the eeede that we acquired
were the third generation, we never planted the first
generation or the new seedstocks.

4. Project Inspector
The problem on some contract growers was that
they return seeds which were defective or infected
with bacterial wilt. So, the spread of bacterial wilt
was never controlled .

. . 66
 (H:Jd :i. '1:. 1 C:•l"' ;;1 1 d ,:·1 t i:'l Ob 'ti:'l :i. l"tf.·~cJ '1' I'' Dill :i. l"t 'tf:-:•1'''·" :i. ~::ov,1~:;. Con P l''<:)j (·:·:• C: t
effects and impact reveal that almost all the beneficiaries
are categorized ashmedium and large scale farmers at present.
They are cultivati g a land area of between 1 hectare to 6
hectares,
The loaned seeds from the RP-German SPP was not enough
to the beneficiaries at the beginning of the program so, they
have to get seeds by buying to some fellow farmers in nearby
places like Sinto,bauko and Buguiae, Benauet. Farmers bought
seedstocks for P5.00 to P7.00 per kilo. Aside from buying,
they also produce their own seedstocks.
Before the program, farmer beneficiaries usually sell
their products to Chinese middlemen and lowland middlemen
although some delivered their harvest personally to the city
market (Baguio) and La Trinidad Trading Post. It was in 1985
when these middlemen were gradually eradicated because
farmers had est.ablish contact buyers in the market and local
middlemen arises to buy their harvest.
Some beneficiaries were supplied by middlemen and
storeowners from the city market, eo, they were expected
to sell their products to these suppliers. The suppliers
provided all farm inputs, the farmers counterpart wae the
labor. After the harvest, the supplier would deduct all the
expenses for farm inputs from the gross sales. The balance will
be the net income of the farmer and the supplier. and is
divided between the farmer and the supplier.

67
CASE 1 School Building Projects
SITE Poblacion, Bauko, Mountain Province

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL CONTEXT

A. Physical features and location
Poblacion is bounded on the north by barangay Bila,
Otucan on the east, Abatan on the southwest and Guinzadan on
the south east. It has 17 puroks namely: Domog., Lilicden,
Cotcot, Mangga, Dalep-ey, Tudey, Tablaan, Tikitik, Dagyo,
Malubban, Anunana, Palas-an (Plaza), Tanaadan, Dagdagupan,
Otto, Amdekkan and Maeedey.
It can be reached through the Haleema National Highway
in two entry pointe, either in Mabaay, Bauko when'coming from
Baguio, or Nakagang, Sabangan when coming from Bontoc. It is
approximately 30 kilometers from Bontoc, the provincial
capital and 130 kilometers from Baguio City.
The barangay has a total land area of 454.4 has. or
2.55% of the municipal area (neither the smallest nor
largest). Of the total land area, 39.96% is open grassland,
29.4% agricultural, 27.51% forest land and 3.13%
residential.
The climate is generally temperate, milder than Baguio.
Two pronounced seasons are obeerveable throughout the year.
The dry season starts from January until June and the wet
season covers July to December.
The area is steepy, sloping, rolling and undulating
with slopes ranging from 15 to 25% gradients. Terraces with
irregular shapes are the dominant land forms.
Three creeks from the Piedo River, which runs 1.75
kms., provide irrigation for the fields. This river
originates from Upper Bauko and extends to Bila through the
Kipkip River, and to Otucan through the Andanum River. The
river is subdivided into five small rivers, namely Pcsposok,
Sayot, Wanga. Tina and Pikaw. The domestic water supply for
the population comes from two natural springs within the
barangay namely Tudey and Tikitik together with a river
(Kulbong) originating from the forest near Tadian.

B. Socio-cultural Profile
Bauko is dominantly a Roman Catholic community.
Religious practices have largely been influencing the
indigenous culture of the people since 1925 with the entry of
the CICM (Congregation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary)

68
missionaries, followed by the nuns of the ICM {Immaculate
Conception of Mary) in 1935. Presently, however, the
indigenous socio-political structures and practices are still
maintained.
Two Dap:::JlY et.ructures are preeent in the community;
these are located in Mangga and Tablaan. The dap-ay serves as
community hall where meetings and some indigenous practices
are observed. It is here people hold the "Begnas", a
traditional thanksgiving celebration before harvest
time.Other beliefs and practices in times of death, house
construction and sickness are likewise practised by almost
75% of the households.

C. Economic profile
Poblacion is dominantly · a subsistence upland rice
producer but has potential in fruit and veaetable production.
The latter has just started a few years aao and is still
thriving at a small scale. Modern aaricultural technology has
been gradually penetrating the community since 1989 through
the nursery project of the Highland Aaricultural Development
Project (HADP), in collaboration with the Department of
Agriculture and the seedling dispersal project of the RP-
German Fruit Tree Program, an undertakina of the Bureau of
Plant Industry,also of the Department of Agriculture. Use of
commercial and imported inputs {seedlings and fertilizers) is
observeable. Notably, cash crop production of vegetables
particularly carrots and chinese pechay is newly practised by
4% families which begun sometime in 1988.
Although largely agricultural, the people have some
livelihood engagements other than farming. 3% of· the total
families are into business mostly of the buy and s~ll type.
About the same percentage of families earn additional income
from relatives working abroad. A large percentage ·of the
population who were confronted with the limi-ted agricultural
production migrated in the mining communities.

D. Demographic Profile
As of 1989 as per Rural Health Unit data, Poblacion has
a total population of 1,149 almost equally divided between
males and females. There are 232 households with 234
families.
Birth records from the past four years show that birth
rate increased in 1987 reachini 31.33 % but gradually
decreased from 29.92 % and 25.23 % . Death rates. on the
other hand, had been increasing for the last three years but
there had been an eventual decrease in 1988. Records from
1986 to 1989 are as follows, 8.05, 8.95, 5.28, and 9.57.

69
 E. Political profile

Community decision-making is largely dependent on the

barangay officials guided by municipal and barangay
ordinances. This is applicable to situations involving minor
conflicts in the comm~nity. However, in cases wherein
decision is beyond the capability of the barangay officials,
other people in the community maybe involve or consulted in
the person of community elders, past officials and other
respected personalities.
/

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

A. General Project Background and Context

The first pre-fabrioeted school building was

constructed prior to world war two during the Japanese
occupation in Mt. Province. Children had to be forced by the
patrolling soldiers to enter school . During the American
occupation, children were persuaded to enter school with the
clothes and food given by the soldier-teachers. In the 1950s,
at the time of President Magsaysay, Filipino teachers from
the lowlands ran the school. The structure then was the
Gabaldon building serving pupils from grades one to seven.
Pupils came from all over the municipality which was then
composed of three barrios then and those from Tadian. Later.
other structures were set-up in the succeeding period.

There used to be six school buildings. There was a

separate edifice purposely as practical arts room for boys
and girls; a 9-room Gabaldon type utilized for classrooms.
administrative office and a library; and two one-room
buildings as classrooms. These school structures have been
serving Poblacion and other nearby barangays particularly
Bila and Abatan for years until new educational facilities
had been installed in the said barangays. Presently. it has
four functional school buildings serving solely the pupils in
Poblacion. Added to it are one teachers· quarters and a
dilapidated school building now used as shed.

Pupils who graduated from Bauko Central School either

pursue their secondary education in the available private
school in the community or to other public schools in nearby
barangays and mining communities. After high school, some
enrol in college, others seek employment elsewhere. while
others stay in the community and farm. Outmigration is very
evident at this point.

70
 B. Fo~eign-Funded P~ojects

1. RP-US Bayanihan Building

The RP-US Bayanihan building was constructed in 1974.

Originally, it was a 3-room building, two of which are
classrooms and one serves as practical arts room for boys.
With the launching of Decentralized Learning and Resource
Center (DLRC) in 1979, a library proiram initiated by the
Department of Education CUQture and sports ,the two
classrooms were converted into a library while the
practical arts room has remained. Originally, the buiiding
was intended to be used as additional classrooms.
The building occupies an area of approximately 150 sq.
m. on a public lot declared as school compound since 1946. It
is an elongated bungalow type made up of cement with
galvanized iron roofings.
The building was constructed in 1974 funded by USAID as
part of the US bases rental agreement. It was contracted by a
certain Anton Vergara from Otucan, northeast barangay from
Poblacion. About 15 carpenters and laborers from Poblacion
and nearby barangay were hired to finish the project within
three to four months.

2. Educational Support Fund (ESF) Building

It is 3-room building presently used by grades 3. 4 and
5 since its construction in 1987. Each room occupies an area
of 12~ X 14.- Like the RP-US Bayanihan buildin~. it is
bungalow type with cemented flooring, wooden windows and
galvanized iron roofing. It was constructed upon a 150 sq.
m. lot declared as school compound just after World War II.
With the fund released in 1985, construction commenced
in 1987 under two contractors, together with ten laborers and
carpenters majority of whom are townmates (from Balaoa,
Tadian) of the contractors.

III. PROJECT IMPACT

1. Physical changes in the school set~up

Just after the two schoool buildings were constructed.

changes in the physical set-up of the school had taken place.
The Gabaldon type school building became a hall where
graduation rites and programs are being held. During regular
school days, one corner of the hall is being used as
classroom. The administrative office which was originally
occupying one room at. the left-wing corner was expanded. now
occupying three rooms in all. One room is being used as table

71
"\.(·:·:•nn:i.•::. c:ot'TH:·:·v· "fot'" t~:-:•,:\<::h:i.nq .:HH:I non"··t.f:·:•;,~c:tdnq pc-:·r·~::-onn(·:-~1 cd' th~::·
school. Three rrf the oriqinal 8 classrooms rem01n 0s
classrooms.
The RP-US Bayanihan buildin& serves as an· addition~}
structure for a wider library which was originally occupying
a corner in one of the classroom corners in the Gabaldon
building.

The ESF building replaced a 3-room building originally

used as classrooms for grades.2. 3 and 4 presently use as
shed.

2. School participation and performance indicators

A politician, teacher, and farmer who served as
respondeNts believe that the constructed school buidings have
been was very useful in providing more spacious rooms for the
pupils. However secondary data reveal. a decrease in annual
enrolment due to construction of school bui~dings in nearby
barangays from where some of the pupils came, as reflected in
school participation data.

All elementary teachers are residents of the community

except the principal and the district supervisor who come
from Bila and Baenen, respectively, two adjacent barangays.
The schools in the municipality were divided into two
districts in 1989. District one covers the schools in upper
Bauko while district two covers lower Bauko.
An alumnus of the school of class 1984-85 and whose
parents are both teachers observed during his two years of
stay in the community that pupils nowadays are dismisssed
earlier than the prescribed class hours. As witnessed by the
researchers, classes are dismissed very early in the absence
of the principal or district supervisor.
Moreover, pupils are observed to be less disciplined
and less knowledgeable, according to a respondent who has
been teaching for almost 20 years. Records show that before
1980, the number of those who failed and repeated was very
minimal, but this gradually increased in the recent years.
Enrolment record shows a decreasing trend from 1972-
1975. A slight increase was observe in CY 1876-1977 and
decrease again in the succeeding two years. The latest school
year shows an increase from the enrolment rate in 1980
(please refer to Table 1).
Municipal wide, however, Table 2 shows an increasing
trend in enrolment from 1983 to 1989. It is also noted that
the municipal rating is higher compared to provincial rating
(see Table 4).

72
 Drop-out rate shows that CY 198J-198q ~nd J ·)H'.'', .. ·J ··,,:::::.:::.
have the highest record. CY 1989-190 recorded the least
(refer to Table 5).
Even tables 9 and 10 indicate that school ~articipation
and performance indicators for the provincial level are
higher than those for Bauko.

73
 Nuaber of Enrolaent by School Year

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
Grade Len l & School Year
Section :'11-'72 :'72-'73 :'73-'74 :'74-'75 :'76-'71 :'77-'78:'79-'80:'80-'81:'89-'90:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
61 60 60 60 60 60 35 38 4l
A 31 30 30 30 30 30
8 30 30 30 30 30 30

II 63 63 66 60 61 60 48 42 35
A 33 33 35 30 31 30 25 27
8 30 30 31 30 30 30 23 28
lll 35 54 54 61 60 48 32 32 43
A 26 26 28 30 24
8 29 28 26 31 30 24
IV 51 51 53 51 50 44 37 32 30
A 25 25 25 31 30 30
8 26 28 21 20 20 14
:. v 50 50 40 40 40 41 44 50 38
A 25 25 30 30 28 22 25
B 25 25 10 10 13 22 25
VI 28 28 37 34 40 37 37 35 29
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. 268 306 310 307
: TOTAL 311 290 233 229 236 .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

74
 lable 2

Reasons For Dropping-out Among Bauko Central School Pupils

Reasons
:Transfer of residence 8 7 3 3 9
:Poverty 0 2 0 0 3
:Illness 0 4 1 3 5
:Truancy 0 0 0 0 2
:Opening of new school 0 0 8 0 0

Table 3
Municipal and Provincial Participation Rate

: Schoo 1 Year Bauko : Mt. Province :

1983-1984 89.35 % 73.32 %

1984-1985 93.35 %
1985-1988 94.08 % 93.68 %
1988-1987 95.72% 88.59 %
1987-1988 127.78% 82.58 %
1988-1989 129.81 %
1989-1990 103.00 %

Table 4
Actual Enrolment And Goine-to-school Age Population (Bauko)
: School Year : Goine-to-school Age : No. of Enrolled :
:Population (7-12 yrs.): Pupils
1983-1984 3,720 3,324
1984-1985 3,645 3,406
1985-1986 3,650 3,434
1986-1987 3, 768 3,607
1987-1988 2,810 3,588
1988-1989
1989-1990 • 2,823
2,184
3,669
2,252

75
 Table 5

Public Elementary School Enrolment for the Last Five Years

: School Year Bauko : Mountain Province :

1983-1984 3,406 17,458
1984-1985 3,405 17,408
1985-1986 3,609 18,447
1986-1987 3,506 18,469
1987-1988 3,691 19,255
1988-1989 3,806 19,255

76
 Table 6

Municipal and Provincial Completion Rate

School Year Bauko • : Mt. Province :

1983-1984 64.10 %
1984-1985 53.66 %
1986-1987 44.00 I 55.19 %
1988-1989 61.92 I
1989-1990 39.44 I

Table 7
Municipal and Provincial Repeater Rate

: School Year Bauko : Mt. Province:

1983-1984 4.08 %
1985-1986 2.34 % 3.24 %
1986-1987 27.71 % 6.96 % •
1987-1988 3.67 %
1988-1989 .66 %

Table 8
Municipal and Provincial Drop-out Rate

School Year Bauko : Mt. Province:

-------------------------------------------
1983-1984 .93 %
1984-1985 .23 %
1985-1986 .90 % .74%
1986-1987 .13 % !53 %
1987-1988 .43 %
1988-1989 .57 %
1989-1990 .09 %

77
 Table 9

Municipal ·and Provincial Survival Rate

: School Year : Bauko : Mt. Province:

1983-1984 : 55.49 % :
1984-1985 .: 54.73 % :
1985-1986 : 89.20 X : 65.02 I ··
1986-1987 . : 72.87 % : 63.37 %
1987-1988 ·: 67.37 % :
1988-1989 : 68.50 % :

Table 10
Municipal and PrOvincial Retention Rate

School Year : Ba.uko : Mt. Province:

1984-1985 : 99.44 % :
1985-1986
1986-1987
:
.:
87.82 % : 91.88 %
96."27%: . 95.70% ..
1989-1990 : 68.50 % : .
-------------------------------------------
Table 11
Municipal and Provincial Transition Rate

------------------------------------------
Bauko : Mt. Province:
: School Year
------------------------------------------
: 99.02 % :
1983-1984
: 1985-1986 : 91.25 % : 91.68 %
: 1986-1987 : 96.27% : 95.70%
: 1988-1989 : 97.00% :
: 1989-1990 :101.00 % :
-------------------------------------------

78
5

CASE Nagacadan Spring Development

SITE Kiangan. Ifugao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Livelihood-mix of the community
Farming is the major livelihood source in for most
households in Nagacadan, a barangay in Kiangan, ifugao. Rice
has always been the main crop. The construction of the road
in the 1980s gave rise to a diversification of crops, as to
include products into temperate veeetables, particularly
green beans and cabbage. Small retail stores have also
started to proliferate at the roadside, along with the
emergence of middlemen particularly in vegetable dealing.
From among the residents, though, the number of middlemen had
decreased because they lack capital and they face strong
competition with middlemen from Poblacion.
About 5 % of the total population rely on white collar
jobs; majority xprefer to reside in the capital towns though
they still maintain some properties in the community. The
earliest batch of professionals had out-migrated as early as
1960s.
Presently, other sources of income include overseas
employment and seasonal labor from government as well as
private projects. Majority of young adults have enlisted
themselves in the CAFGU to augment their income.

B. Infrastructure Facilities Available

It used to be that Nagacadan could be reached through
the old Japanese foot trail connecting Poblacion and
Hungduan. The first passable road ever constructed is the
Kiangan-Tinoc road then being constructed in the early '80s.
This provides the only means of access to the community, on a
passenger jeepney which goes every Saturday. During regular
days tricycles can be hired at three times the price of the
fare on a reaular passenger jeepney. To provide an
alternative road, a second class barangay road connecting
Ambabag and Lower Nagacadan was started in 1987 but it is
incomplete as yet.
Seven concrete bailey footbridges linking the community
and ricefields were constructed one after the other through
the local funds either from the provincial or municipal
budget. It was observed that the barangay has the most
number of footbridges.

79
 1n terms of waterworks~ six sitios have either level
one or two waterworks, among them are Cabunglahan, Paniki,
Luhong, Balicongcong, Pa-u and Ollaaon, all of which were
simultaneously constructed between the mid-·aos and th
present. A level two waterwork will soon be constructed in
Lower Bayninan with the use of municipal funds.
There are two main irrigation systems in the community.
Numbongngog commumity irriaation system supplies nearby
barangays namely Nungawa, Julonaan, Poblacion, Ambabag,
Pindongan and Nagacadan. Another is the Pawid irrigation
system supplying the northern portion of the barangay.

C. Facilities for education, health and recreation

There are two elementary schools in the barangay: one
primary school and a complete elementary school in Lower and
Upper Nagacadan respectively. These were simultaneously
constructed in the ·5os and were structurally improved during
the Marcos administration. The absence of schools for higher
education has forced young kids to be weaned from the family
at an early age. In fact, some are enrolled in another
barangay, Poblacion, as early as arade four. Secondary and
tertiary education are souaht at either Poblacion or Lamut
and Manila or Baguio, respectively.
Health service is extended by the barangay midwife who
pays a regular visit three times 'a week. Hoever, the service
is limited to minor health problema depending on the
available resources of the clinic. More often than not,
patients are referred to Saint Joseph Clinic at Poblacion.
Recreation facilities are not visible in the area
despite the presence of electricity. Moat of the people
however take a day-off in a week, usually Saturday~. during
which time people from nearby barangaya find time to market
their produce and buy some commodities at the same time.
Among the males, Saturday is a day for drinking liquor.

D. Credit availability, sources and uses

Credit sources are availed of either in cash or in kind
from the sources in Poblacion, particularly those of KAISA
store, Nawotwot Multi-purpose Cooperative, and middlemen in
vegetables trading. Credit availment became common upon
intensification of vegetable farming in 1980s. Usually,
credit from any of the cited sources are taken at interest
rates ranging from three 3% to 10%. Other sources are those
from the extension services of government and non-government
organizations.

80
 Nagacadan is a community reached by social services not
only from the government but also from no.n-government
organizations. Four government offices have implemented
projects since the ~70s. Among the first was the Presidential
Assistance for Community Development through the local
government offices. PACD was noted to have provided materials
for socio-economic projects such as footbridaee and
waterworks. Moreover, DSWD provided a J30,000.00 loan in
1989, distributed among ten farmers with 10% interest payable
within the fifth quarter from the borrowing date. The loan
was granted purposely to help finance the erowing vegetable
industry in the municipality. A eupportine project to this
was initiated in 1988 by the Department of Agriculture in
coordination with the farmers oreanization in the community
through the construction of a storaae facility which should
also function as a multi-purpose building. To date the
structure is not being used as intended because of its
distance from the road; it is instead being used as residence
of a teacher who owns the lot on which the structure was set
up. In the early part of 1990, the Office of Northern
Cultural Communities, together with a Peace Corps Volunteer.
proposed an income generating project through livestock
raising amounting to ~200.000.00 but was temporarily
suspended due to the untimely pull-out of Peace Corps
Volunteer program in the country. The project was to be
undertaken with the same farmers organization with which the
Department of Agriculture had coordinated their projects.
On the other hand, non-governmental organizations,
particularly Plan International, provides educational
scholarship to selected beneficiaries.
Despite the relatively big number of social services in
the community Nagacadan remains backward in terms.of the
health and socio-economic conditions. Ironically, however.
quite a number of professionals originate from the place. In
fact, the present mayor comes from the barangay.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS

The water system in Nagacadan has long been neglected,
until the 1980s when the government started to respond to the
health and sanitation problem in the community through
waterworks projects, complemented by health services rendered
by the barangay health station. For drinking purposes, the
people used to rely on freely flowing-water along creeks or
rivers which are usually used for irrigation and open
springe. Not all of Lower Nagacadan has a developed water
system. Four sitios rely on a nearby creek. The only water
source of Lapiddik, Muy-yang, Tang-il and Dayuccong was a
creek located north of the said sitios. In 1983, an intake

81
t~nk w~s const~ucted ~lonq the creek purpcaely to p~ovide ~
better sedimentation facility for drinking water.
In 1986, the Department of Public Works and Highways
released j37,600.00 through the First Rural Water System
and Sanitation Program for a level one water system.
Specifically, an intake tank with dimension 1 m. X 1 m. X 1
m. and three faucets were installed to serve eighteen
households in four sitios. Eight households in Tang-il and
two in Dayuccong, or a total of ten households, share a
common faucet, the pipeline of which was connected from an
intake constructed in 1983. On the other hand, a separate
intake tank with dimensions 1 m. X 1 m. X 1 m. supplies two
sitios, namely Lapiddik and Muy-yang. In Lapiddik, six
households share one faucet, while a separate one is used by
the owner of the land on which the intake tank was set up.
In Muy-yang, only one household uses a faucet, but this owner
provided some pipelines and a faucet (see map of project
coverage).

The construction took about two weeks though this was

programmed for one month. Trenching, installation of
pipelines, backfilling and construction of intake tank were
done through collective effort of the people. Each household
had at least one representative to render labor for a day.
However, one day free labor was not enough to complete all
the work. Hence, the son of the barangay captain, a
ouncilman, and the municipal plumber, did the rest of the
job. These people reportedly received compensation. As per
project specification, however, seven people were supposed to
work for the intake tank in three to five days, and another
person in seven days to do trenching, installation of water
pipeline and backfilling, for which an allocation has been
made to cover labor costs.

It was reported that 37 pipes were taken from unused

stocks of PACD from their previous projects in the community.
The construction took about two weeks though it was
programmed for one month. Trenching, installation of
pipelines, backfilling and construction of intake tank was
done through collective effort of the people. Each household
had at least one representative for a day. However, one day
free labor was not enough to complete all the work hence the
son of the barangay captain, a councilman and.the municipal
plumber completed the work. These people were reported to
have received a compensation. As per project specification,
however,seven people were supposed to work for the intake
tank in three to five days and five manpower in seven days to
do trenching, installation of water pipeline and backfilling.

82
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 Among the observed changes brought about by the project
were the following:
The children in the community are usually the ones
tasked to fetch water from the old water source which is
about 15 meters from Tang-il, 20 meters from Dayuccong, 15
meters from Lapiddik and 17 meters from Muy-yang. Interviews
revealed that many children usually encounter accidents
during rainy season when the water level along the creek
rises and pathways are slippery. N~wadays. children are more
or lees spared from such accidents. Moreover, the people
no longer have to spend much time in fetching water although
they still have to waeh clothes along the creek during dry
season.
The project was favorably received by the people who
perceive it as having been granted on account of the
political influence of former Congressman Lumauig. The people
believe that the project was granted through the power of
Lumauig who exerted a considerable influence in determining
project areas, considering that heads of the Department of
Public works and Highways were known to the people as
appointed into office by said politician.
At the local level, various sectosrs in the community
have varying perceptions of the barangay captain. For
instance, some members of the barangay council reacted
against the failure of the barangay captain in holding
consultations with the community prior to implementation or
even planning of the project. Consultations could have
allowed a seemingly democratic process within the barangay
council, e.g. clarification of priority project sites within
the community and persons to take charge of the project. It
was observed that the past baraneay captain had undertaken
numerous projects without the knowledge of the people. The
people would know about the project only when it is already
being implemented.

84
 CASE 1986 Water System Project
SITE Duit. Kianaan~ Ifugao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Livelihood mix
Farmine has been the dominant livelihood of the Tualis
in Duit. About 100 % of the ~opulation depended on farming
until the ·7os althoueh a small percentage of the populace
were professionals then. Others had migrated to the mining
·communities in Beneuet.
The decade of the ·8os marked the shift to vegetable
eardenine by almost all of the farmers in the barangay. At
the same time, it was durine this period when the community
had ita first record of overseas employment which gradually
increased at mid-·8oe. The business sector grew. The number
· of storsownere increased from three to six, one vegetable
dealer (middleman) and one tricycle owner and driver emerged.
However, reear4leee of the trend in livelihood
diveraificatiozll, Duit remains a farmine community with rice
and green beans as major crops.

B. Access roads and other economic infrastructure

'
I

Amone the several infrastructure facilities are the

following : Dinapugan-Antipolo Road (1988) ; 3 bailey
concrete footbridaee (1980s); and 8 water system (level 1)
(1980s). As noted above, the provision of services by
government and private services were marked in the ·aoa, in
contrast with the preceding period when the community was
virtually left on ita own.

C. Facilities for education, health and r·ecreation

Duit is one among the barangaya with the least number

of educational facilities, havina only one primary school
(grades 1-3) and three teachers serving 135 households or 727
persona. Intermediate and secondary education ie pursued in
Lagawe or Kianean whi~e tertiary education, which only few
can afford, is eouaht in Lamut or Baeuio.
In relation to health, a barangay health unit servicing
three baranaaye is located right in Duit. It is manned by a
midwife who visits three times a week. In moat cases,
however, patients are advised to eo to the center due
insufficient medicine and medical equlpments.

85
 F~<-::•r.: n:~iil i: :i. c:m ·1' iii r~ :ll it i«·~n• are 1 j,mi tt~cl" On J. y CHH:~ p .1. .:·1 y 1 nq
pool and billiard hall are available althoueh a few
households have their own video caeeette recorder.

D. Credit availability, sources and uses

Financial assistance is availed of either from private
individuals or agencies from within and outside of the
community, mostly to finance vegetable production. Vegetable
buyers (middleman) are usually the ones who grant loans,
other than lending institutions like the Kiangan Multi-
purpose Cooperative and Kiangan Farmers Cooperative.

E. Extension of other services by GOa and NGOs

Extension services are undertaken by government and I
non-government organizations. The Department of Agriculture
had its agricultural dispersal in 1989 while Plan
International repaired an irrigation system.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE AND IMPLEMENTATION P~OCESS

Duit has a very poor water euppply. Residents basically

rely on dug out springs for which there is ueu·ally one in
each barangay. In 1986, the Department of Public Works and
Highways granted tl2,000 from the Economic Support Fund for
spring development. ·
Such amount was targetted for spring boxes in three
aitios namely, Pal-iyon, Hieib and Baeuinge {see map of
project coverage). Each sprine box measures 1 X 1. X 1m. with
an appropriated fund of i4,000 each. Each barangay councilman
in charge of the sitios headed the construction of the
project.
Project specifics of the project{per sitio' include the
following.
a. Pal-iyon
Pal-iyon is a newly created eitio. Most of the
residents originally came from Baneawan (a settlement north
of Pal-iyon) for easier access to the road.
There are eighteen households in this sitio. All of
which depended on the only sprina for drinking and
laundering. At times, some residents of Bangawan preferred to
fetch potable water from the sprina. It is-about 3 meters
away from the nearest household and-about 500 meters from
Bangawan. The people used to dip their containers into
the dug-out well. In 1986, the springbox was constructed. The

86
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res1dents in P&l-iycn ware encouraged to render ccunterp~rt
labor depending on their availability. Some residents
voluntarily rendered a half day or whole day of work as
contribution. However, only a few actually gave their labor
freely for two days. Furthermore, four councilmen and the eon
of the barangay captain also worked on the construction. but
each of them was paid P20.00 daily.

Interviews with residents and barangay officials

revealed that not much change was observed long after the
project was constructed. The eprina box simply prevents
snakes and other insects from contaminating the drinking
water.

b. Higib
Higib has three households and all these three are
beneficiaries of the sprinebox. The riprapped spring was
cemented for the purpose of preventing snakes from getting
into the containment. No steel bare were used, only sand
reportedly of very low quality, accoraing to a councilman.
The project was constructed collectively by the residents
together with some barangay officials for 3 days. However,
only 4 persons received compensation from out of the
f2,000.00 budget for labor and materials.
Changes brought about by the project was limited to
what was programmed, the reduction in contamination from
snakes and insects.

c. Baguinge
The springbox was constructed from out of an existing
well. It was constructed by 7 residents of Baguinge for 3
days. The barangay officials received J2.000.00 for the
project.
Out of the 16 households in the eitio only 6 households
were beneficiaries. The 10 households prefer to fetch water
from another source which is nearer to them.
During summer, the springbox is opened so that water
containers can be dipped into it. The land upon which the
springbox was constructed was donated by one of the
beneficiaries.

88
CASE Pindongan Communal Irrigation
SITE Pindongan. Kianaan. Ifueao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Socio-demographic features
Moving into the interior of Poblacion is a dominantly
farming community called Pindonean. It is very adjacent to
Poblacion such that it can only be distinguished in terms of
the visibility of farms. small dwelling unite and a lesser
number of commercial establishments. It used to be part of
Poblacion but later became a separate barangay in with the
continuous influx of people from other places.

'
Barangay Pindongan is a farming community of rice and
vegetables. Most of the residents are engaged in farming
throughout the year. At present. there are 840 total
residents distributed to 149 households. Most of the houses
are made up of GI sheets for walls and roofs. and wood for
posts and floorings. Other houses are made up of bamboo and
cement.
Every family in this barangay leads a simple life. They
work in the fields during day time and rest atthe end ofthe
day. There are no available recreational facilities. The
residents rely on radio and simple conversation from their
neighbors as their past time aside from eome affluent
families who can afford to have TV sets or Beta player.

Rice produced by each family ie for home consumption

only while vegetable is for sale.

Based on interviews. the average family size in the

barangay is 6.

B. Livelihood/Sources of Income
Rice and vegetable farming is dominant in the
community. Animal raising is also observable for almost every
family. Livestock present in the community are native and
cross-bred pigs. poultry, goat. duck and turkey.
Other sources of income for some families include
fruits and coffee production. Seasonal outmigration is
practiced by male residents particularly after planting
period. They may work as helpers in busJness establishments,
laborers in construction firms or in vegetable producing
places in Benguet and Mt. Province.

. 89
 f h(-;! n:·:• ,;·1 n::• ,;'IJ. ~;; D ~; Otrf!·:·~ pI'' 0"1' t:::• ~;; ~;; :i. Dl"li:'d ~;; l :i. k.l·:·:• ·1:. \·:·:• <':'l C h E·:• r· ~:;. !'

agriculturists in the community. Store keeping is one source

of income for a few families.

Farming has been the major livelihood in the community.

Families can be classified as landowner. tenant or a
combination of both. Other than farming, livestock raising.
woodcarving, rattancraft and fishing were likewise practised.
Production was purely for-household consumption.
In the ·7os the people started to engage in commercial
vegetable farming particularly bean (habituelas) production.
At this point the first sari-sari store was established. A
small number of the population were professionals then.
In the ·aos, vegetable farming was intensified. A
growing number of the population shifted to vegetable
production. Number of sari-sari stores increased from one to
five. Overseas employment became noticeable.
At present, the community produces both for household
and market. Habituelae, coffee and cabbaee (very limited) are
traded to local middlemen who sell the eoods to other
middlemen in Bambane Nueva Vizcaya. Palay, papaya,
rattanfruit and other vegetables are for household
consumption.

C. Access roads and other economic infrastructures

The community was one among the barangays t~aversed by
the old national road constructed after the WW II through
which the Transit bus used to paae. Improvement of the road
was done in the ·aoa through stoning and gravelling by the
local government. In the ·7os, an alternative barangay road
connecting Poblacion (St. Joseph Compound) and Pindongan was
constructed.
An irrigation constructed through ·traditional
technology has long been existing in the community. It was
improved in 1989 through the construction of a dam from the
water source and riprapping of the irrigation canal.
·ather than irrigation, five footbridges were
constructed by the people themselves. The first was recorded
to have been constructed in the ·5os. These footbridges were
later on improved by the government.

D. Facilities for education, health and recreation

Pindongan has the same educational institution with
Poblacion. Kiangan Central School offers elementary
education and both Saint Joseph School and Ifugao Academy

90
h~s second~ry educ~ticm. For pre-schooler&p the Dep~rtment of
Social Welfare and Development set-up a day care center in
1988. College education ie commonly eouaht in Nueva Ecija.
San Jose or Bayombong. A few man&IEl to go as far as Manila or-
Baguio.
Health service is sought from either the Saint Joseph
Clinic or the rural'health unit. Minor diseases however are
treated within the family through traditonal healing
practices.
Recreation before the ·7os was not much as compared in
the ·sos. In the ·7os the people can not recall of a
recreation unlike in the last decade when different forms of
recreation like majyona and other forms of gambling, betamax
showing and pool table became very evident.

E. Credit
Before the ·7os, food for daily sustenance and: animals
for rituals were borrowed from neighbors in times of
necessity and paid back in the same or other forms.depending
on the agreement of parties involved. Usually it is paid in
the quantity. Cash credit mostly for education purposes
started to be observed in the ·7os. In the ·aos, farm inputs
in cash or in kind were likewise credited from retail stores,
cooperatives or private individuals in Poblacion. Credit
taken from private individuals is being lend out with or
without interest. Borrowed money to capitalize vegetable
production maybe lend out without interest provided the
lendee has to sell hie produce to the lender.

F. Extension of other services

Among the other services extepded to the community are
those from non-government organizations. Plan International
grants scholarships to a few selected students in· high
school and college. Loans are likewise extended through the
Nawotwot Multi-purpose Cooperative. Moreover, the Catholic
mission had provided loans for gardening to two families in
1987. And, recently Project Initiating Bario Based
Alternatives coordinated an irrigation'project with,CECAP.
On the other hand, PANAMIN provided agricultural
assistance by introducing the eo ·called high yielding
varieties of rice. Moreover, ONCC provided farming capital to
20 families in 1987. The Department of Agriculture likewise
had its carabao and goat dispersal in the same year.

91
 A. Background on the irrigated community
Before 1970
The community was purely rice paddies constructed by
the early residents as early as before the Second World
War. As the rice terraces were made an irrigation was also
constructed (Repaired by CECAP in 1989). During this period,
there was sufficient water supply from the irrigation.
Previously, the old folks would plant rice once a year.
They planted the eo called traditional variety which can be
harvested after 7 months from plantins. They planted in the
months of December to January and start harvesting in
the month of June. As the years passed, the farm lands were
inherited by the descendants. Traditionally, the first born
child of the family would have a laraer share of the land.
THe established way of farming was likewise passed on
to the heirs, and they never used any commercial fertilizers
and chemicals. Thepopulation depended on natural/organic
fertilizers by utilizing decomposed weeds that grew in the
rice fielda.Farmers controlled rats or any pest attacking
the palay by cleaning the sorroundinae of the ricefields.
Harvests were all intended for home consumption only.

1970-1980
During this period, rice production was still the
dominant livelihood of the community although some land
owners were not cultivating their lands because they were
working elsewhere. Tenants from other barangays of Kiangan
and original residents of Pindongan started to come in.
Harvests were equally divided between the tenant and the
land owner. Farmers still followed the one cropping pattern
in a year.
It was in 1975 when innovations in the cropping
system came in, as a result of the entry of the PANAMIN.
This program introduced high yielding varieties of rice
which can be harvested after 3 and 1/2 months. Some farmers
can harvest two times in a year, from December to July they
plant the traditional variety and HY variety from August to
November. •
Some rice paddies were also converted into vegetable
garden plots. The people started to.plant beans. Those who
converted their rice paddies into gardena were mostly the
ones who migrated to vegetable producing municipalities of
Benguet and Mt. Province as a hired workers. In gardening
they used commercial fertilizers but in leas quantity

92 ••
!::o!·:·~Ci:"IU!::.~:·:· thf:~ f.-}D:i.l. 14.1e\1:> st:i.:J.J. very fert:i.lf:·~. F~iC:€·:•. pn:H:h.l!:::i.nq
farmers started to use insecticides to plants. Almost all of
the harvested beans were for sale while rice was for home
consumption.
Only during the first croppina was the irrigation
system used because there was abundant rain during the
second croppina. In gardenine, irriaation was not needed
because beans do not require too much water; ocassional rain
is good enouah for eardening. Moreover, during summer a few
farmers would plant beans because it was observed that i.t
was durin& this season when market price is very low brought
about by too much supply. Farmers used the irrigat,ion during
summer (January to May) for first crop. All the farmers
whose lands were supplied by the irriaation assembled for a
day to fix and clean the canal ("UB-UBBO") beginning from
the source.
1980-Present
Since 1980 up to the present, aardening has become very
popular in the commmunity. Almost 50% of the rice paddies
have been converted to veaetable aarden plots. Some farmers
alternately plant rice and beans. Palay is planted during
the months of December to July and veaetable· for the
remainina months. Some farmers divided their lands into rice
paddies and vegetable aardens.
. .
The use of commercial fertilizers is very observable
at present. Insecticides, funlicides and commercial
fertilizers are both used in aardenina and rice farming.
Pure palay producers can have two croppings. During the
first cropping either the native or the lowland variety is
planted and only HYV for the second croppina.
Farmers use the irrieation system durin& first croping.
The farmers maintain the irrieation throueh collective work
or "Ub-ubbo" in the local dialect. They clean and repair any
damaged portion of the irrigation. In the later part of 1986
the farmers observed that the supply of water is not enough
for all the ricefields. Ricefields not irrigated are those
in sitios of Bacwawan and Tanibona which are far from the
water source. Thus, the farmers in these eitios either
convert their rice paddies to veeetable eardens or have to
use the other irrigation comine from Poblacion aside from
the water coming from the old irrigation. The irrigation
from Poblacion however is not enoueh to solve the shortage
of water from the old irrieation during summer.
Shortage of water from the irrieation became a problem
of the farmers for the past years such that the farmers
themselves agreed to rehabilitate ·the old irrigation.
Through their barangay officials and Project-IBBA, the
farmers asked for funds from CECAP. The project started in
the later part of 1988 and was completed in 1989.

93
 Jn l''f::•!::.pcm!::.f:·~ to th:i.!:; n~:1f.·~cf the pr·ojE·ct ,'"\ccor·dtnqJy
entailed the rehabilitation of an old irrigation system
Farming constraints related to irrigation consisted of being
limited to use of the existing source only during eummer, and
eventual decrease in the supply from it since 1986. As a
result, some sitios could no longer be supplied, resulting in
the conversion of rice paddies to vegetable gardens.
To address the problem, the farmers organized
themselves into the Pindongan Farmers Association, and sought
the assistance of a European Community-funded program, the
Central Cordillera Agricultural Programme.
During project implementation, a non-governmental
organization, the Initiating Barrio Baaed Approach (IBBA)
served as adminstrator. CECAP provided all the required
materials and equipments, while the farmers gave 218 man-days
of labor as counterpart. Each target beneficiary rendered
labor according to their time availability. Allotment of
work for the rehabilitation was divided per sitio where a
group was formed to clean and widen the irrigation canal.
The project was completed in 1969.

B. Project construction and description

The rehabilitation of the old irrigation was c~nceived
and planned by the farmer beneficiaries themselves. The
farmers· organization called Pindongan Farmers Association
organized in 1975 was reactivated for the purpose of seeking
assistance from CECAP. This farmers·organization through the
help of the barangay officials and Prooject-IBBA (Initiating
Barrio Based Alternatives), coordinated with CECAP for the
funding. As a result. CECAP considered the rehabilitat 1ion of
the irrigation as one of their pilot project. ·
During project implementation IBBA served as the
administrator by making an assessment of expenses and
presented this to CECAP which approved and helped in the
supervision of the said project. The construction of
the project started in December 1966, and was completed
with a total of 218 mandays contributed by the farmer
beneficiaries. CECAP provided all the materials needed
while labor was shouldered by the farmers. Each beneficiary
rendered hie labor counterpart based on hie .availability.
All beneficiaries rendered free labor with an individual
maximum manday of 14, a minimum of 1 and an average of 3
days.
Allotment of work for the rehabilitation of the
irrigation was divided per sitio of the barangay supplied by
the project· (6 sitios-Tanibong,Bacwawan,Pindongan
Proper, Amudjong, Lubbi and Bubak). Beneficiaries of each
sitio formed a group. Each group was responsible for their

94
 ~espective are~ of the irrigation. Al,l in all 6 groups were
fcrmed for the project When all the canals were fixed by
widening and riprappina, all the aroupe helped each other in
improving the water source in Baeuinge (more than one
kilometer away from the ricefields) by cementing and making
a dam along the river.

•
C. Condition after rehabilitation of the irrigation
The irrigation system supplies mostly the rice fields
and some vegetable gardena of around 30 hectares with 50
families as beneficiaries. The irrigation is functional
during summer or first cropping (January to May) wherein
there is no rain unlike in the second cropping that the
ricefields are rainfed. Before planting for the first crop,
the irrigation is in use. Farmers near the source are the
ones who get the water and then the other farmers are
responsible in fixing and seeing to it that water goes to
their respective farms.

To ensure that everybody will have enough supply of

water, the beneficiaries arranged a schedule for the use of
said irrigation. For 3 days only 3 sitios used the
irrigation and the remainina 3 days were alooted for the
other sitios. This schedule was in effect during the
months of March and April when water availability becomes a
problem.
Although the irrigation was repaired there was no
observable change on the plantin& pattern or crop rotation
among the farmer beneficiaries. Farm inputs and harvests are
still the same, the only observable change was the abundant
water supply of all the farms supplied by the irrigation.
C. Beneficiaries
There are 50 families as beneficiaries of the· project,
mostly rice and vegetable producing farmers (see map of
project coverage). Beneficiaries are tenants and landowners
or both owner-tiller, around 60% of the beneficiaries are
owner-tiller and the remaining are tenants. During the repair
of the irrigation on the case of tenant and landowner, the
tenants are the ones who render their labor counterpart while
the landowners help by giving contribution either in cash or
in kind for the meals and snacks of the laborers. The
beneficiaries worked with no payment because their labor is
their counterpart to CECAP.
In 1988, when the project was completed, the total
population was 820 ; eneficiaries in Barangay Pindongan
consisted of 149 families.

95
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 III. PROJECT IMPACT

Selected farming household casee illustrate the effects

of the propject.

* Respondent A
The respondent is originally from Pangasinan, he became
a resident of Pindongan by marrying a native of the place in
the early 194o·s. The respondent has 8 children, all of them
have finished their college education and are presently
employed in different government offices. The respondent·s
source of livelihood then was his salary when he was still
active in the military service. When he retired in 1975. he
personally tilled their 2 parce~s of land, both located in
Pindongan (one parcel is supplied by the irrigation). He
started with rice farming, then converted his rice paddies
to vegetable garden plots in 1983. He rendered his labor
counterpart during the project construction for 4 days.
The respondent produces beans for almost 8 years now
with an average intensity of 3 croppings anually. Usually
when the irrigation was not yet repaired, rice paddies were
the ones that are being irrigated becauee wat~r supply was
good enough for the rice fields. Rain ie good enough for
beans but when the irrigation was repaired the respondent
started to water hie plants (beans) during summer through
flooding the in-between canals of the plots. ·

Summarized below is the recent harvest of the

respondent from his 1/4 hectare lot. used the irrigation
project.

Farm Inputs Quantity Amount

Bean seeds 1 ganta Jl50.00/gant'a

Inorganic Fertilizer 2 sacks P250.00/sack
Pesticides 1 liter P210.00/liter
Fungicides 3 packs Pl95.00/kilo

Harvest/Product:

The respondent was able to harvest 6 times, the total

harvest from the 6 cuts was 700 kilos which he was able
to sell for as high as il3.00 per kilo_ and as low as
i3.00 to local middlemen in Poblacion,Kianean. The average
selling price of all hie harvest is P6.00.

97
 [.o.JhE·n ti·H-::• t··~:::·!::.pond~:n 't w.:1s; f."IS;k+::>d "tc) c:omp,;·~···p h:i. !:!· 1<:1'1.:<-::•!::.t
harvest to his past harvests, result is that there was no
significant change in quantity and quality. The only
observed change waes the increaese of the "cuts" or the number
of times that he can harvest. In the past summers, he was
able to have 4 to 5 cute. Although during rainy season he
could reach up to 8 cuts.
During summer, the respondent ueed lese chemicals
compared during rainy seasons. The spraying interval of
insecticides and fungicides for dry season is
every two weeks while 7 to 9 days for rainy seasons.

* Respondent B:
The respondent is a native of Pindongan. She has two
parcels of land, one is a garden lot supplied by the
irrigation while the other parcerl located in Lagawe. is
planted to palay. Aside from rice farming and vegetable
gardening, the respondent maintains a small store.
She is the treasurer of the farmers association and
an active mother in the community. She has 4 children. one in
the primary grade and the three still pre-school. The
respondent used to plant her land to palay since she
acquired it through inheritance. in 1986 she converted it
into a vegetable garden.
As of now, the respondent has not yet planted any of her
parcels. Data on her usual croppina.inputs and harvest,
covering 1/2 hectare land, is summarized below :

Farm Inputs Quantity Amount

Bean Seeds 3 gantas il50.00/ganta

Fertilizers
a.14-14-14/16-20-0 2 sacks i265.00/sack
b.Urea 1 1/2 sacks J240.00/sack
Chemicals
a.Selecron 1 liter i265.00/liter
b.Dethane 3 kilos Jl65.00/kilo
c.Agrowel 1 liter i!65.00/liter

Harvest/Produce:

The respondent maintains the abo~e-mentioned farm

inputs for every cropping whether during wet or dry season.
She can afford to have 3 crops per year. The average harvest
from the three gantas of bean seeds is 3,000 kilos, with the

98
n1qhest ~t 3.500 kilos and the lpwest so f~r at 2.700 kilos.
Usually, it is during rainy season when the highest harvest
is achieved because of the continuou rains that make the
plant to live longer as compared during dry season when,
after 4 or 5 cuts the plant starts to wither.

* Respondent C:
The respondent is the president of the Farmers
Association in Pindongan. She is a tenant of a rice farm
supplied by the irrigation. Rice farming has been the source
of livelihood of the family. The land that the respondent
cultivates is owned by a wealthy family in Poblacion,
Kiangan. Yield per cropping is divided between the tenant
and the landowner under any of two arran1ements, that is,
1/2 goes to the landowner provided that he produces all farm
inputs or he gets 1/3 of the total yield if the tenant will
be the one who will provide the said inputs. The respondent
gets an average of 29 cavane of palay per year. Yield per
cropping has been constant throu1htout the past years. The
family observes 2 crops per year, for first crop {Dec.-
July), using the indigenous variety with an average harvest
of 16 cavans of palay from 1/2 sack seeds sowed. During the
second crop, the average harvest is 13 cavans ,of palay using
the lowland variety. All harvests from the 2 croppings are
for home consumption only.
Other sources of income for the family can be derived
from seasonal labor ("por dia" or daily contract labor) with
a maximum pay of j50.

* Respondent D:
The resondent is a tenant, he is a rice and vegetable
producing farmer. One parcel of the land that the respondent
cultivates is planted to palay, and ie located in Tanibong.
one of the eitios of Pindon1an supplied by the irrigation.
When the irrigat~on was not yet repaired by CECAP in 1989,
the respondent observed that durin& the past 2 summers water
supply from irrigation sometimes did not not reach the
canal leading to hie ricefields, or there was no continuous
flow of water. Because of the irreaular supply of water. the
respondent had to use the other ir.riaation coming from
Poblacion inorder to augment the insufficient water supply.
Previously, he used only the old irrigation.
The respondent worked for 4 days during the
rehabilitation of the old irrigation. His harvest from the
land supplied by the irrigation has been constant over the
years. His usual share from.his harvest is 38 cavans of

99
palay for the first cropping and 23 cavans for the second
cropping from a 3/4 sack seeds sown. Sharing of harvest
between the tenant and the landowner is 50:50, the tenant
will provide all inputs and labor. The landowner will only
provide for the foods of the workers during harvest time.

* Respondent E:
The respondent maintains 2 parcels of land planted to
vegetable and palay, one is supplied by the irrigation which
is located in Pindongan Proper. From the past years to the
present, there was no problem on water supply for his rice
paddies because it is located near the water source, so
there is a continuou supply of water.
He worked for 3 days during the rehabilitation of the
old irrigation. Yield from his field has been constant over
the past years, the average harvest for the first cropping
is 57 cavans of palay while 45 for the second cropping.
There is a disparity of harvest between the two croppings
because the varsity of seeds sown is not the same :
indigenous variety for the first crop, and the lowland or
high yielding variety for the second crop .

100
5

CASE 1987 Water Supply Development

SITE Poblacion, lianaan, lfUMao

I. COMMUNITY LEVEL DATA

A. Livelihood mix in the community
Poblacion Kiangan has dominantly been a farming
community since before the 1940s. Wet farming and kaingin
characterized the agricultural practice. Main crops were
rice, sweet potato, corn, and legumes for household
consumption. Woodcarving and basketry were observed'but the
products were only for household use.
In the late #50s, small commercial establishments began
to flourish with the opening of the national road network
connecting Nueva Vizcaya and Bontoc. Farming gradually became
concentrated more alone the outskirts of the community as
portions of aericultural land were converted to residential
use. Being the municipal district, the community eventually
became the commercial center in Ifuaao until Lagawe became
the new provincial capital. Consequently, business
enterprises gradually declined ina ctivity. However.
Poblacion has remained as center of business.transactions,
being the seat of government still and the base of private
offices.
In the #70s, outmiaration towards the provinces of
Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya was observed amona the western and
northern barangays and other m~nicipa~ities in the province.
Better agricultural conditione and accessibility to the
market and other social services attracted the Ifugaos to
moveout. The same reason triaaered.some residents to move out
toward Aparri, further north, recently. Inmieration from
Nueva Vizcaya, Pangasinan, Cagayan and Mountain Province came
at various periods. Inter-marriaaes brouaht in thi~
inmigration.
Presently, majority of the people are either
businessmen or professionals and farmers at the same time.
Their agricultural lands can be found at the outskirts of the
community, in adjacent baraneays and in other provinces.
Notably, commercial vegetable production has been practised
since 1986 through some Ifugaos who migrated in Benguet as
workers in Jacks· Restaurant. Reportedly, a small percentage
of the population are overseas workers.

101

I
 Being the seat of the old muni~ipal district, Poblacion
was one among the two barangays traversed by the old national
highway constructed in the ·sos. It served as passageway of
traders from Nueva Vizcaya and Mountain Province. An old
irrigation canal was cemented by National Irrigation
Administration in the early part of the ·aos. These are the
only notable infrastructues in the community.

C. Facilities for education, health and recreation

Poblacion used to be the center of education in the
province immediately after the Second World War. Kiangan
Central School, the first learning institution in the
community, was established from out of the old American
garrison. First secondary school was constructed by the
church missionaries particularly the United Church of Christ
in the Philippines and Roman Catholic churches, respectively.
Ifugao Academy was the first secondary school constructed in
1945. Two years later, Saint Joseph School wae set up. It
originally offered elementary and secondary education but the
former wae phased out in 1987. Inmigration of students from
nearby barangays was. very evident but this gradually declined
with the opening of public schools in the province.
Health service has long been. rendered by the church
clinic put up the Catholic Church through its priest.
presently, it is manned by a doctor, midw1fe and a nurse. The
government Kiangan rural health unit works hand in hand with
the aforementioned clinic in-othe~ barangays.
Residents spent their leisire in the past with simple
conversation. However, with the entry of electricity in 1981.
a few were able to buy betamax players. One of the residents
runs a mini-theater and collects a fee from every watcher.
Added to this are tourist spots, such as the site of
Yamashita·s surrender to the American soldiers. A shrine and
museum are among the peculiar spots attracting ~ourists into
the barangay.

D. Credit
Credit availment in the community was known to exist
even in the past in the form of basic commodities like rice.
It was only in the ·7os when cash credits evolved considering
the growing need for money primarily for education.
Initially, credit sources were individuals in the community.
In the ·sos cooperatives started to form .

102
 c:eon!!~WI'I€\'J''H~~ cn:·:•d:l t iilr'td ll'lll\r·ke'tinQ c:opp.:.'t''tid::ivt·:·~~ ~A.•~:n·~x·
initiated by non-governmental oraanizations. Presently, there
are three functional cooperatives of different types. Among
them is the Kiangan Consumers Cooperative established in 1972
by few professionals and businessmen. From 5 founding members.
it expanded into 500 includina residents from nearby
barangays. In 1988 it expanded to credit cooperative. It
provides a maximum loan of P3,000.00 to individual members at
monthly interest of one percent.
The Credit and Savinae Cooperative in 1987 spearheaded
by the Knights of Columbus. supplements the need for credit
in the community.
Lastly, Nawotwot Multi-Purpose Cooperative sponsored
by Plan International was formed in 1987 with 256 general
membership from seven barangays namely Tuplac, Duit,
Nagacadan, Baguinge, Poblacion, Ambabag and Pindongan. A
cash loan of P3,000.00 was granted to its members for
capital, aside from the P1,500.00 granted as health or
emergency loan with one percent interest and payable within
six months. It has both marketina and credit components.
Individual credit in cash or kind can also be availed
from individuals with or without interest charges. One
individual was known to have been lendina money at 10%
monthly interest regardless of whether it is used for
business or for basic needs in the family particularly for
education and health-related emergencies.

E. Extension of other services by GOe, NGOe and

other ·groups
Poblacion has been an area for extension services both
from the government and non-government organizations as early
as the ·7os. Among the first which took off was the Masagana
99 program through the introduction of so-called high
yielding rice varieties (HYVe). Presently, the indigenous
variety is planted alternately with HYV but some residents
plant only the indigenous variety. It was in the "80s when
several extension services reached the commnity. Among these
were health services through immunization and "Operation
Timbang" (which used weighing to ascertain nutirition
levels), a day care center and experimental farms for citrus
and banana production.
Notably, Poblacion is the base of operations of non-
government organizations whose area of implementation include
the remote barangays of the municipality. For one, Project
Initiating Barrio Based Alternatives, an NGO founded in 1986
which coordinated with Social Action Center, holds its office
in Poblacion but implements livelihood projects in southern
barangays particularly Amduntog, Munggawa, Antipolo,

103
F:· lndonq,·:{n ,;'lnd Ht':1C)t':'lk.•:·1d <":1n.. t•fc;.r·f.,•O'·I<·:-:.,,.., Pl i'•n Tn tc-:·r··n<:1 '1:.1 (::<1"!•:• J :i. •::
likewise base in Poblacion but covers Ambabag, Tuplac,
Poblacion, Baauinge, Duit, Pindongan and Nagakadan. Lastly.
RDC-KADUAMI is assisting a livelihood pro,iect in coordination
with Ifugao Academy.

II. PROJECT BACKGROUND, COVERAGE, IMPLEMENTATION

A. Background of the water system

1. Municipal Water System
The municipal water system became operational since
1946 with the NAWASA as the administrator. In 1952. it was
turned over to the supervision of the municipal government.
The source of the water is in Linda, a sitio of
Poblacion, Kiangan. There are two big tanks to which a big
pipe is connected leading to the houses in Poblacion. This
waterworks system operates 3 times a day : in the morning,
by midday and in the evening for 2 hours each time. Every
beneficiary shall pay hie wat·er bill of i8. 00 per faucet and
~5.00 for every additional faucet. Each connection costs
i50.00.

The municipal water system supplies the whole barangay

of Poblacion but not all the houses. This waterworks is not
enough to supply all the residents so other rely on some
available springs in the area.

2. 24-Hour waterworks system

This water system was constructed in 1983 purposely
for the Kiangan Youth Hostel only. As the water syetem was
being made. 2 houses were able to have a connection (the
mayor and the contractor). As the shortage of water
continued from the municipal water system. more houses
connected pipes from the main pipe of the 24-hours water
system with the permission of the mayor or from the
administrator of the hostel. Usually, those who managed to
tap were government officials and prominent businessmen aside
from the municipal hall, Ifugao Academy and the Kiangan
Central School.
The source of this water system is also in Linda. as
with the municipal water system, but there is a separate
intake tank. From the source to the hostel, the connection
measures more than 1 kilometer.
In 1987. a reservior was constructed before the hostel
(project financed by KFW for i24.000) whi~h measures 8 x 8
feet. The tank was made to allow storage of water not used by

104
·r.l·,(·:·:· hc:o<::.t.<-:·:·1 ,, ·t'ot·· thi·:·~ CDJ"r!:;wnp·U.<:m crt' m.wnt:·:· !!;~;)1<·:·~<::t<·:·)c! h<::tt..'.~H:·:·!::. rH·:·t~t··
the hostel. It wa·s observed that most of the houses near the
hostel were not beneficiaries of the municipal water system
(see map of p~oject coveraae). ·

During this-year (1990), the office of Philipine

Tourism Authority (the administrator of the hostel)
leased the hostel to DSWD in the hope of making up for the
financial losses of the past years.
Under the DSWD, all individuals who benefitt~d in this
water system shall personally produce the pipes. The
municipal plumbers shall be responsible for the
installation. Each connection shall cost P50.00 and a monthly
bill of j8.00 per main faucet. An additional P'5.00 shall be
charged for every additional faucet from the main pipe.

3.Project Description and Construction

This water development project in the form of a water
tank financed by KWF was constructed in 1987. There were 6
laborers hired by the contractor who finished the project for
less than 2 weeks on a contractual basis.
Based on the list of priority projects of the municipal
government prepared by the Municipal Planning and Deveiopment
Officer, the project was selected by the Department of Public
Works and Highways as one of the immediate needs of the
people in Poblacion,Kiangan so they prioritized the
construction of the said water tank.
The land where the tank stands was donated by one of
the beneficiaries on cndition that his house have a water
connection, which connection shall not pass through the gate
valve, and all these without coat .. The tank was made
primarily to store excess water not beine used by the hostel.
Thus, a gate valve was set up which shall be turned-on when
water is needed.
Since the tank was constructed, the beneficiaries have
had regular water supply. The water was intended for house use
only. Last December 1989. the beneficiaries were worried
because the supply of water decreased until there was no
water was coming out of the faucet since last summer until
today. In view ofthe water shortage. the beneficiaries have
had to fetch water from their neighbors who are connected to
the municipal water system, or from some springs in nearby
places like Pice (a sitio of barangay Tuplac).

105
 l·'1m nb~:;er~vf:·:•cl by th~:·~ i'.h~:·:• b+:·:·n+:)·f').c::i.;,,,,.:i.f::•m. 1, th<-:-:· ··!'olJo,.:,I:J.nq ''·'·'.:
the possible reasons why there has been water shortage;
a. The increase in number of private individuals who
are connected to the main pipe~ From 1987 to
November 1989 there were around 5 connections made
alona the main pipe eo water supply is diverted to
these new connections.
b. Some beneficiaries who had connections before the
tank are using electric water pump.
c. There is insufficient water supply from
the water source durine dry season.

4. Beneficiaries
Target beneficiaries of the water tank are composed of
10 families whose houses are located near the hostel who
do not have any connection from the municipal water sy·stem.
In 1987, when the project was implemented there are 236
households in Poblacion,Kianaan, lfuaao.
The purpose of the project is to supply water to those
houses near the hostel. Persons benefitted were selected
individuals whose houses are located along the barracks and
near the hostel. These individuals are so selected because
there was no available water supply system in the place.
These residents asked the municipal office for the project.
As a result , the reservior was constructed to respond to the
needs of their constituents.
The water supply of the target beneficiaries was
sufficient immediately after the. water reservoir was
constructed. However due to some water pipes installed
before the tank, the water supply in the hostel decreased
enough from January to June' 1990, such that the tank was
never filled with water. Water connections before the tank
started in 1987. Along this point;. individuals who were
disadvantaged by the project are the target beneficiaries
themselves. For the past monthe,they have to fetch from their
neighbors who were supplied by the municipal water system and
to nearby sprine in Pico.

107
 Sketch Map- of
POBLACION, KIANGAN .FbQ/"\,
IFUGAO --- EfY' ,"\,
. / ~- AM/ ,
I ~, y '
rt]J-· POBLACION....._
Ac!}
. Gt-\, @LINDA

N~
AY
I
I®
•
PATUKAN

TO NAGACAOAN

""'- KIANGAN CENTRAL SCHOOL

""- -
LEi .... ..-f·~O:
....;c
1- ____:,;:>]
• I WAIC•n
---------
_
--
--------~
CIA.lOIUN'IT
-- -
----
.. - -
COMPOUND
- ------------
I=
I <;>
I HUIICIPAL
1 smo
R0<\0 TLJPLAC
 I I I .. PI~O.:JECT J:!Yif!'ACT

Several household oases illustrate the impact of the

project.
* Respondent A :
I
Location of Water Connection: Before the tank/along
the main pipe
Year of Connection to the Water System: 1987

The house.is about 50 feet away from the reservior and

situated a little bit higher in elevation with the hostel.
The house used to have a groc~ry in the late ·7os to early
·aos but was transformed to a snack house and a small sari-
sari store recently. Business and waae employment has been
the dominant livelihood source of the family.
The family was a beneficiary of the municipal water
system until 1987 when the head of the family, who happens to
be the school supervisor, asked permission from the
provincial director of DSWD in Laaawe and one of the
municipal councilors granted permission just after the local
election in 1987. Since then, the municipal water system
installed to their house was disconnected. There was no
installation fee asked by the municipal treasury. only the
monthly water bill of J8.00 was paid reaularly by this
family. There are two more houses ueina the installed faucet
of the respondent, without any charaee.
According to the respondent, the water supply was
continuous since the pipe was installed. Water shortage was,
only noticed last May to June 1990 such that water has to be
fetch from a sprina about 50 meters away from their house.
However, from July to the present there is enough water
supply for washina, cookina, drinkina and other household
usee.
* Respondent B:
The hostel was constructed in 1983 as a part 9f the
continuing program oi the Philippine Tourism Authority in the
municipality of Kiangan. To ensure 24 hours water supply for
the said hostel. a reservior and a corresponding pipe
separates from the municipal water work, but the water comes
from the same source.
In 1987,the supervision of the hostel was turned-over
to DSWD for it to maximize utilization because the hostel was
seldom used. DSWD manaaed the hostel from 1987 to the present
as a training center of DSWD personnel: It was also used to
house rebel returnees but only for a short,time because of
its far location from the military camp.

108
 F ,.·,::·o·· ·.1 '?iJ:··:; +:::. :.1. <:;iiJ'~i •• ''·'''I t!·:'·l'· ~:;u ppJ y ,,_~,·:~ !::. ,·:~ bunc1.::1n ·t:. :: 1+. ,,,,,,.1''
;::ti""dY di.IJ'"]I""IU l:.h•·:·:· mu ...,l:.lt!::- cd' F<-:·~bi'"\.I<:"II'"Y to I"'L:"IY o"f thl<:' ·~-":·:•<:"!!"" +.loco"!·
water shortaqe was observed. F~om the t1me water w~s ~
p~oblem of the hostel~ DSWD had to reject tl'·aininqs
temporarily. Water shortaqe is being blamed on several
:i.nd:i.v:ic.lti<:,J~::. who t,:·~ppl·:·:·d on t.hr? m.:·1:i.n p:i.pl·:·:· th,':i-1:. t··un!:; l:•r:··fuvL·
the hostel. The officer-in-charge of the hostel said that
these connections were installed to the discretion of the
provincial director of DSWD or the incumbent municipal mayo~.

At least one family was reported to have sought the

permission of the DSWD provincial director while the rest of
the connections were with the approval or permission of the
mayor#s office. Some connections were made without the
permission of either the two authorities. One case which is
questionable was the case of the Saint Joseph School. a high
school,theRoman Catholic Church, the priest cottage and the
clinic which were able to connect from the main pipe last
·November 1989. The parish priest asked the permission of the
mayor for a temporary connection due to the ordination of a
new priest in that same month and which required hosting of
many guests. The connection become permanent at present so
the hostel is questioning the said institution.

The absense of a clear policy on water connection has

resulted in many illegal connections from the water system.
according to the DSWD personnel.

* Respondent C :

Originally, their house was being supplied from the

municipal water system since 1962. As the reservior was
constructed on their land. a concession was made that they
could have a connection before the tank free of charge except
for the monthly bill. Supply of water coming from the tank
was abundant before, and this was used for cooking. drinking,
washing. and other household use.

From the time the 24-hour waterworks system was

installed their house, they were disconnected from the
municipal water system. Water shortage became a problem from
January to June of this year. Not a single drop of water flow
from the faucet such that they have had to fetch from their
neighbors supplied by the municipal water system. or from
nearby spring.

* Respondent D :

Previously. the clinic was connected to water coming

from the hostel. but which had to pass the residential house
of another resident. In November 1989. during the ordination

109
if they could directly connect from the main pipe to have
continous water supply for the especial occassion only, for
which reason the mayor gave his permission. But as of the
present. the connection is still in use. DSWD wants the
connection removed because water is diverted to the school
due to its lower elevation. but the priest is also claiming
that they spent around F8.000 for the pipes and was made
permanently so it would be a big loss on their part if they
will disconnect it. The institution needs regular water
supply because of the needs of the patients in the clinic and
the students of the high school. _

Aside from the 24-hours water system. the school has a

connection to the municipal water system.

* Respondent E:

Location: After the tank

The respondent is a beneficiary of the reservior

constructed in 1987. for which they were a priority because
their house has no connection from the municipal water system.
They had water supply from 1987 to Decemder 1989. and none
thereafter. The reservior has not been in use since then
because there was no more excess water from the hostel.

The respondent has had to fetch water from their

neighbors who have continuous water supply from the municipal
waterwork for drinking and cooking. Water for other uses
they obtain from stored rain water.

The respondent used to pay ~8.00 water bill monthly

to the municipal treasurer but stopped doing so since their
water supply ceased. When they still had regular supply. they
used to raise pigs. Thepiggery has since then been
transferred to a sitio of barangay Tuplac (Pice) where a
spring is accessible.

* Respondent F:

Location: After the tank

The respondent is ~nether beneficiary of said

reservior. As the water tank was constructed. the respondent
paid ~50.00 for the installation of pipes. Supply of water just
after the connection was regular although sometimes when
there were many visitors in the hostel. water supply
decreased. although this would be limited to a few hours.

110
 ·.:;)om<·:~t:i.m~:~!::. j.n th1;.~ J.,;·lt~-:~v· p.;,r·t cr1' :J.'?i:!'?,, th<-:-:· r·(·:·::,:por"::!'·:·:·n·t:
observed that there was a constant decrease in the water
supply that flowed to their faucet, until not a single dr·op
would come out by July 1990.
When the supply of water became irregular, the
respondent disconnected the pipes and transferred these to
the municipal water system after payine another 1'50.00 for
installation fee.

* Respondent G:
Location: Before the tank
The respondent is one of the few private individuals
who have an orieinal connection to the 24-hours waterwork
because he served as contractor to the project~ He was able
to connect because it is a part of the contract that he could
freely connect to the water system, free of charge.
In 1987, he started payine to the Municipal treasurer a
monthly bill of 5!32.00. They use the water in their
residential house and business establishment , a big grocery
and a hardware. The respondent has two sources ofwater. that
is, aside from the 24-hours water system he has still a
connection to the municipal waterworks. When there was
shortage in the 24-hours water system during the past summer,
they used the other water system. Besides, t~ey use an
electric water pump in times whenever the water supply
decreases.

111
IV. ANAI.YSIS OF THE CORDILLERA ODA EXPElUENCES

The Phili~pine experience with state-initiated

devr-:JCJpment, particularly from Official Development
Assistance, proves the incompatibility of national goals.
strategies and structures, with the concrete realities.
lntnrosts and aspirations of indigenous peoples.
The strategy of large-scale, capital-intensive, import-
de:pendent and export-oriented development failed during the
Marcos period. The plan to construct bie hYdroelectric power
plants by dAmming the major river"ayeteme of Bontoc and
Kalinga communities in the early :zoe backfired onthe
govt:~rnment when the tribals responded with unexpectedly
rnU i tant resolve to defend the ane~etr~l domain.
~ ·~-·~: {~,_,:<r! ·:~· .• ". ~~~..:?.;~:

The growth center model-·of:•.fO!l~lc development

concocted by Marcoe planners and!'oret. . advisers assumed the
rich resource areas of indigenC.)ue p'eoP:l~e and tribals to be
open land for plunder, in the name of '"national interest.·
The top-down approach of the government program. whr.:n
expor:::ed by the tribals themselves· as violat.ive of their br:tsic
hwnr:tn rights, was subsequntly buttressed by institutionnlizeri
~ggrRssion, in3tead of subjecting it to review. With the help
of th':': mi 1 i tan'. the government thus reduced the moral :i ty and
legitim~cy of the cultural and ecological issues posed by the
J;..•e<.•r-·IP.. as a case of political insurgency .. That the model was
rejected even radically so by the "backward" peoples. and
thr.1t the broadef:t sources of support and solidarity were
readily and willingly given by organized groups, the media,
and academics, nationally and interne.tionally, also showed
hnw isolated the national government had become. despite the
hopeful promises of its New Societ·y developmentalist formula.

Onder the Aq~ino administration; not.only was there

ttothing novel in :the reaional developjerit..'·'policy that was.
pursued, but the political and financial: condition of th.e
nation was serious enough as to requ~re austerity~
privatization, decentralization, even ~wlntensity Conflict
tactics in the countryside, and the da.naaling of the
Philippine Assistance Plan -- all of which failed to deliver
the expected targets.
The government~ s own PhiliPRin.: D,aVeloRmemt Report t<;u::
l.9.9.Q (NEDA. 1990) cites the diemal failure of development
programs and strategies in the Cordillera Administrative
Region in terms of the following ar~a• : .
- 55% drop in total volume of production of the
region· s ma,j or crops. compared· to the 1989 leveL
cJstensibly because of maeeive eroeion brought on by
the earthquake

112
 hi~her coste of agricultural i.nputs. which affected
the agricultural support logistics such aaroads and
post-harvest facilities. and attributable to the fuel
crisis
inability to attain self-sufficiency in rice
- foregone export earnings amounting to some $45.4
million, because of the drop in mettalic mineral
production (NEDA. 1990).

At the level of the indige~ous communittes which :ow·~·ved

as sitee: of ODA projects -· based otll.the case studief:: --
lessons are indicated in the foll!owi~l aspects of tht=!
experience in development and impact of development thrusts.
programs and strategies. ' ·

QUALITY OF LIFE

There were clearly marked chansees in access to improvf':d

water f.lOUrces both for ~rrigation and·:domeetic USeS as a
result of small-scale irrigation and water supply development
projects. Such changes have had the fol.lowng impacts :
1. IncreaEa;.: in productivity as a result of more

intensive croppings and expansion of cultivated

area.

Changes in productivity of farming households have

been evident particularly (a) ,in communities where a second
cropping of rice is constrained by lack of irrigation during
the dry season, and (b) where expansion of cultivable land i~-:
d.ict.ated upon by water availability. In the Cada irrigation ·
project, for instance, actual beneficiaries were assured of
2 to 3 croppings annually starting from when the project
become functional. The presence of irrigation that supplies
water to the eardens hae encouraged the people to work at
additional croppinge. Still in Bauko. e. gradual wideninf?: of
ar:t.r·icul tural land area was observed at the end of the
irr·igation canal. About one hectare was noted to have been
newLy planted with cash crops, so selected because they
req1.1i re lesser volume of water than irrigated rice . As a
general assessment by the local community, though, only a
port ion of the targetted irrigable area could F!ctnallv br-:
planted to two or more croppings, an observation thl"it ic
indicative of the limited spread of benefits.

113
 ~:. Increased efficiency in time and .labor allocation
--------------·-------------~-~-------------~-----
and utilization

The accessibility of water source to production ~ites

m8ximized time and labor allocation among farming
communities, and reduced the seasonal character of
production. While farmers before have had to prepare cabbage
seedlings alongside creeks (far from farm plots) where water·
is available. or do this task only during summer to allow
lead time for planting when the rai\'1$:Will come in May,
improved access to a water source. nowea.ve farmers the
benefit of beihg able to prepare the<.'eeedlings right in the
v i.e in ity of the garden and througf.i~~t;:,:~~-agricul t.ural year.
Whil~ iL rnay be difficult to quantiffttU;:,_direct impact on
income tncr·ements of this increase in time and labor
efficiAncy, the marked change is report~ct ~onunonly by f~trmers .
.,..
3. Shifts from subsistence to commercial production.

The reported improvements in productivity levels have

also been accompanierl by an inteneificaton of -- or even
shift. inc~ towar·de -··commerc i.tll vegetable product tnn.
A~cordingly. this mean8 not only change~ in crop and
obje~tive of production. but also the increased use cf more
e::-:pensi vP. jnor·ganic fer·ti 1 izers and other chemical oi.nr.mtE~.
even l.n rice production. Hence. any incremental increase in
farrnf';r·s · incomes is ·associated with more expenses on
comrnF~r-,·:ially prepared fertilizers and pesticides. Among
thof:;l:! who maintained their pre-project productivity leve 1s,
net income even tended to fall as expenses on inorganic
inputs increased. A risk taking strategy of most vegetable
growerF; interviewed is, therefore. to, increase the number c..f
croppings or· cuttings. whi.ch the presence of improved
irrigation facilities allows.

4. In~rease in net incomes, but with corresponding

increase in production costs.

An increase by as much as 30% in net income is observed

among a few farmers benefitted by irrigation projects in
Mountain Province. Most farmers, however. claim to have been
ahl~ to at least maintain their pre-project productivity
levels. 1'18 is similarly the case among farmers in Ifugao.

114
 WU.h the use of inorae.nic fai'm~]:'llputs. however,
inn·ense in productivity limits '·~the irtetoeaee in
farrners·income. This is illustrated m&~e.clearly in the seed
potato dispersal project. Yields of farmer cooperators
increased in absolute values. but returns to production wer·e
much below the expected levels. Other than additional
~·:-:pr:ndituruu ut1 tfJl'Lilizer-s lnd peettioidee, farmers also cite
the spread of diseases in the varieties being dispersed. an
is:=;ue which has impUcations on d.ietribution mechanisms of
sa .i.d pro,iect.

5. Reduction in genetic diversit~

---------------------------------
The shift to monocropping, particularly of mid-latitude
vege~bble crops and fruits. has reduced the practice oi
multi -(;f'r)r:;•ped swidden farms and home lots. aside from
dec:rel:l~~ i.ng the number of households engaged in the
cultivation of indigenous rice varieties. This trend has beer"
illustrated by the case of upper Bauko, just as the process
is now happening in Bauko --a largely self-sufficient.rice
producing municipality before the ·7os. The trend is also
happenl.ng in the reviewed Ifugao communities.
Particularly in relation to mono-cropping. the
associated use of inorganic fertilize:rs. persticides.
herbicides and weedicides. have transformed the indigenous
pest management and control system'• a& new pests and diseases
have evolved. In the case of potato.~~ted.dispersal, bacterial
wilt is commonly cited as a widespre-&d, disease. The cropping
r:·eriod from Januar.y to May is plaaued by crab root. funfus
and lenf worm. On the other hand, bliaht ·~ie a common potato
growing problem in the June to September':r>eriod.

6. Reduction in hazards related to 'Water access.

Th~:· health-related; effects of water supply development

r~r·o.i ("' ~ :::.meanwhile. are neither indicated on account of poor·
deE;il?n ond maintenance mechanisms for projects set up in
I fupAc.>. 'J'he water supply pro,jects in D11i t. i.e ..
conr::Lc•;·.·:t i un/irnprovement of spring boxes, were intended to
prcte~t th~ water source from contamination from insecta and
:::nab~::. but there is no assurance that such contamination is
corre~t0d because the technical design for the spring boxes
1s w~':J.:. At the most. what these small pro.iects have
minimized is the occurence of accidents ambng children who
used to fetch water from another eourc~. ·

115
 '(. NP~I :i gih l e improvements in educat i.onal ~e:ervi r·•o·:~: _

The impact of school building projects on guality 0~

life seemed negligible. if not totally absent. School
p~rticipation dHta, for instance. do not show any remarkable
in<:r·•HH:ii'! despi Lr.· imprnvt?ment of l'il~honJ fac:i 1 i tir•r; ( Ai~·hc.-, 1
partricipation and survival data even show a decrease).
Hence. any possible influence of this type of infrastructure
pr·n.iF!r:t. is not. reflr"lCted in any i.ndtcatora for imr.·rovementr-;
in social and occupational mobility. Based on school
pn~~lation data and actual utilization of space for school-
r-elated activities. the construction of more buildings in
<:F!ntri5Jlly located communities does not seem to have generated
].rmn~r:li.Ate J y tangible effects towards the improvement of thE~
·-r1alit~' nf ~ducation in the area.

B. Destructive land use conversion practices. resulting

in deterioration of water supply, increase in

temperature in micro-climate, increase hazards in

rord conditions because of flooding and erosion.

An outr:ome of the intensive land use for continuous

':r·cro;:•inrJ. and intenc:::i fice.tion of commercial vegetablt~ grm..,i.ng,
i::; the degradation of the environment. The expansion of area
dc:voterl to commercial vegetable cultivation. requ:i res the
r; l enr·i nf! rJf fr:rest reserves lind the eventual lmvering of thr:·
wAter level. This phenomenon has had serious implications for
tttf.'! ~mstrd nab i l i ty of farming systems. Most communities in
Rr:mkn and I fu1!,a0, for instance. especially in areas wher.e:
land conversion patterns have shown an increase in the level
r.md scale of shift from traditionaL subsistence agpicul ture
to commercial vegetable gardeninl~ The reduction in water·
holding capacity of soil is evident in erosion, reportedly a
common problem in ~;uch areas, other than flooding. Widesprr~ad
cutting and burning of trees, in tfhe course of clearing
forests to give way to terraced vel&table gardens, is most
r;ornmon in the Bauko area since the c1"'1<)e.

116
 9. Marked chan.eW''·. . ~Jlii!tftr'trid living conditions.
------------... ~tr~#:tr+f~tif~.;.'t.;~--------------·-----­
inter-communitth'iriti'e:r•provinoial mobility, arid
--~---- --. ------~~~·--~~,-...:-~-~------------- --- -·-- -~··---
t.rading.

The over-all patterns in chanees along this line showed

thnt. up until'the mid-·7os. moat households obtained their
basic needs from what was naturally beihe provided by the
lor:al ecosystem : rice, fruita, loos:l materials for housing,
;simple community gatherings for leisure. Very few ttems wer;_:
bcu[.;ht from outside : sugar. salt. 'co!fee. The desir·e for
i~~ms originating from outside started to become felt
:-;tAf'tjng in the '80s, and particularly in the '90s : cannP.d
C:::Jd. Doft drinks and liquor; concrete and galvanized ir,;:l
::hf:i: Li'; for· housi.ng materials; transistor radios. t.~ lev i.E: ion
::-::r:L, He tamax machine and tapes for leisure; refrigerator.

No direct link is being made by this analysis between

these marked changes in lifeatyleeand ODA projects. Within
thA context of capitalist markt:~t reJations, hoever, it is net
difficult to see the connection between. on onP. hand, certain
infr·asture support pro,iects --like ·~~d impr-cvcments, trading
ff1c i l i ties, seed storage and di;spe~M.l.<~ facilities/services --
·'Jtrd changes in production systems (Diltrket-oriented production
nf vegetable croPs and crafts), and'·'tt•ansformation in living
conditions. Increased int$r-provincial and inter-regional
( hf:tween the lowlands and uplands, as well) trading is a ven'
w i despr·ead feature now in Cordillera communi ties.

Especially among the'medium-scale and big farmers

r .,eeP.tablegrowers) covere~ in the cases studies, the
l·:minant trend in change in
lifestyles and living conditions
i.nclude the following for the period after the introduction
o:f ODA_-funded projects : 'increase 'in number of acquired
hntme appliances; ability to purchaee a vehicle for crop and
inputs transport, or purchase of one or' two additional
vehicles if there alwady was prior to project cooperation
r·eriod; ability to send children to school in urban Baguio
City or even Manila: ability; cap~city to invest in
supplementary livestock raising. this time for· sa~~ insLead
r;( h(Jusehold consumption.

RRSPONSIVRNESS OF PROJECTS
Development projects may have good intentions. but
limitaUrms on the knowledge about poor communities· needs
and 3n~ial realities tend to constrain project effecti~ity.
The s:r·r·ead and focus of benefits to be generated are often
over·· looked during the planning and implementation phases.

117
 Ar: t,hF: case studies in Bauko ahow, only big and medium-
r:;c:-J.lr~ farmers from Ingkadang ,_an~ Bago were the beneficiaries
o:f the irrigation project. The poorer· sectors of the
(:·~)rnrrllJni t~l benefitted only from having been hired for a few
d0yG Juring ~onstruction.

It was noted that 8% of the listed beneficiaries are

residents from nearby barangays -Otucan and Guinzadan and 9 n;
come from Bila. Comparing these da£a with the total household
p!Jpulation at the time of construction• only F.·1~~ wer·e
far·mer-benefic iaries from the community.

A barangay captain commented that the pro.iect. F1E: i t

i is a good one because the number of ricefie lc!f:; pl.t:mted
13.
twice a year increased. Only a small portion of the community
W?.f~ bei.ng planted in the previous periods. However, the
official explained that not all ricefields are owned by
residents of Bila, but by residents of another barangay.
Th~~se absentee landowners hold some of the large ricefields
.i.n the cornmnni ty.

In Duit in Ifugao, all ei1hteen households it1 the s~_tic)

liE-:r~d to depend on the only exietina e:pring for their drinking
and laundering needs before the p~oject. This source is only
about 3 meter·i:.:i away from the nearest household and about 500
rt:f.:lters from the center of the eitio, where the spring box was
t) be constructed in 1986. Interviews with residents and
bat·angay officials revealed that not much change was observed
long after the pro.iect was constructed.- At the most. the
pro,iect simply prevents snakes and other insects from
contamimtU.ng the drinkini water~J .. ..·:

In another site for the water supply development

pco;iec:t, only 37.5% ( 6) out. of 18 hou.eholds are be ins;.
benefitted. The remaining lt> households prefer to fetch water
from another source which is nearer to them.
Thr~ cAse_ of the public school building pro.iects
!:';irrd l ar·ly iJ lustrat.es the inappropriate utilizati.on of
r·r~::xmr·cF.H': for soci.rd dt.:::velopment. Considering the migration
trRnrl whi~h moves towArds urban centers and other locations
w~~r.-r·r:! opprJt·~~~mitir~E: f:n· ea.rning cash exist. it if: to be
P:·:~~t=:·ctE:d that_ many :-';cb,~Jols in rur-al areas will even have
:je'.:reas ing populBt i rJY'!.

LOCAL PARTICIPATION
Among the projects examined, local participation which
rF.inged from thF.- stages of planning to"implementation.
monitoring and evaluation, are limited to irrigation
pr·ojects. This is because the government agency tasked to
initiate irrigation projects have adopted since the time of
MF.J.rcos in the early 80s an experimental strategy based on
fHr·mer part,icipation through community organizing as crucial

118
component. Hence. farmers associations conceived. ini t,iated
;md followed up these projects with government agencies such
as the NIA. There are instances where the NIA organized the
fArmers into farmers associations or irrigators assbci~tions.
In these cases the objectives of the a~sociation are: to see
to it that the irrigation construction is in accordance with
the progr·am of the government and the recommP-ndat ions of the
NT A; that the member·s should be the ones to construct the
irrigation; represent the rights of the members who shall
benefit from the project: and to see to it that the
implementation plan stipulated in the government program is
followed.
In the implementation of the project. the beneficiaries
free and/or paid labor. and/or materials as the
r~nrlAded
communities· counterpart to the project.
Other areas of local participation are in relRtion to
a. canvas, bidding and procurement
b. inspection of delivered and released mAterials
c. monitoring of equiptment and its use
d. monitoring of phyeical and financial a.ccompJie;hmentf~
of the project
e. cost reconciliation sessions

In pro.iects such as the construction of school house:-~.

springboxes and water tanks. people"s participation is
limited to the rendering of free and/ nr pai~ labor during
the construction phase.
In the case of the conetruction of a water tank. the
b~neficiary participation is'through the paym8n~ of mcrithly
fAA~ nf PB./ fau6et and P5 for an additional f~~cet to the
municipality. Other beneficiaries"participation in the
pro,iect is in the form of a donation. Land v..·here a water
tank was constructed was donated to the community b:,r the
family owner in exchange for piped in water.
There are instances were the projects are awarded to
contractors who may not even make use of paid lc•cal labor.
Beyond project design and implementation. local
participation seems to have been weak in relation to
maintenance. This is true particiular;ly .for water supph'
development projects where no mecbariisme or structures for·
such are provided for.

119
COMMUNITY SOLIDARITY
There are pro.iects that enhanced community solidarity,
f;uch ~JD those which cite the formal org.-:tni?.ation of.
l']~r:;nr:ir1ill!n;-: As a requirement. One such pro,iect's c:-:•.;<:··~:··.:.vr·
for the farmer·s organization is to have a systematic and
better agreement among members and between the pro;iect
implemer: Lcn:·s.

Upon d•::~:n:·er examination. however, all' of the membeu:: 11t

said association are medium and large scale: far-mers. The
project strengthened their economi:Q position since they were
encouraged to pr·oduce more potatoes in a year.
There are projects where misunder:etanding among
beneficiaries arose as a result of, i~bsjft ':•pt water sum)ly
from an irrigation project. A reoout-e.J:j~ .,. h£8 situation is
for all beneficiaries to a~ree to hav&,;a~~.,ti~uled water·
service through rotation. , Conflicts a!l~"'01tJ;..;""derstandinas
also arise when a newl;y built water tarik ir-i-''c:n~t of water·
supply during the dry season .• and the·clitii••!:a due to
numerous pipes connected from the· mai'rl pi);lief b$-(Qre 'water·
reaches the tF.t.nk; and .eome beneficiaries uainl, electric water·
pumps. Thi.r-:: situation is aggravated wh!en a . number of
familes r·efuse to pay their water fees during the dry season
because of water shortages. The absence of prbject ·
mechanismR for resolving these conflicts may eventually
weaken community solidarity. The fact that indiscriminate
tapping on the main pipe, or diversioniof waterflow for
selective hcuseho ld ;md institutional usee. were resorted to
after project completion, as in the case of Poblacion in
Kianghn, is indi~atjve of the limitations in project
pr·epf:lr:.1 i'. -J,}n. wh j ch hr.1Ve f_;erious implications fer
consolidating or dividing the community. Whether intended or
unintE~ncled. fore i.gn-as~::L:: ted projects which get implemented
fHr:;t wi thr:mt p.:rJ ing thr·r:lH4h t,h£~ nt:~cessary preparatory
pr-ocedtn·~:~f;. unly creatP. r:oniu:::;ion and division among the
people.
t1 i :;,mdere;tr.mdings alE;n arise among beneficiaries in a
community, particularly where free labor is given as
counter·par·t bv many while n se lectecl few 1. e. the barangay
captain and councilmen are paid for their labor in the
implemantation of the project. As a reaction, the people who
rendered free service become jealous of others who were paid.
There are projects i.e. the c~menting of irrigation
canals where mutual labor exchange or collective work. ug-
ubbo in the cleaning and repair of damag~d -portions of the
irrigation is no longer practised. While local irrigation
systems built through traditional coope~ative labor are
usually maintained collectively as well. this is no longer
obsecved. This may be on account of the perception that the
pr·o.if.:r;t: is a funded and initiated one, by an exernal agency.
which even paid ~ages during the construction.

120
MECHANISM FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The organization of an active farmer.·e or~u:mi::.::;! ·!rm i:o:
one mechanism that ensures the sustainability of a r-·r'::.iAc:T ..
The operation and maintanance of an irrigation is carried ·~:.-~"t:.
for instAnrP hy the irri~ator~ or farmers aesooi~tjon who
IH·(~ bl··r,rdll·iil('lf!c: nf the [.>rn.jF~('t.. ~VhPre r~roblf>me.; ,')rif1F• ,:11•'1:
as the case of insufficient water supply of an irrigatio~
canal. th€! farmers association can meet to solve the problem
bv aP.r-ee 1m-1. to have a schedu} erl wAter service thrm1e:h
rot~tion. Inasmuch as· only NIA in its ir~igation projects 1s
e:: ingJ Hd out as having an impc1ct on .local participation, it
would seem that any project. to opt for eucceesful self-
management by corrununities and sustainabilitv. should provide
mechrml~ms for aneuring a people-first ap~roach. Ae one 1ocF.tl
offJci~:tl putr; it. " The people learned the participatory
approach in handling the pro.iect (irrigation). which i.s much
bet t.e:r· than the usual contract type ...

In the case of a seed potato program whose aim :i.::: to

pr·ov i <lf! em loan "quality.. 'seed potatoee::. the pr(.•ff.Y"Ftm
nr-gr:mi.u.Jd its beneficiaries 'into a seed potatc.. tJ.rnWF.Jl'
hSF:HW iat:i on. Each b~neficiary can avail of borr-oWF"l ;:•ntnto
eeerir: once a year from 500 to 1000 ki.los~ The Het~rl.~=: c:r·e· then
r-eturned to the seed storage after harvest. If avc::fc w'in ts
to borrow again for the next year he
must re-ar.•r-o L., . . 'i'he:-::P
fanner-s. in turn. ;-,;ell their extra potatc seedc: •-,:,. · 1 ::,·:-
farmers at P5-P10 p~r kilo. But the seeds acquired fc ... ,,
beneficiaries are 3rd generatidn seeds.

It can be said as well that, as it is, the stress u;r,

high-input. import-dependent. and increasingly intensive
crrn::ping, wh.i.ch ie: encour·aged by existing support serv:i.c:.::;: • -
farrnerr,; (or lack of the same 1 breeds a ei tuation which d,:·e:::
not lead to sustainable production.
GOVERNMENT MANAGEMENT OF PROJECTS
These projects beini eovernment undertakings funded
from official sources, it must be pointed out that .certain.
weaknesses which persisted in the 70s tend to be carried over
under the present administration. These weaknesses are in
terms of : · · ·

l. Segmentation. lack of coordination. and even

·----------------------------~--~------------
. I
duplication of programs, services; and functions
I
----------------------------~----~-------------
of line agencies which sponsor projects in the
-------------------------------·---------------
local communities

Thi8 is manifested in competing programs of such

gover·nrnent offices as the Department of EnvircJnwen t, '.... :i -1
Nr1tur·f:t 1 RP.sotJrcea. Departnaent of .L\grictll.tllr·t:·.. ·~\.ll.-;h .L
:·~rJV~:r·r;rrJerlt un.its,. Llepartment of f 1ublic WorkE~ ,:tnd H·Lr~.hwa\r~:· .
i'ind :--:t.her multi-agency programs. One result of thL:: L:; LE-< ·:.
o:f (' lari.tv in lines of authority and accountabil i tv, ,..,~,~~-;
f:nf•.. r-cernent mechanisms for respective lines of wc·d:. a:: :
weak mon u:.oring. For instance, the encoura.gement t.."'
r:omrne c··· i al vegetable growing provided by improv•~·!
infrastructure support, without consideration of concern~
beyond mere technicai efficiency and delivery of service 1:.0
limited targetted sectors of the ecosystem has accordingly
encouraged clearing of crucial watershed areae. Withl.n
the Cc1rdi llera region, conflic·ts between government pol ic.:y
and actual land use practices t'emain unre13olved, in the same
way that conflicts persists between and among institutional
fr-_.r-·F·.::: r:ompeting for resourc~ control, use and management
; Lh<' 1 .:n·ming households, government thruete, programs and
;::t rf:l L<"J 1 "':S}.

Encouragement of patronage politics, as in the case

·--···-- ·- ··-----------------------.... ---::..-.---~--------------
of lfugao projects.

'~'~1 i :.:
r)hf:ervation is expressed by local communi ties who
feel t:l:"tt. pr·o,jects introduced in their areas do not
necPs~;n:"1 1v Rddress the:i.:r real needs, but were implemented
,juF;t t:.rl(: ~":<:J.nl'::· bf.::c:ause formal leaders had access to re:=iour·cee
from high-placed officials.

122
 3. Unfair dealing with the people.

!n infrastructure projects, this was mani.fested in the

--:·on:ox·r:ii·tion of local labor, unr,ier th~---~~ee of countert:•art
contri.bution, even while project fundlf"<.jvtded for labor ·
costs. Similarly, this happens when,d~~~e or counterpart
lA.bor· do not pay righful, wages. · ·

4. Lack of sensitivity to the cul~utal set·tlng of

------------------------------l-.--~·----------------·
indiq.enous communities

P:r·o,ject concepts which tend to overlook., ignor·e, and

weaken the valuef'J. views, Pl'lactices and institutions of
indtw.:rl(JIJ£:\ communi.ties eventually undermine and are
therefore disadvantageous to the people. This is
8>:-;::·erienced. for· iw:;tance. when an introduced infrastructure
l>f'(:~j.:;.r:-t <n.>eratJes n·rl ".Nage labor. to a total rH sregard
• •! .-:(:uperat i.vP. for·rw:.: (!'t lt:~.bor observed by t.he ;.·e<:Jpl.e. and
whi.d, iB v,:duabJ.e tor· s·Lrengt}fening cornmutlity solidarity. At
Lhe worst. introduced projects t~nd to develop a dependent
c1t t. i todA among the r.•ec:I-·le. which .runs counter tc· the rnocle
-~) 1 ~ ·:. fe of indigenuw:.: communities.

IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ln the absence of a systematic and thorough
i.nst i tutiona.l framework for the utilization of offici.-9.1
develo~nent assistance, case studies an the 1mpact of ODA
r:·ro:ir.. cts in r1elected communities indicat~ the· following
t.r·ends in the re17don

1. emphasis on commercial crop production, to a gross

neglect of the subsistence· sector;

stress on high-input, import-dependent, and

incr·easingly intensive croppinl~ which does not lead
to sustainable production;

''!. P.xpansion of area devoted to commercial vegetablE;

cultivation. resulting in wanton a1sregard
for sustainable management of the .ecqsystem as
reflected in uninfor·med land use conversion
r·r·acticefl, maBFJ:lvf:'. er·cosion. forest fires. and
reduction in biodiversity;
 4. conflicts between government policy and actual land
use practices;

~- violation of basic principle of right to ancestral

domain;

r') 1mdermining of indigEmou::: peop1.:?s· r·i~(hk:. mr,de rd

Life. and institution~

7. conflicts betweeh and am6hg institutional forces

competing for resource control, use and management
(the farm~ng households, government
agencies/programs. state laws and policies)
1.3. segmentation, 'lack of coordination. and duplication
of programs. services and functions of line agencies
which sponsor projects in the local communities
~- Encoura-ement of patronage politics as well as graft
and cor:li'uption.

Between the Marcos and Aquino administration, the

tbr·usts, strategies · and programs for development have
remfl.ined· largely the same. A slicht difference is observed
only in termt;~ of the Aquino administration's greater stress
on socio-eoondmic projects in the poorer sections of the
countrv.' i.e:, in are;S.e of indiaenoue communities •. and the
atterm,.•t towards having more diverse sources of ·oDA. in
contrast with. the ~·lmost US-dependent ODA agenda of the
M.''H'<.~!I'-: periJJd. An increasingly more purposeful inclusion
<: f :...:~11 pax~ tic iJ:.•I'i tion and GO--NGO ( gover·nment 1:1nrl.
non-s-:·. ·vP.rnment organi;::ations) collaboration are also rnor-~
e'.ri_dP.nt in the Aquino period, although this is logically
tra2eable more to th~ chanracter of the finsncial situation
inhf"rited by the Aquino government which committed ]t.self to
r·r·:i<_.f'it.Lzin? debt :-:c:er·vicing.

::::evF:r/1.1 re('nmmendat.ions are forwarded based on these

r 1nd l! lf,!Ll
1. At the level of policy. there is a need

1.1. for the government to seriously review. develop

guidelines, and institute enforcement mechanisms
in relation to a more rationale allocation of
resources from ODA for development 'of
·disadvantaged communities;

1.2~ ;for host countries to set conditions in

124
 OD~ utilization which wl.ll not be dl'!tdrnentr1l
to the interest of indigenous peor-·l~s;

1. 3: for private international. national and

.looai agencies and organizations to c:ontr·ibute
towards a more responsive policy development
and enforcement. through a t. ime ly mont tor ina. of
devplopment program implementation and
processes in the marginalized communities of
indigenous peoples.

2. At the level of action and advocacy,

2.1. support only foreign-assisted pruJ~~ts which

enhance :peopls~s participation, equitable
distribtition of access and opportunities:
develop self-relianpe; promote indigenous
p~ople~s ~ight to Melt-determination; are
sustainable, ecologically sound, and
responsive to women's needs and issues .
. ~r:Qject~ which are harmful to the people's
;.dev~lopment should be opposed.
'·-· ·' .....· ' .
·. :: ,· .
.•

. 2 •.2,•. There i~ a need to be wary of projects (such ae

.ttloi:J.e a~vocating watershed protection) which
.· :')"{Q,1·~~·e; the indigenous people· s right to
. , ,.. lnfl~eetr~l· dOmain. ' .

•.
2. a~ :j:,qj-~::~h$: opportunity being opened by ODA
· :p~oj.¢ot.S for providing people~ s organizationf;
and n'on.;.;aovernment organizations with the
,\~ .,~x~r-~jnc~- in dealing with such programs
·~;·'"·::and:,P~,ttfecte, towards strengthening their
:£~;;[· o~iahi'Z:a-tion and advancing popular education.
--·' ~~ ;;::-~: . . ·... ' ,--: ·. .' . _: .·... : .
·•·..._: /·1<:-:. \". •• ... .:- .... ···: .,

. 2-.,~_.,P.etr•·\lP -independent monitoring systems for

.;f:: · · · . '''~~~cl1deotth which are preferably
•. '!"' ,rtlcipatory at the community level.

'

'. ~ ' ...

. :- ··.:~

125
 REFERENCES ·1
( Exc: lud ing sources for individual oase studies) 1:
I

Anti-Slavery Society !he PhifiPPines. Authoritarisn Go~r~=

1981 men~. mult1natiQnala~ ~ ~~~-al
land=· London : Anti-Slavery Society.
189p. . .

BoqPiren.
1
Nettleton. A Situationi§AA:r::te Jm ~ Cordill..er.a •.
Regp~la and Torres Ba(IUio City. . •..: .. .... ·.c ~- •
1988
,. . ·. ·. :···i~i~i!i~l:)',,, .,.
Center for Development Integrated hlt~~--nt .:. A ~tl
Programs in the JZaper. . :·::.::·.·r;zr· · ·
Cordillera (QDPC) ·.1··

1989 : ...

Lawas, Jose M.
1981

National Economic I.loo.cu;~ LBeaiQI\ r·, .·-~.. ···liAr D.e.Y.clcJmQu.t

DevEJlopment Authority fun 1.9_76-196!4. ~ ·'
(NEfJA)
!.11?-dAt.IZ!~ Phi.li.I2~ Deyelgpment E:ir.J.G
llt6A::Ulll ·- .
Medium-Term £h,ilippinc Development El.an
l~B7-t9az ..

THJ ,J:::i DE LA COURT. Seyong Brundtland. Green Q~yelop~nl in

199:) :the 1f390e •. London: Zed Books. Ltd .•
139p. Trans.; by Bd Bavena and Nigel Harle.
Trans. copyr:f4ht by'BijBEN 1990.
Tr·ansnat ional Pra!DQting Suat0.1na'bl)f Development in
Institute :the. Philippintus. lbA &Ue Q.f Eu.r.QP.~~n
19~10 G.Qv.ernm.ent.a .analiG.O..fL. Amsterdam. 89:r.

United Nations Qm: Qo.mmrm .Future .

W0rld Commission on
Env i r·cmr;110>:: t and
~ '
LIF:Vf:' J nprr~''''n t f WCED} ,!. ,_ •
188'/

United Nations ~-Peclaration.Q.f thsJlU.sb~ :t.Q

Gener·al J\esemb ly Oitv_e.l~.D.:tt....
19Hti

1
 Appendix I
0

. 'butiun ur
MuplD•.stn.
, Mmunty Oroupsinthc
Philippines

•
'-·· .
"'.·
·~., . Muslims!'
~·~. '
•• . Traditional (" ·;
Tribal Territories •••

•
'\

K~y to M:apJ
Distributien of Minority Groups in the Philippines
.\f- Muslins, IR - Indigenous Religions, C- Christians

Luzon Mindanao and Sulu 37 Maranao AI

Ilsneg /RIC 25 • Mamanwa IR Jl llanun/lranon /of
2 ltneg 0/R 26 Manobo 39 Mqindanao (Magindanon) M
J Kalinga 0/R Sub!{roups: 40 Tuuray /RIC
4 Balangaw /RIC A&usan-Surigao /RIC 41 Manobo
5 Bontok /RIC Uanwaon /RIC Sttbpoups:
6 Kankanai /RIC Higaonon IR Colabalo IR
7 lfupo /RIC Umayamnon /RIC Kalamansig to Kiamba IR
8 lbaloy /RIC 27 Manobo Blil IR
9 Kallahan/Kalanguya/1-wak Rajah Kabungsuan IR 42 Manoboffasaday - Sanduka.
/RIC 21 Manobo aad Tasa&ng (?) IR
10 Gaddang - highland, lowland 28 Manobo 4J 'rBoi (fapbili) IR
/RIC .- S.b groups: Ubo IR
11 lllongol IR Dibabawon /RIC « Blala (Bilaan) Koronadal
ll AILIIActa/Aita!Damc.gat IR ~n&guangan /RIC - Saangani IRIC
Ala IR 4S Subanon
BisaJR islaHs TI&Wll /R. s.. •• fiiiPS:
IJ Sulod IR Matigsalug - (Matig Salu&) IR Siomn /RIC
l-1 Bu~idnoo o(Negros :R 29 Manobo LlpuJan /RIC
i5 Maphat /R s.•rroups: "Sidmpn · /RIC
16 Kocolanos IR Butidnon (Binukid) /RIC TuboJ IR
17 Ali /RIC llentungen - /R-- Slllla IR
18 Ala /RIC (Westem Bukidnon) '46 Yaba II
Kiriyenteken - IR 47 ........ /RIC
&liHero
19 .........
{Western Bukidnon)
Pulangiyen (\V. Butidnon) IR :~

.'.,U:r. ...
..·_ ,...,.,,
s..-. s4

=.1-
llianen IR
~ ":'At' il"
Pulcniyan IR
Uvunganen IR '· . :; ~- ir~ . II ·
30 Manobo .. . ll
tailpwan IR S•bsnmps: .,........ Iii
BUiaid /R Kulamanen IR ll
tlanunoo IR Manuvu iR 8i1L1i (Si'butu) M
Ra~apon /RIC J I Monobo - Tagabawa (Bagobo) /RIC Lulanpn M
. _ Bap>bo - Giangaa. (Jangan) /RIC a.uan· •M
Palawan 32 Mandaya /RIC 49 · 8ajau (Badjaw) /RI.\1
:0 Tagbanwa IR Mansaka /RIC Sfliltltovps:
.:'1 a) Palawan /RIC 33 Karaga M Sama Oilaut /RIM
~I · bl Palawan AI )4 Kalagan (TagakaoloJ IR Sama Jengeng /RIM
:~ ~lalbog M 35 Manobo - S;1ran~am - Dav;so 50 Tausug • M
:; hma Mapun ,\/ del Sur 0/R
:J lbtaL. IR 36 Sangil!Sangir 'Maron: l .\I!C Sou~ The National Mus.:um of
the Philippines.

"
 APPEND I X Il
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES JN ~E CORDJLERA REGION

The Cordillera region has a total population of a

little more than 1 milion (1,019,707) as of 1985, growing at
an annual av•raoe rate of about 1.9Y. to 2.0Y. in the 1980-1985
period. Ea&ent·ially rural in character, the re;ion's ·
indiljlenO\.IS population is ;enerally referred to as Igorot, a
derivation from the old Tagalog word which means "people from
the mountainl~. (Jenks a 190~). Up to a time the term applied
only to the,KI,okanays, Inibalois and.Ifu;aos, as well as to
the mountalt:t·••ttl•m•nts in Ilocos·Sur and Pan;asinan (Scott
: 1962). T-c;~;..y.j th• t•rm is used· to r•f•r toallthe Cordillera
provinc•.••· .•acc:ludin; Abra .for which th• t•rm Tinggian for its
major ttthno1;4,n;uistic ;roup means th• sam• thin9 as the word
I;orot. .

. Withi,n::.-ch of th• Cordil•ra provinc•• are found

several lint~~:~Jttc gro\.lpin;s whos.e spread do not necessari 1 y
follow the pattern of definite administrative boundaries.
This description of various lin;ustic ;roupin;s underlies the
extent to khich •thnic pluralism is a characteristic feature
of the Co~dSll•r• area.
The t.ltVe~ major ethnolinguistic ;roups indigenous to
the Cordi }lera are : the Isne; in thlt sub-province of Apayao,
Tinggian or Itn•o in Abra, Kalin;a in the sub-province of
Kalinga, BOf'\tOC in central Mountain Province, Kankana-ay in
western Mo~ntain Province and northern Sen;uet, Ibaloi in
southern Ben;uet, and IfuQao in Ifugao province.
ISNI:tBS
~

The I•n•;• are slash an~ burn agriculturists who

inhabit tb'e. ,~Pf'!,ibr mour,"tain ranges of Apayao, the eastern
portion o1 A~•.'·•rut 14,ocos Nort•, and th• w••t•rn portion of
Kalin;a. Wi,tt\1.,, '~his area, Isne; settlements are usually
compoa.-d o.f' •fi~Wh•r• from 10 to 100 hous•s, which are either
c luster•~ C>r ..•• ~ .... ,..d.
Th••• settl•ments are commonly
1ocated •-h:IJ",O:d.,"~a,.t-.rways and small river systems •
. ::·:~i". {·?<,~·."~/)·:··;;':"''J ·. ·.

Th•Li'~~•:·Jlrtt. al•o known by th.t ·fo11owin; names a

Isned, Vap,.?~-~~p.yaQ, Mandaya, and Qalanaaan. lane; comes
from the llo]:}~no' ~ltrm I.-T• n•v or "of th•;, Tin•o Rive-r," whi 1 e
Mandaya mean• :'iup•tr•am" in the Isn•; lan;ua;e.
Th• ~~~· comprise th• pr•dominant •~hnic groups in
the Apayao towns of l<abu;ao, Calanaaart, Conn•,., JDudtol, Luna,
Flora and Santa Marcela. Dumalneg·, and Adams in Ilocos Norte
also have •:da~.tnantly Isne; population. Still in Ilocos ·
Norte, .admit t•n•Q 1am11ies also occupy ar•as like Pa;udpud,
Solsona, PiddiQ and Nueva Era. Sanches Mira, Santa PraMedes
and Claveria. in Ca;·ayan also have Ianito segments in their
population (~iao~oy : 1997).
 The language <Isneg) spoken by the inhabitants of the
sub-province of Apayao is further cateoorized into three
variants : Balon and Nabwangan, for Conner, and Pudtol
Flora and Luna (K"alinga-~payao Provincial Development Staff
198~) •

tcALINGA
Among the moat numerous Cordillera Oroup is the
Kalinga. They are dominant in the Kalino••AQ•Y,tO towns of
Balbalan, Pasil, Lubuagan, Pinukpuk, Tin;laya(\~ Rizal, Tabuk
and Tanudan.
The Kalin;a language itself, or Kinalin;oa~ is an
aggroupment of thirty-si~ (3~) petty dialects spoken by
smaller groupings within, formed historically as a result of
varying patterns of adjustment to the natural environment
characterized by the presence of many rivers and a rugged
mountainous terrain. Some of these smaller groups are the
Lube and Mangali in Tanudan and Lubuagan, the Butbut,and
Basao in Tinglayan and Pasil. Despite such diversity,
however, the Kinalinga language is understood by all of the
smaller groupings.
Settlements in the northern section of Kalinga are
traditionally engaged in swidden cultivation, until the
introduction of paddy iields in the 1930s. Settlements are
scaterred in small hamlets, usually consistift; of less than a
dozen each.
In contrast, those in the south cons~st of compact
villages of up to 1,000 houses. These settlements have a long
tradition of wet rice cultivation.

TINGGIAN
Meanwhile, the .Tinggians inhabit most o1 Ab~a and are
the majority (over 667.) in 16 out of Abra's 27
municipalities. These are the towns of Licuan, Lacub,
Lagayan, Danglas, Tine;, Malibcon;, Langiden, San Quintin,
. Boliney, Bucloc, Da;uioman, Tube, Villavicioaa, Luba, and
Sal-lapadan. They are also predominant (from '0 to 667.) in
Pe~arrubia1 and to a lesser extent (33to 50%) in'San Juan and
Manabo. (Other ethnolinguistic groups in Abra are the
Kankana-ey, Ibontok, Ibagos and Ilocanos on the west coast.)
In Marcela in Apayao, Ting;ian immigrants comprise a
community more commonly known as the Abra Village.
Altogether, Tinggians constitute more than 35% of
Abra's provincial population (Corral : 1979).
 The Tinggians are further distributed in 11 distinct
ethnolinQuistic subgroups spread over some SO~ of Abra's
total land area. These include the Adasen, Mabaka, Gubang,
banaw, Binongan, Danak, Masadiit, Moyadan, Maeng and Illaud
Qr Itneg (Oorral 1 1979and 1987).

As a general pattern, lowland Tinggians live off wet

rice cultivati·on, in villages with larg•r: c:ctnc:ltntrations of
population compared with upland Tinggians whose settlements
are dispersed. The latter group is also known to-practice dry
cultivation in the northern and eastern sections of the
province.

BONTOI(
The Bontoks include the indigenous gtt,ople in the towns
of Bontoc, Barlig, Natonin, Paracelis and s_-ci.n;a in the
central and eastern section of Mountain p~ovi.ru:e. From these
places there are also. those who, indiv~~':l·JJy>or; as family
groups, have migrated to Baguio City, tH•:IJ·ij!l:~lll/ communities
of Benguet and other provinces in the Cor-cU.li•r•'•
To distinguish themselves from centel Bontoc, eastern
settlements refer to themselves as the Ba1•noao, the Barlig
and Sakki.
Other than the Bontoks in the ar•as like Natonin and
Parac:elis, there are those in Mountain Province who consider
themselves as belonging to other ethnolinguistic groups like
Kalinga.

I(ANI(ANA-EY
The Kankana-eys are generally divided into two.sections:
the northern group which covers several municipalities of
western Mountain Province and eastern !locos Sur, and the
southern section composed of almost half of the province of
Benguet.
Among the northern Kanana-ey, large and compact
settlements constitute the predominant pattern. Their
villages are characterized by the presence of wet rice
terraces. Kankana-ey settlements are found in Tadian, Bauko,
Sabangan, Besao and to some eMtent in Sagada. These northern
Kankana-ey settlements are referred .to as Applai. It also
includes thos~ who h~d miorated to other places. Applai is a
term used to distinguish the ;roup from those of Bontoc or
the I-lagod, those from the mountain slopes and living on the
boundaries of Mountain Province of Abra, or the I-Meng, and
other ethnic groups. Amon; th• Applai•• those on the southern
part which include Sauko and Tadian ar'e caUifd 1-aba;atan.
Tho•• who inhabit the western side, alon; the Balasiyan
River, are called 1-balas-iyan.
 The southern Kankana-eys inhabit the municipalities of
Bakun, Mankayan, Buguias, Kibungan and portions of Kapangan
and Atok, all in the northern and down to the central
sections of Benguet province. EMcept for the central section
of Mankayan (including Lepanto) and Abatan in Buguias,
settlements are generally smaller and scaterred, compared
with the nor~hern group.

I BALDI

The Ibalois occupy most of Benguet Province. They are

predominant in the southern two-thirds of the province,
particularly the towns of Kabayan, Bokod, Sablan, Tublay, La
Tfinidad, Tuba, Itogon and the southern portions of Kapangan
and Atok.

IFUGAO
Ifugao is often characteri~ed as being predominantly
peopled by Ifugaos. However, linguistic groupings in the
province are further categorized into the Ayangan, Tuwali,
Vat-tukan and Kalai-e. Kanakan-eys, Kalinga and Ilocanos are
alae numeraus. Next to the Ilokano in number is the Gaddan«;~
located at ~he province's borders.
The Ayangan group is predominant in the municipalities
of Mayaoyao, Aguinaldo, Lagawe, Hingyon and parts of Lamut
and Kianoan. Meanwhile,the Tuwali are found in Banaue,
Hungduan, as well as parts of Lamut, Hingyon and Kiangan. The
Yat-tukan and Kalai-e are mostly in Kiangan and Tinoc. Potia,
meanwhile, h.s a mixed population of Ayangan, Ilongot,
Gaddano and Balangao.
Settlements of these Ifugaos are scattered, usually
along the river banks or plateaus. The province is generally
sparsely populated.

OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS

I 1ocano
Beyond the more commonly known linguistic categories,
most of the provinces have considerably largw populations of
llokano families intermingled with the indigenous groupings.
Ilokanos generally share common linguistic .elements with some
Cordillera groups, but trace their roots t6 the lowlands
until colonial times when they began moving into the
mountainous region. Presently, the Ilokanos constitute as
many as 70~ in the Abra towns of Sangued, La Paz, Dolores,
Tayum, Bu~•y, San Isidro, Pidigan and Pilar. In Kalinga-
Apayao, m~lti-ethnic towns with Ilocano inhabitants are
Conner, Tabuk, Flora, .Pudtol, Pinukpok and Rizal.
 Ilokanos also occupy some areas of Benguet,
significantly in the western municipalities. Saguio City has
as many as 40X of its population composed of Ilocanos (ARTC:
1987). The western neighbor of Benuget is the llocano
province of La Union. Their common boundary is ihhabited by
the Sago.

In Ifugao, next in number to what may be called Jfugao

linguistic groups are the Ilocanos who comprise the majority
in the towns of Lamut, Lagawe and Potia.

1-kallahan or Kalangoya

The 1-kallahan ethnic group inhabits the eastern side

of the Cordillera mountain range, the Caraballo mountu1n
range connecting the southwrn tip of the Cordillera and the
Sierra Madre mountains in the east in the provinces of Nueva
Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija and Quirino.

Kallahan speakers are specifically found in Southern'

Ifugao as wall as northwest Nueva Vizcaya. I-kallahans can
also be found in Benguet particularly in the municipalities
of Buguias, Kabayan, Bokod and Itogon, along Itogon's
boundary with Ifugao and Vizcaya and its borders with Baguio
City.

The Kallahans are also called Kalangoya. Among the

group, those who reside in Tinoc (in Ifugao) and Buguias (in
Benguet) call themselves Kalangoya. In the Nueva Yizcaya and
Ouirino areas, they prefer to be called lkalahans.

Baddang, Ibanag, Itawe

The Gaddangs can be located on the eastern fringes of

the Cordillera provinces of Kalinga and Ifugao, along the
boundaries with western Isabela down to northern Nueva
Vizcaya. They are known to have a considerable presence in
the Kalinga-Apayao municipality of Tabuk.

Ibanag and Itawa families are intermingled with either

predominantly Isneg or Kalinga populations of Conner, Flora,
Pudtol, Santa Marcela and Rizalin Kalinga-Apayao.
Bago

The Ba;o can be found at the borders of Benguet and

Abra. They inhabit eastern Ilocos Sur and eastern La Union.
The name Sago com•s from th• phrase bagong kristiyano which
means "new Christians," The Bago is generally the result of
inter-marriages among the Kankana-ey, Itneg and Ilokano. In
the interior ~~••• of Ilocos Sur, the Bago can be found in
the municipalities of Allilem, Banayoyo, Galimuyod, Gregorio
del pilar, Lidlidd~, San Emilio, and Sugpon.

Agay, Pugot

Agta (atta) or Negrito groups are located in several

boundary areas within tne Cordillera, particularly on the
border between Apayao and Cagayan. In the sub-province of
Apayao, they constitute the second majority grouping,
~articularly in Pudtol and FLora. They are known inthe area
as Agay or Pugot. Hunters and gatherers traditionally, some
of them have now s•ttled in villages in the forests, engaging
in slash-and-burn agriculture (Fiag-oy: 1987).

Other than the local Cordillera groupings and the

Ilokanos ar• still much smaller ethnolinguistic groupings. In
eastern Sen;u•t, for instance, are also found the Mandek-ey
in Buguias and ~arao in Bokod.
 Appendix lii

!'J[l/\ Project A in the Indigenous Communi ties of the Phi 11 ppi.nes

···-··-~
....
··-·-···-··
LUZON
___.____ _____________________
-···-··------......----------......-..---------------
£ndir~:·'?nOUfJ Community.·::~ Minority Group : . Project Type
.....,....,__
: Source of Funds
'·.

,.
,,

Abra
... '

..
Tinaaian Iofrag;tx:u.c.t.u.I:§.
School Bldg:.:g ESF
Road-9 ESF
Bridge-1 ,Jumbo Lo.:~r.
SociAl Secri~
Telecom Dev·t. USAIL'
Electrification USAID
A£ro-Foreo.t Mam~:
Tree Plantation £JSAID

----···------....._
Benguet
_____ ___________________ ......
K.:lnko.n.:1i
0~ Ex:ojects
Mini-Hydro
Iofras.tx:ucture
USAID

-Inibll.loi Road··31 ESF, JI.DB, ,J!.

Isino.i ··sc:hool-22 ESF
Bridge-3 Jumbo Loaz;
Irriaa.tion-16 JI.DB
Market Bldg. ESF
Drainage ESF
Seed Potato Strg: ADB, Gerrn.:.t.n:;
Loading Platform: /\DB
A&:z:icultux:e.
Nursery JI.DB
Seed Dispersal Germany,ADB
:.tech. Auistaoc.a
Train ina ADB.German:,·
Research ADB, German:;
... '
Aaro-Fox:eat ~emt.:
Fruit Tree Pros.: Gl!rm.:lny
l fue.no Infro•tx:uctl.l:ca
Sohool Blda. ··38 ESF
, ..•.... Roa.d-16
Irrigll.tion7
ESF. EEC, 'I'.::.n::.~.r.
EEC,Horld B.:..nl:
Hospital Bldg. OECF
.~.

..•......
. ·~··
.·, .... Water Work-140 OECF. KF"1J,
; • UNICEF. IBIW
Bridi~-3 JL,EEC
. ~·· Hoa.lth CGntar-3 : IBRD
A&:x:o-Fox:e~ ~:
...•· : Reforestation ADB
.. .
• :· AQx:iculturs
. r. B1o- Intoni!livo IJNJCI·~P
Gardening
Social Seryicea
·Health· Ed7• UNICEF
Liter~cy : UNICEF
lncome aen~~n~: EEC
--------···------~-------·-----------

1
 -·······-···--------- ---------------------- --·- ·- ..

K-,I i nga /\payao ~:u'linsa lnfr.am..I::uc.t:u.I:a

Y~tPuY3tJ St;hool Bldg.-21 ESF
Road-14 ESF/OECF
Public M.:~.rltet ESF
Bridge ESF /,Jumbo Lo.:.tn
Social Sa..r.:ll.i~s
Telecom Dev·t. f. DB
------·----~--------~--._
Mountain Province
___________
Bontocs
~~--------------------
Infrastructure
Bridsa-30 :JL/EEC/ADB
IFI\D
Road-43 :OECF/IBP.D/EEC
~·
• ESF
Irri&:lltion-50 : ADB/I FJ\D/EE·. ~
Storage F.:~.cility-14 :ADB
Loadini Platform-12 :ADB
School Blda. -·10 :ESF
Market Bldg.-8 :f.DB
A~ricilture
Nursory : ADB/Gorm.:my
Seed Multipliclltion : 1\DB/Gcr·rn.:wy
Sa.c.i...:l.l .SLtr'lic"~
Health Ed. :f.ur::tr.:~.li.:;
Elactrification-14 :1\DB/USAID
Hospital Equipmant3 :.ncr.
Logistic Support3 :.JIC/\
Ina~ Ganerotin' :USAIL'/EEC
U.t:~~u.:a.a.t M;;:mt.
Reforeatlltion :OECF/f.DB
Fruit Tree Progr.:~.m :Germ.::my
.T.a.chni~al SIU:.ll.i.c..e..a
Trllininga : GF.: r·in.:m:• / /1.[1!?.
Reaellrch : Germ.:my
: .Qthex: Pro1ec.t.
: Impounding Dam-a :ADB
--- -·----·--------:--:-------------------
..
tluevo::~
\' i.sc~1Y.ll:dnai l.a..fl:.a.l.tructu.c:.e.
---·--- .....

.. Waten1orka
- --
Scho'ol Bldg.- 3
~.

-- ., ~· ~-;. ~ \: .-~-~~ ;-
IkaL,.h.:~.n
:EEC
:ESF
. :.-:., Rotld-2 : ESF'/EEC
Irri1a.tion : E~:c
~ro·· Forca..t.o:
KEFFruit Tree :EEq

f)umt~l&t lnfu.a.t.xuc..tur~
llonfa:ot :3chool Blds.- 19 :ESF
Rolld- 9 : ESF
t,ricultura :EEC
.Sa.c.i.Al Sarvic..ll~
He.:~.l th Prog. : EEC
Community Dov · t. : EEC

2
 ...
. Ae~i~ulr.uJ:.a

________ _______________________
'.:'.:1~-:lY-'ln
........
Ibo.n.o.t:..
Upland Productivity :KWF
~~ro~Eor.~r.~

ln£r..~ ~-t t:~.Ul

• r.a.
:F.F.C
····---·- -· -

Puaot School Blds.- 34 : E:::F

Ro.'l.·1- 14 : E:~F

-----....,...-----------------·
Z~mb~lo~ : Neerito
___________________.._ Mo.rlt.ot Bld,.
lnf~~tt:u~r.
..

School Bldc.-4:3 : r-:SI.;'

Road-13 : E:::tr
Cornrrnmity C~Jntl!lr : E:::1,.
Wntor Work:! : E:~;F
Drnln.':l~e : F::?. F
Hoopit..:~l Bld~. : E!~l!'
---------:------------------------·----------·--
Is~bola .... Ga.dda.ns: ln~3.tt.U~t.u.r:e.
Dumagnt School Blda:. :ESF
Ro.'ld : E~:F

VISA 'lAS
Nagros Occidental Remontado luf cue.t :::ur.:.t.u.:::e.
Sc.:lu:.IIJl Bld!!;;. -70 : E::::F
Ro.:11.1- l. o : E~:F
t·k1rl~tH !3ldl.;.
lnc.Qmc Gt-.n.aulin.: :c'.111/.l d .')
t. ,;.c.lc.u l.t..u!:!l. : CF.tnHd.::;
Corn/Rice Prod"n.
~ E.t;u:.az.t~ : Ce1nrldr.,
lAch. . . A3a.i..!al:.o.nce : c.:l nllllr:t
Nosros OrientAl . ; Remontado ln.fJ:~.JJctura
School Blda.-41 : r~~; I·~
Road-7 :ES·:F
Ho.rkot Bld,. : l~SF

Cam.:lrines Sur Ati Negro3 lnf.r.a.atructua

School Bld~.-53 : E~:.:F
Road-10 : r~~~ (i'
Spillwas-2 : r~~::F
Irrigu.tion : qS/\ r!.J
Drainu.ge :u~:Arv
Wo.ter S~·atem : Uf:/\ ID
A£r..ic..ulture :tWA r Jl
£.cl.c.l.:>.l S.C.O:.icD.:3 : U~·:/\ l I I
O.ther. r.r...o..i.c.c..t.
: u:-:t'.!. r•
L.:md Heform
___ ________
.. ______ _
..

Ati Negros lnf ::D..-3 .tr~ .tuz:.c.

Irrh:u.tu.ion : u~:l'. [ !)
Dr:-..t i.nrJIJi:C : u::f'. r!,
Ro.':Jd :u::l'. 1t•.'t·:::F

3
 'ilater Vlorks :()~~.'\I D
A:gz:icult.urc. :US.'\ID
S.oc..i a l S.an:.i.c.as : US1\I D
O.tb.e..c r~ct.
·Land Roforrn :US/'. I D

Orien'tal & Oooidcmta.l: Ira.yll S.ctCit~l S.e.u::~dcil:l·

Mindoro . hlanga.n Ho.!!lth Proc;. : rt.:d '/
RD.tainon 1nfr.r:l:;; tr.u.c.t.ur.a :Itt1l::
Bant;on School & WCLtarworl~;::
Hanunuo
Ta.u Bultid
Pola.wo.n Kala.mianee lnfr.Ll~:tr.ua!c.ur.a.
Ta.abanw.:~. ·sohonl Bld&, . .-..9 : E:·~I•'
Bo.tllk Ro.:.d··f.1 : I~:SF
Cuyunin Ast:o:_lli. r..a.a.t.r. :r:
Kcn-uy
Soreogon hsta 1 n.fz:>:~ ;:; .t 1:.u.c.tu r:l:L
School Dlc!.e;.-26 :ESF
ROllf)- .14
Irrigation :US/\ID
Wlltorv!orks :US/\ I D
Ai:ricu.l.tu.r.a :USJ\ID
.S.o~.l~l :~fl..c:..:i.c.aa :USAJD
O.th.c.l: tr.a.iac:.t. .
Lllnd Hoform : IJ:-~1\ l D

Al:l.:m Ati NoGros lnf.C~ .,_t r.uc.t.u r a

School Bld~.-19 : E:S l~
Ro.:td-24 . : E:-:;r..

Co pi~
. ln£1:..:. :!l.t r.u.c..t.u r.a
SchrJol Bldt;:. -67 : I!;::;[..
RonrJ-10 : E:~F

Iloilo .• Ati ""Negroa ln.fr. .~s.t.x:w:.tau:a

Bld~.
.
... •
SchrJol
Rol.lrl-14
Brid~o
-68

:ESF
------------··-----'

MINDANAO
Surisao Del Sur Hanobo In fr. ·~ fl.t.L:uc...t.ux:a
St~ltt:lO 1. Bldg. •17
Be· .~d~•:J : J,:l f'.'HI
\, 1 t· t· I ~:.11:. ion : !II•H
Ro.:td-10 :ESF'
1\irport Runway :US/\

Farrn Equiprnente :Joprtn

,4
 .S.o.c..iAl Sacvloeft
Health ProgrD.m :US/'.
.E.i.sh.eo:
Coral Protection : 1'
Shore Protection : .J :1 p.:m
O.thc~ ~..tl.io.c.t
Impounding Dnm-2
Purnp Bo,:J.t
---:--=-~------------------------------·-------···
Aguoan Del Sur Manobo lni.ra atz:uc..t.uu
Ubo Rood-17 :ESF'
Hiaa.onon School Bld!;:.-17 : E!·~l~
Dumna.:1t Irrigcttion :1\DR
SQ.Ci.illl Siu'..!Li~c
SottlemontPro,;:. : IHIW
D..th.ar: £ro1act.
Oil Pla.ntation :UY.
Surigao Del Norte Mamanwa Inf~aetructu.c.e. .
-Road- : E~;F
School Bldg.- : E~;F
.5.c.da.l Seryicu :UN
..
Aguzan --~--------------------------------·-.····-· -··
Del Norte Mamanwa lnfJ:A4tructu~a
Irrig.stion :!\DB
School Blds.-17 :ESF
Roo.d-11 :ESF
Port Dav·t. :I f!RD
River Prott:Jction : J .:1 Pflrl
Aero-Forest M~ :UN
Q.tJuu: Pr:oject
Quiclt Action :UN
Employment
Sulu lnf~.3..t.cU.C.t...lwi
Rou.d--18 :ESF
School Bldi:.-19 :J!:SF
-----------------------------------------------
Yak.:t.n
..----
lnf..t:A.a.tntc.t.u~.e.
Rond-7 :ESF
School Bldg.-5 :ESF
Social Servicefi
Child Survival :UN
Other: Project
Land Reform :UN
Ta.chniCAl Aaaistan.cQ :Italy
----~-------~-----~~---------------
D.~v.::~o Del Norta M.undayc. lnfua.t.x:uc..t.uu .:
.Jop.~1n
----·--·
Ouma.Ja.t Drr:.dn.nse
Ata Irrigation-10 : Jap::m/ I t.J.l :;
Bridge : ,Jap.:m
School Bkdg.-31 :ESF
Road-27 · : ESft'/ It.~ b·
Mc.rlt, t Bldg.
 Communi.ty Canter :Ita:tr
'llo.ter Vlorks-75 : It:lly
~~:.Ear:e.a_t M.:rnt.... :Italy/
:.Jap.:Jn
illam.e G.!!ne..I:.U..ti.n ~ : Jap<tn
~ti.c.u l.t. u r: c. :Italr
S.c.c..ial S e rs..i.c..o ~
Community Dev·t. : ,J,J.pnn
L,:J.trir~c::: : I t.:J.J :,·
Heo.lth !~ducat ion :I t.:d y
-·· ...... --·
[to·.. ao Oriental Ko.laia.n ln.fr.a3.t r:.uc..t.w::a
Hando.ya School 13lds.-15 :ESF
Ror.td-7 :ESF
Community Canter : USJI.
Irrigntion-2 :J\DB
Bridge :JapT.Jn
~m.a Gcnorat1ni: :Japan
SQcial Scc~icca
Hao.lth :USA
h.c.hn.ic.a.l l\.a;si:ltaoce
' : Tr.niningm :US/\
-------···
Zambc.:::mg.:1 Dol ~torte Badja.o Infroat.J:uc.t.u~
Subnnon Road :ESF
School Bld&:. :ESF
o.th.e.z: P.r..a.i.A.c.t. ':
Navigntiono.l :.J.-:J.p/!111
Facili.tle13
·--· ·-·· ·-····· ···-··
T.::nd ·- T .:1'o~d. Holboi lnf CA.at. .r.uc...t..u .t:C.
Ro.!ld :ESF
School :ESF
·------···-·--· .
Ba.eobo 1n.f.c.al3.t..r..u.c.tuu
I o Taaaka.olo Ro.o.cl :ESF
Ko.la.io.n School :ESF
lrrig.:ttlon-4. :/\DB/ I Bf\!)
.!la:.t:.e.:.Ec.r.flat.O: :US/\
lncom!l G.Qll.Q.t.;U.~ :Japan
SQcial Sc.cvicaa
·Community Dev·t. :USA
Health :US/\/
..
.•. : Luthct·.:~n
:World R13l i r:f
. -----. ·-· ....-
North Cot.:tbato B~eobo . Infca;struc.t.uca
School Bldg.-16 :ESF
·: Dibaba.won Road-14 :ESF
Ma.rk,t Bldi. :ESF
L.:~nno
····-·-·--.--~~~------
Del Sur
.......Irnnun
...._-----~~------------
ln.f:caatx::uct:u:ca
Haranaw Community Canter :Asi.:~
: Founrl.:& t inn

6
 .: P.nhool Bld1. 20 : Ji;SF
Road·6 : l~SF
: · luucJWPJ Gaue.c~iua :USA
SLU.LLJJ.l Ss.u:..cl.ua~
Child S•1rviv.:1l :UN
rutt.c.:..F..u .c:ao~ :US/\

L.:mno De 1 Norte Maranaw In.f.r.ll::tt.r:uc.t..ur.a

SohorJ l Bldg. -18 :ESF
Roa.d-8'7 :ESF
Z.'lmbo.:mg.'l------~----------~----------------------------------
Del Sur Muttlim lnfz:.a.-:tt..r..uc.t.uz:a.
School. TJld&:. :ESF
Roo.d : E~3F
E..c.c.1Al Zflo:ic.ac
Heo.lth Services :UN
Aer i cult.u.z:a : It<:dy
~~ A~~i~nca : F.SF/IJ~~A
o..t.b.az: r..z:.c..iac.:t.
Fiahr:.:ry : j ap~tn
Air 1-lf.lviio.tional :.] o.pta n
Fo.oilitifJcs
:;ultan Kudara.t MaiUindo.nao ln.fuatz:.u.a..t..u.I:A
T"boli School Bldc.-16 :ESF
Road-2
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Haguindano.o lnfz:aatructura
:·· T"boli Road-9 :ESF
.• MaiUindanao School Bldg. -17 · :ESF/Ford
.·• . .
Tirur.o.y
Al:.t:.ic_ul..t..uz:.a
:Found::..t.ion
: US/\/1 tt:.ly
Sc.cial Service.a
Educ.:ltion Prog. : 1\ ll ~:11. r- .·t 1 i r1
Community Dev"t. : /\n i :a (o'r,tmd · n
Hoo.lth Prog. :UN
Child Survival :UN

______
:;outh Cot.:1b.o.to
....._......,..........
.. • $~nail
&.waon
Iech. aaai.:l.tll~
--:--~-----:-~----------··-·---·--·-···
InfraZJ.t.c.udura
School Bld".-15
:ESF/US/\

:ESF
Dibabo.won Road-10 :ESF
Grain Cc:nter : .J a t?·~ln
Water Worke : IBTW -
Bricli!a :ESF
Community Canter :US/\
lncQma GenerAtio~ :Japan
AC':.Q Eorestry :US/\/ADB/Italy
Social .Services
Heo.lth ;OS/\
Community Dov"t.
Education Prog. :!Jt-1
Cthu. £ro1ect
Lo.nd Rl)form

7
 Coaatctl Marine : Can:.1da
Sane t u~1 rl'
Rnkidnon Bukidnon Lumad lnfz~.al!l.l:..x:u.c.t..ur.a
Hi"aonon· Ro:Ju-9 :ESF
School Bldg.-20 :ESF
II·rig,'l t ion : ADR/ /\a i.'l
:Found at i r;n
SQ.cl.al Servicea
Health cara :Luthar~n WR
Community Dev"t. :IBRD
AJ:.t.Q.:..Ear.a~ : Ne•...• Zenl and
.a.thJ.U:~ rr.a.ie.c..t~
A1rarian Roform :It~ly
Indu~t.rial Pla.ntat · n: US/\
------------------.------------··--·-·-----·
Mi::..:tmis Oriental
·: Iofro.fl.tr:uctu.z:..a
l3)Jkidnon Lum.:~.d . School· Bld,.-23 :ESF
H'ill!l.Onon Roa.d-u :ESF
"Poa.ce Conter :ABi::t Found"n
Health Center :US/'.
Prooeoein~ Plant :USA
Socio.l .ScrvicaQ
Litor.o.cy : Aeir.1 Found· n.
Peace and Reconcln. : It.:dy
Pop. Ed. :UN
.. . !i.ch~ P~sistance
Dev·t. Workehop :USA
L11oturo/Tra.inint;: :·Phil·· Am
... Alriculture :Italy
Misamio Occidental 'Suba.non .Inf.x:a.at..ructyra
School Bld£.-12 :ESF
Roa.d-21 :ESF
.o.thar r...t:cject
Air novisational : Japon
Foe i lit ioB
 ;..;:n:•er. a J. ,: 1 v
~
~,p {i>
i\lat• -1 1\.I:IJUI Muun~ :uull.u!!pllj:. .,_t'Y lu 1\ l:tJI .J
Op•.:r:ttiuns Arrc~..·ung Nalinn:al
Major Mining and Logging Operations Affecting National Minorities
Mim>rilic!o

Major Mining Companies in Luzon and Mindanao Affecting

National Minorities
LUZON •f'
FO.IS r L ANOS
No. of

:~·
a.OGGMIO OHit.at,.,s
:1·
..:. ltu.ina Componia Noma of Componi~s
~~,,.. l.u;zoa
··:·:.:
(. J:' ~ ;.," _.
:. -~
"Beacuet 8 Benguet Corporation
Lepanto Consolidated
Mining Co.
Philt:JC Mining Co.
Benguet Exploration Inc.
Black Mountain Inc.
Western Minolco
Corporation
Baguio Gold Mining Co.
Atok Big Wedge
Kalinga 4 Batong-Buhay Mines
lnco Mines
Lepanto Asia
Mountain Mines
Abra Abra Mining and
Industrial Corporation

Mindanao
Surigao del Norte Marinduque Mining and
•."Q Industrial Corp.
(] Pacific Cement
Corporation
Atlas Consolidated
s:l Mining Development
Corporation
()• .~.• Agus.an del Norte Atlas Consolidated
..
oe
0 ,.,.-;':~

-:."
1'-lining and Devclopm~:-Jt
- . ....
~~... 00
~0 Corporation
. .
&···
•v "
..
 •
Continued ( tillltlltlt'd

Companies in Da-."-:J del Norte Aoro Cement Plunt

lligen Cement Puyat and Sons, Inc
Corpomtion AR Timber Corporatron
Mindanao Portland Anchor.Jgc Wood Stor~·
Cement Ams-asan Timber
Company. Inc.
Zamboanga del Sur MOOI Mining Kalinan limber
Con>oraliol_l
___:_~--~-- ~>-...::._,tv_.:... Agusan del Sur
Leuinc and Wooti-B. . .:&~~-tn Luua ailfifln.tanao Aras-a~ Timber
Co.,lni ..
Affecting National t.linorities ·-
Butuan ~,Inc.
~

No. of National Lumber

Prrnince Compo11ies Not11n of Com/JOllies D.O. Blu.a lumber
Dongallo Lumber ·
Luzoa . Del Rosario. Inc..
Katinga 2 Araneaa Institute of Agusan del Norte·
Agriculture Liberty-Forest. Inc.
Eastern Paper Mills Co. Wood Builders
Republic limber
· Bcnguet-Mountain Province BCI industries Corpora lion
Heald Lumber Com1>any De Jesus Logging and
(80 subsidiary) Sawmill
Lepanto ConsOlidated Gonzalo Puy-ctt and Sons.
Mining Co. Inc.
Kairuz Lumber Company Sta. lnes Mciale Forest
r\bra 2 Cellophil Resources Products Corp.
Corporation Nasipit Lumber Co .• Inc.
4
Standard Plywood
Cellulose l1 roccssing
Corporation Corporation
Agusan Wood. lndustnes
lfugao Mahogany Products
Isa bela 14 Philippines. Inc.
. JCA Timber and
:-\cu\'3 Vizcaya 8
Plywood Compan~
Q'Jinno 5 Ayala Plywood Plant
•
Surig.ao Development
~lind:mao Corporation
Sun~o del Sur I)ICOP Agpawan Timber Co
Gcorg.i;1 P;~~:ilit· Corporal1m1 Greenhills Timber. in,
i'-l<~layan T1rnbcr Co.
Co111i11ued

Davao dd None Oaw;ao Timber

Corpor.llion

BukiJnon Rusl;m (PICOI)I

Mcnzi. Inc.
RCA Timber ami
Plywood Company
Timber Industries of
the l)hilippines
P.E. Enterprises Co., Inc.
Talacag Lumber
-- Naredico Logging, Inc.
Valderama and Sons Inc.
Almendras Logging
COrporalion
Veda Tunber Co.
Vcloso Enterprises
Caison Timber
Corporation
Elias Dacidau Logging

L.:mao del Norte PICOP

AJ:t~olay Lumber

LanaoddSur Madine Corporation

Mis:tsis Occidental NATCa Loging
l3mboansa del Sur MCQ•Miaiftc.
z......... Wood
.,.,....~

Sa Claa Lumber eo.•

Inc. .
Cabasada LOgging
Production
l...arnboonga del Norte The Findlay Millar
Timber Company
B.uibn Weyherhaeuser
Corporation
'

~-­
~-

tUZOtl
~

... ~
(J ..
. ~
••

.. ..
••
sutu '
'•
~,
~·
IJ '

..
Tt\IILE I}
t:xistin.: and 1'ro1Kisc:cl llydro-Eic:clric l>:unl'r;;~cls ,\ITcdin~: l'hilip1•inc:
~linorilic:s

_Mcxas•·afl AJ/i-cuJ Propl~s Approx. Population

Compldioll Ctlpadty To M subtnnK~II of Affect~d Wot~rsh~
Rim Nam~!Sit~
Dntt' of Dam Withifl Wot~rsht'tl Total/Minority

!..uzon 600 _lsneg )

400 lsneg ) 14,000/14.000
1. Abulos I (Gened) 1919
Abulog
2. AbUloc II (Agbulu) """".- 100
250
·- BontociXanlr:anai
BontodKanbnai
)
)
Chico 3. Chico r (BQntoc) N.S.
4. Olico II (Sadanga) 1991 100 Kalinia/Bontoc. Kanbnai )
1991 360 Kalinp/Bontoc. Kankanai )
5. Olico UJ {basao)
(i. Olico IV (Toniangan) 1988 100 Kalinp )85,000185,000
l'uil 7. N.S. 1997 140 Ka1inga/Bontoc ) 10,000/10,000
Tanud.Jn 8. Tanudan - -~~ 1992 55 Gaddang/Kalinga _ )
XJI!g 9. 1997 60 Gaddand/Bontoc ) 16,00011"4,000
10. 1996 13!) linggian/Kankaooi )
1994 225 linggian/Kankanai )
Abn ll. Abra I (N.S.)
12. Abra II (Supo) 1991 '150 Kankanai )1 05,000/J 05,000
Amburayan 13. 1994 15 ' lbal6i/Kantana4 lfugao )
1956 : 100 lbaloi/Kant.anai, lfugao )76,000/76,000
4'10 14. AmbukJao + 110 lba1oi/Kantanai, lfugao )
lS. Bin&&+ 1960
16. Tabu 1996 360 Jfug.ao, Gaddang, Other Filipinos/ )
)IJ:pl 17. Magal I - IV and 1983
1986
180 Kalahan, Kalanguya )
"
V-vt 140 /lllongot, Kalahan, Other Filipinds x )
1992 135 llllongol, Kalahan. Olher Filipinos x )
u~n 18. (Cabini-11an)
1996 115 /lllongot. Kalahan, Other Filipinos x )
19. (Gadeng)
20. (Dakgan) 1997 -WU lllongol. Kala han, Other Filipinos x )384,000/150,000
().!u>oo 21. 1991 IOU Dumagat. lllongol ?
1977 212 Durnagat ?
~ 22. l'antabangan
23. Angal + 1967 100 Dumagat ?
'-iurnr 24. 1996 115 Duma gat ?
1'-N-'l 2~0 Dumagat ?
V-~ 25. Kaliwa and
fli,l..:zonl Kanan 11}90
 ~·
Crmtimu•1/

Mi~

t\gUS I. A&us I (Marawa) 1982 80 Mar3nao/M:aguandanao )

2. Acus II (Sagul:aran) 1979 180 Mar••-· .tJMaplindanao )

·-
J.Acuslll~ngan) 1914 225 ~indanao )
.C. Acus IV-«'fatampay) 1913 ISO ~ ) 480.000/470.000
s. Aaus (Maiampay) ss ~indanao )
6. Aps VI + (Di~Jacutan) 1917 200 IMalaalo. Maprindanao )
1. Acus VII (Dituculan) 1981 54 - ~ Macuindanao )
Capyan 8. Capyan J (Talakac. Bukidnon) 1988 100 IBukidnon. Manobo. Other Filipinos ) _
9. Capyan II (Bauncon. Butidnon) 1991 100 IButidnon. Manobo. Other Fdipinos )
10. Capyan..,.·_:,
Ul (N.S.) 1919 100 /Butidnon. Manobo. other Fdipin~ )
TJcokwl II. Ta,oloan I N.S. IJIUi:idnoa. Manobo. Other Filipinos )
12. Tacoloan II N.S. /Bukidnon. Manobo. Other Filipinos )
13. TaiC)Ioan Ill (M. Forlich) 1990 90 /Bukidnon, Manobo. Other Filipinos )
14. Tagoloan IV 1919 105 /Bukidnon, Manobo. Other Filipinos )
f'vbnp 15. Pulanci I (N.S.) 1986 69 /Bulcidnon, Manobo
16. Pulanci II (N.S.)
11. "Pulanci IR (Valencia.. Bukidnon)
198S
. 19i5
343
130
/Bukidnon, Manobo
Manobo
'
)

11. Pulangi IV {Narama~o Bukidnon) 1984 255 M:anobo ) 500.000/1 os.ooo

19. Pulanci V (Balakuran. N. Cotab3to) 1987 348 M:anobo. maguindanao ?
20. Pulangi VI (N.S .• N. Cotabato) 1988 70 · IC1anobo. Maguindanao ?
21. Maganoy (Maguiodanaol 1991 330 MaguindanaoiTiruray. Manobo ?
Ltle Scbu• N.S. 30 :rboli ')

--
• - l=t t>;'er:ttion
& -~~resettled lfugao. 13ontoc. Klnkanai anJ lthlioi
•- ~ in-iudcd in the Ten Year Encno· Procramn1.: i 979 - 1988.
The l..ll.e Sebu project is one of m;~y more L!;un~
~"ftC\Irrimarily on the basis of !heir irn!!al•l'!l ;,_,tcnti:.L
Sources: Tru >car Ent'f'!..'l- Pragramm,· I.,. -v - fl/88: Ministry of Energy. Manila.
1979. pp_ 52-61 R~lising the \isions of .1 i"ew Societ~·. Sational Multi~,·ear
Serrlttment Plan. 19.,S-20CIO. Ministry L'f Human Seltlernents. Manila. Septemb.:r
1979. pp_ 7:.-~)_ Proceeuings of the Da;11 Consuhation. Davao City. Octob~r i"-·
 ApPf-.md ix X 1

Distribution of ODA Pro,iects in the Cordi I ler·a

•
LEGEND

* I x = project cost not specified

+ = funding agency not indicated
@ = no specific project description
0 = on-going
P = plan
C = continuing

* Listing covers programs from 1980 onwards

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lllieK~~ lnUIH
0 I
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•
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p Cilttt.. -ltpl.,. p A,m 1 lmo, Rt. Provim MEA

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4 kt.
C£CAP "'"
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L•tmlllm
Eltclr lflutloa USAit/lfi/OPE
•m looo
, t••• t•m·s..-u , Gttf•1 I lmol Rt. Provlm NU
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lalml lim
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'tl11100

, hhahhl p Lm•·u, lmo, Rt. Pmlm IlEA

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40 ••
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m ErtntiH tf
La ltul l11tt
Eltctri fi c• tioa U~AU/IFIIOP£
,,!1100
p ....,,. p tufu.c MIA
FotUrlltt
so ••
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EEC lrrlt•tltt (till
Z6 ....
CECAP EEC

, as•h•t•• IPIII 1ne-c Jmt·hhth•t••• Larh7• MIA

Foonrif•• CECAP m lrrit•tl• (ttl) cmP m
60 •• st au. mo,ooo
Parto , .... i r..,••t, ••••i MIA
Foonridtt
S2 t.
CECAP '""
EEC lrritatioa (ltplir)
30 ln.
CECAP EEC
mo,ooo
lmo ES tECS p lttplku ltcud, ltHo lfst NIA
em tm lion of IUU lrri,ltioa IRtp•iri CECAP EEC
l Clmroot mt~OOO 10 •u. muoo
0 lakt tam U,C£110 , lt~lili, lmo Ent NIA
lepmfiat tu lmo Ati/I£CF lrrltltltt (Rtpllr) CECAP EEC
IS •n. mo 1009
Ially ,ltm 1£11,CEIII , lottn 1 Atm MIA
Rtfornhtioa AIIIIECF lrritatit. lltJalr) CECAP EEC
Zt .... mo,ooo
, L•••t••, l••••il••
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ltofworh uc lrrltaHH (ltpdrl CEtAP m
,,.~

8 ..... Ul) tm c laWai ltttllh•, h•tailu ItlA

s.,ltttlbrr IHU ($ ti7J hslnlh 111 Jrritalin (ltpair) cttAP m
,,.,,..
Fttlht
c.,ltsu..,Cutnl
.. (II) (171 II •u. ,4001000

Juttitll (1)
m mtt ef
••tat , Afm·6n••7 tPIH
, ......, .. Ill) ltd (m) CHAP m
Tau.., m Ht .
......" (%)
s...., m , Jrut Pt.hcio•·lJIHII Crrrl tPIH
hatiH•• ,,, lttl lml tEtAP m
HI.
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0
'•••••· at. '"''m All 0 Aehtl..-a.,,., lr•r· h•d
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Fm to mktt rodt
rNPt Cmlrurlion) HAOP m.lfAr•
Anqtilfft,, h••••· Nt. Provim NU
E.dPrt! ion of ElPctrification USA! D/lfi!OPEC
l;lmllm~ m4.~oo Ath•s 1r,o f'; Hfj
Jacoae Gttmtiaf Slfld~ UN!C£f
p Tmloq, SlaM. ft. frQ,iact IIA Project '-5,000
llteutoa of ll~rifica\tot ISllD/1111/0PIC
L4tml Liaea ,195,000 c Aatadao HS VICS
Coutl'lldloa of S.cada US Aid
c Suo, s.&Ua, IP D6 3 Clwroo~ rm.5oo
kriiCIJ hrHl'J WP ADB. lr&D
mun 0 Suyo,Sacada DID,CIIIO
ltforeataUoa AI/OICF
c lup·a, Sa&*, liP D6 1
kruru lluut IUP ADB, lfAD
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lapoiiHlaa Du ADB/OICP
0 Te\ftoa, s.a. I II&
Irrlaatloa !Data &II, lfl) 0 Albulac.Sacada I lA
Culloa ClP, IIADP H20,000 bat-Pat11 ClP ADB
leubUUaUoal J606,000

c Pobltcioa, ka*. I fiA c 8uaw BS DICS

Loadlu PlaUora llaDP ADII,Ir&D Cou1rteUot of us Aid
~.730 3 Clatii'OOI Saaada n32.000

0 CuJapo,Paliu,St&Ua. liP DM c Apid (16) DICS

foot Bridles BADP ADI,UAD S;pple~e~hry Aabaaiag (20) Auatrdh Aid
1 ffJedtu A~~tk ileu (22 l
Proaru Au\4dltl (16) 136 mie tJf
0 APtt-klqaq,. Stpda, IP DPIIII BdQ~aa (141 vhul
foot Bridlea BADP ADI,If&D Buaau (18)
'1.311 Taauloar (110)
Tetep-u (17)
0 I~CUG&, la&tdl, I DM Ttkkou (31
root lrideea u &DII,UAD
NfO,OOO Struca

luem
0 ............
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I
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c
lrr1aatloa (ltl)
ChlltlttJ Qa.W.I, let~acaa IIA
.CI~P nc
f120.987 30 .... P600,000

0 Albutll. . . . UDP 0 Poaou Sillo, W.bel IIA

Load1ac PlaUora &DII, lr&D lrrlat\1"' (aev) CICAP nc
Nt,500.00 30w. P'IOO.OOO

0 Stpd&,l DA p Sokok Tet~leJ, le\IIPI m

lluicipal lltrtet u &I, lf&D lrrtpUot (lepairl CICAP IIC
,t,m.37t.67 12w.
 p Bwo Pllcto. kcl~\ 116 p Ta·ob DPIIII
lrrtra\101 llrtalrl CICAP 'IIC rootwldlt CICAP IIC
11 .... I eo •· I

p llkllt. Slcuaea Ill p Tdb DPIIII

lrrtaaUoa llrtairl CIW IIC roo\ bridle CICAP rrc
22 .... ,450,000 4h.
p
IrrlcaUoa llertlrl
t3w.
p
-
Clkcolla. CUacelpa

Po\t~~\o,
lrrlaatloa llepalrl CICAP
Mlacia
ItA
DC
,400,000

llA
DC
p
Footbrl4ce
80 ••
p
Betlla&a•
CICAP

wa~al
Wtlll
nc

DPIIII
15 .... noo.ooo rootbrldce CJCAP nc
50 ••
p Sadula .Po~lteiot IIA
lrricatioa !Repair) CICAP DC p Alpa11!loa DYIIII
10 has. I rootbridce CICAP nc
80 ••
p AWel·le\ttlll DPIIII
load !ae~~l CICAP IIC c Cntrol !231 DICS
5 kl. I S.pplntlkrT Alabel l5l Auetral!o Aid

-
feedlll Procru Belrru& 161 39 mkl of
p Sac......... 11M Be\ucu !51 wbe~t
load raul IIC
3 u. I krlie
p
load tanl
2 b. -
........lt\ Ill
IIC
I

...
p
lni&aUOI (Mil
14 ....
Liu lulvu
CICAP
Ill
nc
f400.001l
p
load flertirl
1.5 u. -
Saoutoa MI.IMlo\.
IIC
p
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24 ....
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CICAP
IU
IIC
1

p
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p
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-
lalp-lalilll....,

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IIC
l

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p
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14 MI.
p
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CICAP

llm0101,
CIC4P
Lou
II&
IIC
f400.000

II&
IIC
140 •• I 12 Us. f400.000
p Du&adat DM p Lou. Cku1'4& IIA
footbridae CICAP IIC lnipUoa (Mill CICAP IIC
801. 1 10 u.. f400.000
p
footbridle
.....
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Mil
IIC
p
Inip\101 fan)
14 w.
Pator. 01001
CICAP
II&
IIC
f4~.0f)Q
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lrrip\ioa fleftirl CICAP IIC
10 w. mo.ooo
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lrricetio• llepa1r1 CICAP IIC Suppleuntarr bdac lan IS (181 Auetr~lh
12 w. ,450,000 JttdlDC Llu 15 (3J Aid
Procru 43 each
p •folll,Lil&tJ Ill of vhut
Irri&ltloa (leptirl CIC&P IIC
32 ea. fiOO,OOO latoaht
p bot, 1M JJA p lladucaru, Toadm• llA

.....
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16 .... N~.ooo zow. ,~00,000

p llA p ktaoc, Bw.vd m

IrrlcaUoa (lepdrl CDP IIC lrrlptloa (HI) CICAP IIC
24 w. ,4~.000 %Uu.
p
lrrlcatloa fltltllrl
10 .... -
fllrodl, lalH IJA
DC
N~.ooo
p llaiHed lloabfar roa&}ayaa
lrrlaaUoa lltPtlrl CICAP
1~ ....
I m
nc

p
lrrlcatloa llt"lrl
13 baa. -
su-o,_ laleo ,IU
nc
I
p Porac, Buanl
lrrlcaUoa lltpalrl CICAP
2Uu.
m
IIC
,f\00' 000

p
load (Dew!
2kl. -
lc\. Prqy. load-Llu lalvu Dflllll
nc
. 1
p Bt&bacu Patou, Touluaa
lrriltUflt fiepdr l CICAP
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IIA
uc

p
load IDetl
3 u. -
le\. Pm......... OM
IIC
1
p Opt\ Tdiklad
IrripUot (lepdrl CICAP
30 w.
IIA
IIC
P300,000

7
p
load (lepdrl
u.
p
rootbridce
I

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LiiiOJ-Qa\ol

rorckld
CICAP
DPIIR
IIC
I

DM
nc
3Uu.
p

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load (HI)
Bdool, &luiJtaa
lrrii&Uot (IQttrl CICAP

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CICAP
m
llC
t300.~o()!)

DPIIII
uc

,...
641. I 3 ...
p
rootbridle
4h.
p
roo\bridce
-
Qalloe
CIQP
•
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1

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IIC
p
lotd (Mt)
3 ...
p
lotd (Mt)
Je\. la\loulload-Sta. lube!
CICAP

Je\. htioul load-llwb

CICAP
OPIIII
IIC
1

DPIIII
liC
40.. I 4 ... 1
p Bua~e 1-lllduee.yu DPIIII
+ c laW., lllaiac II& load (Hill CICAP IIC
lrriae.Uon CICaP IIC 2 ... l
I p Sdiot-lladaee.yu DM
0 krlta D!l loU (Mt) CICAP rrc
Butetrr IS Ud lHa. 1
rto,soo
 p
rootbridae
50 ••
p
foot bridle
-.,.......
ldlU• II
IIC
I

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40.. l

c S\t, leUtl IIA

Natenorb caw IIC
f34.209.00

Pmcelil
c BoUcue IS DICS
eoamucuoa of US A14
3 ClUII'OOI me.ooo
c IoUpe IIA
IrriaaU01 llorld luk
CIDP ".m.tn
c PtltW.tu.otlta IU
Irrip\101 CliP World luk
run.ooo
•
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1989-0 tENR
Coamity CoAtmt m 1988·(
Refms tation m,,OO/Has. Loqi~lic Supports

1988-C li~m NEA !98H

l:n! Ertmion Regional TtltcOI. &tv't, A8J ~oad Cmtmtion
Proiecl

t~aH. DTl 1986-f

El?mior• &f Trade u~ Ai~ ·· Con~tructio~ of
~OUSP 6ewal Ho!~it~!

tm-c Po•tniot t Ct4of NIA lqSH Fu~r·a~ ,l<HWf ~r·:~

Comn.;l l•,Jqalion lltRf' World hnk W;!Pr Smlt '•>:<

m1¥u.J ,t,224,054. }mlopttrl ~~r, .nu.

1990·0 Po•hcttt'ltJftg · HIA

Re~ahl i tatioft of ~i4ut lorld Juk l98H TJ~dap,L;qm jt w~
Comnal lrriqilion httr SuJply Drv't.
,,
~pw·:~r

'
'.' •.
I

J99H t~tJar tLM~ NU

Couml lrrigatioa lorld hak

...
,...,..0 1985-C "onlibio~g,Laqm Pm
., .' . . .
Construction of f 3f
hmQiY Ru4 W•,O~O

HBH l.., thtrict ms

fonr.!mlio~ of m
~ ·~!·c•1 P' J,,. !98H flj,, ; ~ :~ il ~ !, •' -~ ._I " : ;'-·n
Rephcuen t of ~s:

School Building tt~s. ~.cro

! ~~q.o Pot!tcioa 1 \iffft POH
U~splt~l fqu1pmts UNICEF
 •
.,. I '

,.,F-...
1986-C llhllttf,l. . 198H Potil ms
llltr s••,h hv't. CoutnttiH of US Aid
(Sprl•• h1t 1Sc~111 tl•t•·
1986-C lalala, ytM trill 200o-P Potia tPIH/NACIU
httr Santy hv't, flWSSP Coutrutio• of
(Spriaq h1l ,4,MO lil,hy tHtrr ul m
Et,trill

1?16-C Plln.,LitiH tPWII 1989-0 Cosi li ,Po til Dm

Viler SIPJir ttv't, FRISSP lrU9t toastmtion Ju~o lm
(Spriaq tor) ,4,100 ~~. 720,000

19tH 1985-C Nuilluqu,Potli DPVH

Vattr s•pply ltv't,
toli•nt, LttiO
'""
FRISSP
•to,ooo
lattr Supply Jtv't. OECF
'38,466
lfiH JiUtit 1 ~iflll IPIH
tm
Rtbhlihtio• of
l1ttr lorkt ,u,,••
FRISSP 1m-c
llltr sa,ly ttv't.
Nuillu,aa,Poti•
FRISSP
.l' ~00
tm-c IPIII
httr Svnlr hv' t. ~··tt• IUF lfl5-t ll4ilt~,Potia DPVH
m.4tt '''" s.,17 ttv't, ESF
m.2oo
1711-t JutiU
. . . . ./•
. .! ·trn
llttr s..,t, hv't, ,1£Cf
m,,.. ..,..,., ....
Cnstnctm
198H Su Nmos-hlin
PDtio~
tPIK
ESF
PbO,OOO
IJ87·t trill
tnl1Ci••,_.., · 1986-t liltlt ldii~,Polh tm
lthtilihtin of
ltttr hrb .......
l£tf
l&ttr sa,ly ttv't, FRMSSP
m,ooo
1981-C Pnl•d•,w.• .,..
,..., 1986-C PoUHioa,Potia DPVH
ln••Uitltiu of Al,~lltit' of ESF
httr hrks m,sOtt hlid,al •••• mo,ooo
tfH-C PHtbl,btM trill 1986-C PoUAcioa,Potu Dm
littr ia,ply ttv 't. OECF Coutmtioa of ESF
m,ooo ScMol l•il•>• m~.ooo

1981-C IHtaUttt Lltllt IPIH 1987-C lilliR~,Potii DPIH

11trr S.nl7 tn't, O£CF llltr s.,ly om
,,,,~0 lmlDfltlt J9' ~00

Po til 1987-C Nmlh•••,Potu DPIH

Rt•aUlihtioB of om
httr lorks m,mo
tf89~o Ptti• 1£.
~•••uity
tntmt UHIK) PI 1917-£ Su UaiRtiR,hth tnH
ttfornhtlll '14,000/llu. W•ttr sa,ly hv't. om
•21, ~•o
.;·

'
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·.··:···>-·.'
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ESF
S,riat tt¥tlo,...t Dltf RtfiJCHtlt of

.
m,765 moot laillilt m,ooo
1988-C car..-"Ptl1t
'
tPIII 198H ldm,,hnm tm,
hriat Jtvtlt,ttlt OICF l1trr SIJPiy ttY' t. FRWSSP
m,tto ,4, 900

1991--C PoUaciot MIA 1786-t 0-oaq,hom DPVH

Co~tnil Jrritatin Piltt lorld Jut littr· su,ly Jtv't, mm
~4,600

lmu 1916-t ham Proptr tm

httr Slnlr Jtv't, FRVSSP
m,oot
1989-C
TtliCDt.Jtv't,
...... IlEA
AJJ 1986-t tmu Proptr
.
tm
(ttptattr Shtitt! Coestnctio• of ESf
latr!u m.OO(•
lllttc INtUit tPIH
Nation! Road om 1986-C Bocos,hnat ~m
l1trr Sapply Drv't, ow
m,
1988-t Yl!'flttt,,._tu CftAP
at•a~ilihtiot of EEt 1917-C A•••dal ,tum tm
Irritltioa m.121.tt rattr Supply tn't. om
m,ooo
1919-t r........,. cmr 1987-C Ohj,Jmtr JPIH
Contmtin t1 nc Vattr s.,ly Jn't, mm
ltlt1tic lattr lysttl ms,Mt.tt Pi2.000

l99H Ad f . . . HCS 1987·C Vinpoiftt, htm JPMH

lfE-llttmy tlfnfl IIIUF llttr s.,l, Jty'l. mm
,,250
tnH
Coutractiet of
...::~ IUS
IS Ai.
lf88-C
llttr se,ly Jty' t.
Sa• ftruado,Jmn tPIH
OECF
,..:-,
l sc•etl J•Hftlt m.~oo
. ;:,/:' .....

198H
tu• Coutrtctiet
.........
hfiMiJ.w tPIII
m httr
1988-C
s.,ly trv't,
hytim,l&am fPWH
om
mt,m m,ooo
kitfl,tam 1988-C
l98H
httr SvJplr tt¥'t. ""'m.•oo
ESF lattr S•nlr ttv · t.
CU.tJt,.iUU tPIH
OECF
m,926
lfiH tdiku,tnau trill 1989-t hhm,tunt tm
Vittr StJPly trv't. £SF Vatfr SaPJIY hv' t. +·
m,ooo
19tH ...... hltl tPIH 1989-C luyo,hmr PPVH
Rtplmfnt of ESF Wattr S1ppl y Ptv · t. ·
sc•ool Jlildilt m,tto m,ooo
 1989-C ' 1989-0 Palm ,Maltu,Laya ms
Foot Trail tocc~·hitlt tl&/UAP lfE-Litmcy thsm UNICEF
US Ail
m7,376
1919-0 ftayoy ao JEIIR
Raymo Cttaaity toatmt m
hfomtatioa OOHu) PI4,000/Ha .

. ,....,,,.......
Colltr•clitt
.........,.i.. CECAP
m 191l~C
Contractiu of
hlt\t 1ftayoylD tPVH
URD
hnl ham Cttltr m,ooo
1985-C Jih•••u•,ftayoyao tm
Coutrectioa of £Sf
3 tlmrooas ~m.ooo

l916-t ao., •• ,a.yoyao DPVH

lattr St,ly It¥· t. FRISSP
'4.800

1916-C fta,away ,hyoyao tPIH

Wattr St,ly tn't, fRVSSP
,4,100

1986-t ftayoyao Pro'tr DPIM

Vater Su,1y ltv'\, FRISSP
m,ooo
lf8H ftayoyao DPWH
Coastnctioa of m
ftuicipd ltiUiaq m,ooo
1987-C Ept••, ftayoyao DPIH
Vattt Sa,ly ttv't. ow
m,2)v

1987-t ftonqol ,Rayoyao tPIH

lltrr Su,ply ln't. om
m,m
lft7-t A4uyo.,u ,hyoyao tPIH
lattr sa,ly hv't, FRISSP
'14,000

1987-C aoa,u ,ftayoyao DPIH

Vattr S~ppl y tev' t. mm
m.ooo
naa-c llvo,ftayorao IPIH
Vattr s.,ly trv't, om
m,ooo
 1988-C hl~ ...,.,.. ' tUH · ·1987-C Liwon,li;oqu DPIH
t.ttr Stp,ly hv't, DECF later St,ly ltv't, FnSSP
,11,939 m,ooo
1988-C
lt\tr SIPflY ttt't,
..,.,.. ,,.,., tPVH
om
1918-C
SJriDt hvtlopmt
hquiRqt,liiRfU tPVH
mm
m,ooo m,ooo
198hC Pt.ladtt 111Jt1U tpg 1988-C fti lukoat, liu•an tPVH
Rotd Cm~rectiow £SF s,rht tmlDpn•t DECF
I
,39),~40 m, ~oo
1916-C u..,..,.,.. tpft 1918-C tokima,lun,u DPIH
httr S1pply It¥'\, ESF httr s.,t, tn ·t. OECF
m,too p). 800

1916·C Iati&ltt-lfllt n 1911-C Tuphc,lua,u tm

.•.
hter Stnlr m't, £Sf llttr Sunly ttv't. OECF
m,ott '4 ,000

191H
tmtmtitt ef
.....,... tpltl
£SF
191t-C
llttr St,ly ttv't,
RllfiYUt,liiltU IFIH
OECF
'4' ~00
St ..o1 llil4itt neo,oeo
1911-C llml,Uutn tPVH
198$-C Pitt.&teq• later s.,ly hv't, OECF
httr S•nly tt¥'t, '""
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littr
lHH
s.,l, hv't.
hi.t,Qjjli'.'
...... ,_
P3,7tt
.,.
m,ttt
1917-C
httr St,ly tn't,
PoUHioa,liutu JPIH
llf
24,000

lfU·C l!utn thtrict tEeS

1916-t lilatll ,,.,., IPIR Coutmtio• of US Ai4
l•ttr Smb ltv't, FRIISP l Sc~ool IIi lliAt
m,tto
1990-P PoUuion tm
1916-C Po•ladot,lin•u IPIH Coastmtioe of
AsphltiRQ ef ESf lispliy Ctattr n4 m
Nuici,~l Rotl ,330,000 hporiu

1917-t ......~lfttftt' .,. 1389·0

flaily a,mc•
lm I hloq tENR
ADi
llttr s.,Jy .... ,.
,.,,..
--'lo•

8£Cf Rtfomhtioa P14,000/~i.

1917-t . ,,.,._,,, .,.

l£tF
tm-c
lrritatiot SyJtu
Pia4oa.u,li n•i• CECAP
EEC
P68,636.00
libf k"l'
ltvtle,...t m,Ht

1987-C tlhk..kt.liMtll .,. 19tH

httr StJPlr Proj.
tolo~,W••u CECAP
EEC
RtH~ilibtiDI If I£Cf
llttr lorts m,ttt
 1988-0 Mtiflltlll.... tll lf87·C NmUitu tPIM
loll C•ltmtioa TRIP llttr s.,., .... t. OECF
n1,m ,11,m

1985-t l11tr lfttJCNu, n 1987-t Kinno• Proptr DPIH

S.ritt kvtltfltlt Elf lattr 11,.ly ttv' t, OECF
m,ttt m,m
lfii·C Noapoli• tPIH
1916-C !Ntmfu IPIH l1ttr StJJlY ltv't, FRISSP
s,riat lmle,tnt FRISSP ,6, 940
m,,..
IfiS-C Uul~ont tm
1985-t •••i ..,...,.,... IPIII liter s.,ly tn · t. mm
s,riat ltvtlo,...t lilltlt I '11 ,063
,4, 500
1981-C Auo DPVH
Hit trot httr St,Jy tfy 't. ow
,J,0~4

m~-c l&llllitu, litt1IJ DPIH 1988-C hi·U tm

Contnctiet tf £Sf httr S1ppl r Ptv · t. om
Schol ltil4itt ,290,000 m,m
191H llutllitll IPIH 1988-C lahhkso tPVH
l.ttr smtr m·t. 8£CF httr St.,ly trv't, OECF
J%38,516 m,m
tnH
s,ritt ,,.,.•.,...,
.......... .,.
IECF
1918-C
••ttr senlr ttv't, -
Clf4•••• tPIM
IWF
; :~:.
JU,I42 ,17,m
lf86-t ........ .,. tm-c ~nUitu DECS
httr ..,., ht't.
,.,.,.
ftiSSP teutrutiot of
.,..., ••u...,
ESF

ltiH
W•ttr StJJIY ltY't,
•n• IPIII
FIISSP ........
1916-C lttl tnll lfi5·C tm
••trr s-.,ly tn't. FIISSP
m,ooo
toutmtin of
"···· ESF

....,.. ,...
Sckol lviUi•t m9,ooo

1986-C IPH 198H &tmtu »PVH

11ttr StPJlr hv't, FUSSP Coastmtioa of ESF
m,ooo Scheol l•iUi•• ~m.oo~

1987-C kule•k•• tPIH 198H Jctn .Nit'l.~Oid PPVH

lattr 5~Ul7 trv'l. om Rod Cmtmlloft fSf
m,~ooo '244,737

jm-c ....., IPIH 198H Hi,io,Hua,4m DPWH

l•ttr 's•.,lr ttv' t. Otcf ••ttr s.,., tfy't, mm
'24,*0 ,l,~OO
 191H ANtH tPWII 1988-C Li~liht,Hn,,m mH
lattr s.,;Jy ttv't, FRISIP ~ittr St.. ly hY't, FRVSSP
m,ott m,ooo
196S·C ....... ,,.,., trVH 1f88-C Noepoli•,Ha•9dm DPVH
RthiU it•ioR tf
httr 10r:b
FIISIP
n7,370
httr smly )rv't.
,,,m
FRVSSP

198H ••, .. £S tPWH 1911-C Util~oe,,H .. ,4m tm

lDiltt Contmti11 ESF labtr StHIJ ltv't, mssr
m,m '11.068

lfi7-C ll.ill VIII 19H-t hyu4i,Htaf4m DPIH

latrr SnplJ ht't, HCF httr Stnly ttv't, f)£Cf
m,5tt ",000

lHN liWtq n 1981-C lm,fe,Huatfm tm

s.,ly m:t. om

...
~attr IEtF bttr Stnlr hv't,
m,ttt Pll, ~00

191H tPitl 1911-C 6111h,M••••m &m

lattr St,ly tn't, .em httr S1"ly ttv' t. ow
fSO,Ott m, ~oo

lattr
1987-C
smlr ttv' t.
Pat,.t .,..
FIISSP
1919-C
V.ttr s•uly trv't.
tokum,Ku•••m tPWH

Jl8,5t0 m,ooo
1917-C
llttr s.,Jy tn't,
.......... trill
UISSP
lfH-t
s,ri•• ltm
c11m a Cotfi 1
Hut4dm
ftu. Other
UIIJCEf
,,,100 m,ooo
1987-t PiHol tm 1988-C Clhlo,Hintdun ftua. Officr
htrr Suply ttv · t. mm S,ria' tmhpttlt UNJCH
'~ 1 800 ,6,000

IU7-t hkitu IPIH 1911-C 6o4t 1 ht~h•9 ftur,, Offw

littr iiHlY ltv't, fRISSP s,ritt tmlofltlt H•••dm UNICEF
tl2 14H J6,000

1917-t .,.... ~ ;" ·' '

IPIH 1988-t h•••••t,HI•tdm ftu. OffiCr
ltttr s.,,lyltv't. FhSSP 6 lfriat tom UNICEF
m,ott m,ooo
lfiH •ut~ ............ IPIII 1!88-t Hapao,R••t4m ftlft. Ofhct
l•ter Stjtlr ltv't. FIISSP 6 Spri•• tom nNICEF
JH,5tt m,no
1911-C Jtku.u,M••••m ftu.OtfHt
1911-C MiRll,hq4taa JPIII lattr s.,lyltv't, UNICU
l1ttr Sap.,ly tn't, fiiSSP
J6,0ot 1918-t kkiam ES ft1n.Offi cr
190·£ TaU•D,IIItftu mil l1trim UNICEF
l•ttr IIHlY ht't, FRIIIP .14.~00
mo,Mt
 198N
lit rim
, ......... llla.Offitt
UllltEF
1989-1
tHtnitr tntmt
- K•,u,Hn•~m DElli!
m
JU,5ot ltftrntiUOD (lO Kas.) P!4,00/Ha.

1989·0
11omr Clnm ,.._
ttallfD-111, tECS
UNICEF
1977-t
Coutmtioa of
Hipao,Hu~dm tPWH
mt
lml Hram Ctattr m,ooo
1919-1 ,.,,,t.......•• IECS
UNICEF
ltiH
Ceastmhot of
H1194m tistricl DECS
!Sf
h•il• Clams
sc•Hl til ldil'

. l988·C Al·ir~~tt,ld" • tECS un-c Huqdm ms

hUlt tlum Polof,llt•t•••• UNICEF nut hstriktion US Atd

1J88-C . . ..., ..., ,llllt4lil DSU 1988-C Hapao·Nuequlum CEW

Chi 14 ftidi*' Ct11ttr UNICEF Foot ,rid~t m
mo,nu·
1911-:( ltklUAitl&piO l DAf 1919-D tokum,Ntn9uhm • ms
JiD·httnitt IHfNtt,lutftll UNit£F lf£-Litmcy thms Po~lmoa 'l~ICEf
I
&udtmt I Tr1i1itt i

Utl-t
lattr Su"l' hY't,
............... ft11.0ffitt
UNtUF
mo-o
Road Cmtmhon
Entm RP·htaiu tnt.
Via Hat9dua OEDF-1 ill j I
1)0

l981·C •••·Dtfitt 1986-C h•at,RipiO DPMH

latrius DNJtEf httr s.,1 1 ttv't, £Sf
m,ooo
198f-t
Spril• JmltJHit
............ fth.lffitt
UNICEF
lf&f·C
lmtt &tmttint
Ahtan,Mut4m C£CAP
ftC
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·1919-C JktU:~at ht.01fiet lf89-C Ahho,htt4m CtW
Spria9 dtYtlt,.,.t Ulll&Ef Iacott &nmtiat m
m,ttt (Punt Pro4actioft} ,JO,j8~

tm-c
SpriAQ Jmlepttat
............... . ftoa.Ofhtt
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1989-C
hUny
Hi pio·IIIDtU hm rmr
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178H PolhciH,IIutfua ftan .8f1iet 1990·0 Kipao,HuAt4m ;,r r.A~

Spriag Dmlo,aeat UNICEF lAcon &tamling ~ t!-

m,m (Swiu Fatteniaq) ;:~c~~oo

mH ltbo·oat.Po•hctoa "un.&ffict Atululdo

S~ri.~g PmloJmt UNICEF
I
m,215 !98H Uhao,Aqtiul6o Di'~H
mo-P at,..,irutou ctCAP CoftStructioo of m
Spr hq tmlo,atat m School »iuldia4 mo,ooo

..
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'
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lfU·C ••bbtu,LI•t DPIII 1987-C Pim,luut DPVH

Coastnchoa of £SF lattr sa,ly tt¥'1' OECf
School Jtillil• mo,ott '31 ,006

tm-c R&bte·hte,Lmt DPIH

lihr s.,ly ttv't, FRWSSP 1987-C Uaihq,lml IPVH
n,eoo lattr St,Jy Jtv'l, om
m,ooo
I~IS·C Wul.LHit
teutrucU01 ef "
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Sckel ttilliat
•
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htrr S•,lr ttv't.
PuoploJu,lmt tPIH
mm
191H
lattr S.HlF kf't,
L111t "'lie ltrktt .,."
ESF
m,ooo
·m,sttt 1987-C lnl,,lml tm
'l.attr s.,ly ttv'l, FkiSSP
19tH ...ft.U.t
ll
itrill ,9' 200
••tn st,lr ttn. •Elf
:m,m 1988·t DJiha,lmt tm
ltltr s.,ly tt¥. t. om
1915-C ..M.atlt,LMit trill W,600
later s.ntr t"'t. ESF

198H. ltayii,LIRt
'"·*
trill
1911-t
lattr SIPfiY trv't,
PaHu,lmt JPIM
om
'~MOO
Coutmtiu et Elf
3 ClmrDDI ml,sttt lfii·C lmahi,Lml JPVK
httr •• ,., ttv't, m
1916-C lttu,ttnt trill m,ooo
littr St,ly ttv't. FilliP
m.ooo 1911·C Uh,lmt tPIH
llttr ,,,,ly tfy' t. UF
19tH Puladll tnt trill m,aoo
l&ttr Slpply tn' t. rum·
m,ooo 1985-t lml ms
Cnstmtioa of us ~~·
1!84-C ltapti,Litllt IPIH I SeNti tuilliaq
lattr s..,ly hv' t. fRISSP
m.~•• lflf-C laquloft,Pim I NIA
Cotttul lrrititioft Utiht,Lmt Vorl4 tuk
lfiH U.t,. . am ,,730,107
liltr S.pply ht't. FIISSP
m,tto 1f77·C Hipii,Lmt fPIK
CtutmUn of un
19tH PHI.td•. JPIII hrd lltam Cttttr m,ooo
As,•tt tilt If ESF 198f-t Hapi4,Lml tUff
lltaicital loaf mo,oot Htm fuily AU

lfiH lftit,. . .,.. Cot,.fltiYt ltftmhtiOI

(IH!Iu.l Jmll
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sc••t llillilf J534,Ht fllilF A"r1ac• Jutiat m,OOO/h
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Jaguio, City

0 tatlit tflr, ..f'ltt JPII! lmon Road, ftmos Hiqhw;y,

liguio City Pu•lic Halsm High•ar om
ftilrktt ESF Ro1• lltt•ork Dlmter PremtioR Projte\
t 1reo /·0(•

,,..,. au•, ,,.,.,t JPJR

lmon Ro•d Red ltkUUt•till ul timttr 0 B;guw8uqui;s ~sp. Co1pl~1 ~~I

Pm"U• Preted Ptrfomm trial of

,oaisi•! varieties
u IPI, hilil~ Jltlit tity JPI of apples RP Germ Fruit Tm OHP[/f.fl
Pw Pmfl CroppiAq RP &trtaa Fttit Tnt IA-IPI

.. Tubi
p , ..,.. t JPJN
ft;abu Io Br id•• lriltt ltt~t~tr•ctill Projtet J11•o lm 0 S\o Tom, luba Iuque\ HI
• Avoudo hstd

, ltttltt IPIII
croppi-. P.P 6erm Fru1! Tree Dl,!f;: l

Aasulo•q ''idtt lriltt ltcniirtdioa Preject · ~~~" lm 0 Sto. Tom, Tuba Benqurt P;q-S~q ft;,

• Gtnphsa collection,
eshUil••••t ud
0 Jatti....... Elf· Ctlfltl .., •••, tip. mlutita of Citrus
·I
Appl•·•md cteppi•t hlUvu RP 6trm Frail Tm PPJ/G!l
sys tea ., ..,.. hijt ,,., tA·IPII&TZ
ao I
• 0
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Slo Toeas, Tuh IPnqurt

0 ht•ir~Ml~
Ci tm hstd croppia, IP ltru• Fmt:-.; fit
*'t
~111
···-··· ,.,
tA·JPI/8TZ
croppiat RP Germ Frai\ Tree tA/STZ

• 0
Irri,atioe (hymin
Taloy Nortt, !ubi, hn9. »H
m,:m
JPI 1 ki¥.r hilil City IPI ·hytdjea, CIP, Ntt HADP ~2,m.u
Pm am• Croppint IP ltnaHrlit .Trtt IA·IPI Contractioa l
. •IPI
0 ht~io-hf•ias·•·•· t01pJtr 0 lurm of Plant hdus try PP!
Evalution of Fruit Slopin' Atricul !ural
Crops . IP &trua Ulit Trtt IA·IPI/&TZ hnl tec••oloqy RP Gman Fruit lm ~A/~T:
t
larong, San Puml, lub;, ~rnq. DA
Battit·h..~l flp. tDtJltl ••••••, tip. hmqay Nllmry KADP m,:m
Gum bmd Croppift4 IP &trtMII fnit Trtt DA·I1'1/GTZ m4,a5o
t
hpio•htlias [Jp. tuple• ht·l•• tiP 0 Tiloy Nortt, h~a, 8~nqurl NU
Gmplm colltttion lrrit&tion (hymu-
6 mlv•hoa of Wm- laya4jtl' CIP) HAIP An. !FAD
doai& u• chestttt IP lttlll fAH Trtt tA/&TZ .173,488
t
0 httio-hpiJS lifo CNf}tl JPI 0 Sto. Tom, Tuba len,utl 9P1
Ptrfomm tri&l of
citm it th u,,. &tnplm Colltction,
stltctioa u• mlu-
l&IIS IP IIi• tnn trtl H/IPII&TZ tioa of ••ci4ms fruits
 for toll. production RP 6man fruit lm DA/f.17
•

0 '
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tor.Ultr• PrttlteH JPI
Irriq•tin (Tulu4•n
C•ttubo, Alok, Brftqurt NIA

pnt a diStm of If• mJ HAJP m,IFAD

ltctt• fruit m•s IP hr• fftit ltll .JPIIITZ ", ~.oc, ooo
• 0 KmwSihHooka•• Brn. DPVH
Atot Roid, Alok, Btnqul
Fm to urlrt Roids
c
loidiat Phtfort .,
llltttJ, Atilt
..
lfttltt JA
AU,IFAJ
•n,m
(20 1 Rod lri•t•l HADP AU,I>AD

0 Amss RuHulodin CIP DPWH

0
lodht Pl&tfOfl· ...,
Tt..K, C•ftal, ltllt S.tut ,tA
AJJ,IFtJ
Ftrt te urktt Rods
(ltbtilibtill) HAtP AWl fAD
;JS2,752

D ..........l ......,lr.,. 0 N•quy- Pokko•t·Pndon•

..... ata,~· · tPD Jrn. hd, Alok, Btn9ut PPWH
Fm to mtrttms I
fm to mkrt mds
(Nn tonstmtioa) IAJP :m,Im
I
(60 a Road lridqu) HADP ADP.IH~
! PU,l97

ltHttlfl.,,., , ., ·.,o 0 TopdoH, Alok, hnquPI D'

Fm to mktl Rods
Roi4, ··t·•· hltttt hmtar Numry HADP m.rm
li!3UOC
1 Roa~ Jrid••l AJI,JFAJ
r20
"'" • 0
VHirhl hsishnct
Paoay, Atok, Benqut!
RP 6rrm SrPd Polito Proqru
Biq.
arl/6ll
~'P· 'l'

~ AcctH 1111-ftiHII CIP IPIH

Fm to mkrt Roils
fbhbi lihtionJ MJP UJ<Im libun9u
• 0 hho9an·Pahna Jrqy. Rd.
Ita . .,.....,..,...
p tlf1 .
._,t libuq•n, Jtn~urt. DPWH

Fm to earbt Rod1
!Ntt cmtructiat) .
JrtyfNI, -
..,
IPIH

m,rm
..
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(lt~a•ilibtion) HADP m.IW
m.m

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t D mua•n-Pa!iu lrn. Rd.
•. , ..• •;<·.-.
hl4i .. PhtfDrt ttt,IFAt mut.an, luq8fl DPVH
m,,o Fan ta auht rods
0 Pleay, tttl,
Yuittal bsistun RP ltrHI tHf Petite Protm
.....,t l•t· "'' Shtiat
IPIIITZ
(54.6 I %.18
lridttl
I Rod
KADP m.rm

0 Ttllfaa, tttt. hit. .,..

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HAJP Roid, lil•aqaA, Jenqurt DPVH
* Fm to mbt Road
0 Pa_~ai, jttt, Jll(ut MIA (Rrh,ilibtioa) HADP ADUFAP
lrriqalioA IS•,lat AU,IFAJ ~IU/7
CIP, Ntw Cons.) HAir mo.oo 0 fibUft!ift·Palina 1 libUR9iD 1 Jrn~. DPVH
Fan to urktl road m, !FAD
HADP l
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Fm to mktt ml AJJ, JFAJ trri!itioe (Pmm m.Im
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m,rm
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m,7oo lrri.ation fPmm m. ::H
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c bf&JHtt ~~~ ..... MIA

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.,. All, IFAJ
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m,!fAr
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lihyu
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p JMI ...,)ru blili· lihyaa, Bu~utl Dm

......
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(47 1 ro.ad ~ril9r) KAIP ml!c~r

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~d., hhyan hnqurt
I

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.
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8 (Rfh.iJi htiDI) HAJP An,IFAt
n I
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0 • tlllltfactl .,.,.....
• Fm tt mktt rods
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(lthbi Uht io1) ., AtJ,IFAt
m,m
0
lii Triaidiid Drilinilqf
totpomt of thr Tradinq
Li lrmdad. Btnquet ~m

Post Projrct ESF

0 ,. ...,•.,......,ilil' .,.,,
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(Rtba'i Iitatii!n) HAW Att,IFAt Jm•t•Y Numry HAPP m,Im
mu~.c

'
n

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lhhii.ilihtitt) ..,
Amu RotNiltao CJP
Uhyu Jtqut JPIH

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•
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ms,m
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blitily, Jut•iu, Btaqurt NIA
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•
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(Rthbili litioa) . m,rua
0 ~
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m! :H:
• •::··•, o '• • • . , •••• ; . :

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0
J

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••
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Cm tmtioal
~~
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tiDt (ltctty) CJP 1 Upptr Pitkiilo, h•uiu, Btnqupt D~

Rtba•ili tdioa) HAW muo Sttl Pohto Stmqt HADP m.1m
t2~·3,}~0

flhJII Prlptr 1 ll.IFil ltlflt l lA

Bamqay Numry IIAJP AJJ,IFAI c loo, 8uquias~ PPnquet ~A
mc,ooo Jmtqily Numry HADP m.l~~r.

t!3'·.00C
c
loadiat Phtfora .,
T..-tt, l&NFil 1 lfltttt DA
Ati,JFAI 0 Cotcot, JuguiH, Prnquel DA
m,m loodtn Rilck HADP m. !Hi
~14?,~9·:.

0 Gum~, llkru, Jnt~tt MIA 0 UppH Pathao l, N~tubltnq, ~~

lrriqatioft !Soy- m, Im loolu Ro~ck Buquias, 9Pnque! m,!W
smn tiP, Rthi~.) HADP ,1,001.87 HADP 11~9,084.'

0 Upprr P•HldO II, N•lubltn9, Dl:

PoUuioa, la•arae, Jntnt MIA loe4ta R.ck h.UiH 1 JPA9UPI m,rm
lmqation (Pobh- m, 1m MADP "4U~4:
cion !hetty) CIP 1 & hyoyo, ru,uiu, Btaqut tA
Rthah 1i t1tioa l BAtt '658.90 Weodta Ruk m,!m
KADP ~14U1t

...
 '
I 0 htaia·hlfi•• hp. coa,lt• ....... tip. JNR Nalublenq Kabuquimr,-
Applr·hst' croppi•~ , Pacso Prv,l Road, Pugtd;s
syslet IP ltrw fnit Trtt h-JPII&TZ 8enquet ~PVH

• ~~
Fm to mkrt road~
(15 1 rod brid4rl HADP m,!fAt
0 kttiD"ItttiH Elf. Cu,ltl
Ci tru •md croniat lP ltrua frtit ·lm
ht-114 •• ,
tA·tmGTI '
• p Atcm Rd.·ManHonql~
m, 8uquHs, Stnquet ~m

hmt•r Nmery . .,
lDo, la"lllt. lltt• tA
All, IFAJ
Fm to mbt roads
(lltt COftstraction) HADP m,If~i

..,
m~,ooo ~1. j?j

0 lnt•lll• lapin, -~t lA '

Srtd Pohto Stmt• AJJ,IfAJ D JNR Siaipsip-Ui~i Prty.
ma,m Rd .. Buquiil~, Benguet DPVH
Fm to urbt roads
lplfr Patllit 11 (lthhlihtio•l HADP m.1r~r

D
Setf Pohto SlDratt ..,
Nata•ltat1 latliu, lntttt ! lA
atJ,IFAI 0 JNR Sinips~p-"Hiad Brgy.
m.~:'

.P%08,295 Road~ Puguias, Benque~ r,~v•

Fm to ur~rl roa~1
p Jtynttll, llftiu, to,nt. lA (Rtbahlitati~n) Mm m.!:r:
Seed Poh b Storaqt KIIP m,Im
ms.m ~r~m ~~<Hndolor CJP
hfDYD, .k91b.; Jta,. JA ~Pnoupl HWH
See~ Po!at~ S!mq@ m,IFU Fm to mktt road!
IIA&P me.m (Rfh~i 1i htion l »ADP ~D~. !fl.'

0 Cttcet, JltliH, hatttt lA 0 hquiHuquiB up. Coaplr1 m

Str6 P~hto Stm•• AIJ,IFAJ Ev•lutioa of Fruit
lim mt,oo& Crops RP Gtrun Fruit 1m DH?!·r·
0 ~..-•iu, htaiu, lttt••t lA
•
Sed Pohto Ston,e !
..., ,,. ,...
UJ, IFAI 0
Perfomm trial of
proaisht mitlirs
h••io·J•••in m. COt,lu m
i
0 peliliu, hltat1h,tiu 11en,. tA of a,les RP &trm Fruit Tm DHP!''
Sud Potato Stora•• 1 m,Im
ltAIP P429 1725 0 Bureau of Phnt ln6ustry m
Slopht Atricaltml
0 :l•ll1...,..._.1nur Jill ltt.IDlDty RP Gum Fruit Tm DAISE
!Pun Pn'lhMt llt•il~ ·
l DPIH
.llltttt I Corlillm Provinces BPI
Fift It Mrktt lidS .
IRtbUUtaUoa) .., Ati,IFAI
It of ador imtt
'"t I limn of se·
m,m ltctd fr~i I crops RP Germ FrM!t frtt ~PI!Cll

0 • Ml.._.ltlt ld... iaua-

Pmo ,,..1 ltad, htaiu 0 ht•io-Juttiu hp. Co1plu P.g-&::,

-
...... t IPIH &mplm collection
Fm to aarltt ro1ls l mluhoD of ftm-
(lin tustraction} m,Im loti• ud cbstaat RP &rrm Fruit Tm W6TZ
•
 0 litRio·lttlitlS (J,, Cn,ltJ ht·l•t liP
!D • Variety trial of "'
non·tr;di tioul mi-
\etp~ralf fruit crops IP &trut.frtii Trtt &TZ

totctl, ltpin, httlft lA

Snd Pohlo Stmtt HAW ut,IFAJ

..
me,m
c LH,IIpiu, ......t JA
hmt•r llmtry AtJ,IFAt
ms,ooo
0
Sud Pot•to Stoute

0
-
lllfu, Jlpbs, lttfnt

~tHJIIf, httiu, Jtatltt

H
AtJ,IfAI
,2.. ,375

lA
Sud Pohto Stontt
• Ati,IFAJ
,~01,295

Jwrmta, hteiu, ltttttt lA

Sud Potato Stmtt
·~"
AJJ,JFAI
me,m
Ito~ on

0
Foot Jriltn .....
.ttlt-rfh·J·, Jntttt IPIH
AtJ,JFU
•
Foot Bridqes
...,n••,..., u.,.., .,.,.. t JPWH
AIJ,IfAt
•lA
Bmnqay Nursery ..,titttt••• 'Jtit•; ..... AJJ, IFAI
Jl34,986
 0 Uli'tf!!AJiYit . JPIH
9r~bo~ Prii!t Jriltt·ltnts1mtin Prrt}ttt Jntbo LeaR
t

hlitWAptyao ~PWH
~mto Pridq? Bridqr hmstracton Proiect Jub Loan

P h!aga·Amu &m
Pu! d~~HebuHm Cor4illm frtftr RD•ds OHF
•

»kt, ~ttr; ~littHJifiO tPIP

w.,!-~rmr Etr.lUtn F . ttds om
•

p c....,.,...,..u.....,.,u Jrvtl
·-~~'Pr·C•bu~~~ Ctrfil~ f1!tJw tws DECF
•

1
Abra

c AliiOttlt" .. UBt& IlEA

Tm Plithtioa liai -l;frt Prt)lct · IISAJI/IFIIDPEC
J4.39N

t Upper Jultc, ~lfliUI, A•n lEA

Niai ·ly4rll Prtjttt USAIJ/IFI/8PEt
m,m T

a.a,ltd 1 A•n m
600 Lim Lou! R"iual ltltcoa. Jn't, Proj, MEA
EJChuqt t

Iloces Sit, Llf••til••t, a•n,

Jlry. tPIII
11om SurfAbr; blry,
l~qantiltft! Corlllltfl FIHtr lolls OECF

..,.
Jriltf .....tnctt• Prtitct
tpiM
J11k Lm
'$.04 "
t

c nn IIA
Hom Comctioas Eltctrlfic&~• USAit/IFI/OPEC
for Eltctricity
'
 Appendix VIi

Demoaraphic Indicators

!.Population Density (pereon/eq.km)

Year"
1975
-------------------------------~----~~-~-----~~--------------
:Abra : Benrt:uet : Ifuaao :Kalinat.·A...-: -Ht.• Prov : CAR
----------------------------------~--~--~-~
37 78 . 42 •
. . . 2J .
:_.~ ·' ~-~------------
- . .
46
.

44
. .
..
~· ·, ;

1980
1985
: 40 90
44 : 164 .• 43
49 ..• 2& ;:-
30 ! •
•·
4.9
e2
50
56
1988 32.3 \ . .....
1990
44.8: 110
49 118 . 52.2
54
:
34 .
l
,
. 68
56
59
6:3
.. •, ...
2.Population Growth Rate
1975 2.06: 2.71 2.51 3.88 : 2.1 2. 1
1980 1.73: 2.87 1.24 2.&4 1.83 2.4~
1985 17.41: 2.58 1.18 2.7~ 1.76 2.32
1988 1.18: 2.32 1.9' 2.41 1.45 2.04
3.Cl•udeBirth Rate (pur 1,000 Population)
1975 2.9 16.1
1980 34. 40: 2. 6 21.3 21.7 6.65 33.64:
198.'3 23.10: 25.24 lB.66 18.26 15.83 22.8~!·:
1985 23.59; 12.5 28.4 15.88 27.34 20.66:
1987 24.10: 25.02 18.76 17.8& 20.42 23.53:
1988 23.22: 25.24 20.86 16.98 21.86 23.£1:3:
1990 17.51: 22.2'7 22.7 20.08 24.07 ::!:! . 78:

4.Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Popul~tion)

1980 29.6 : 11.8 2~.7

1983 : 35.8 : 20.47 . : . 40.7 as.e s~.ae 30.4
1985 29.8 : 18.14 28.4 49.0& : •~:e1 28. ~!S:
1987 35.23: 18.18 28.52 25.46 : 49.02 26 .t)f}:
1988 37.93: 18.70 25.92 28.64 : 27.22 23.2!=1:
t990 14,67: 8.94 15.56 9.21 28.43 1~3. 9(1:

!:I.Maternal Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Popul•tion.)

1975 :
1980 1.3 o.a 2.1 1.5 : 1.7
1983 0 .82 .92 .54 : .57.
1987 2.26 0 73 1.24 1.27 0 1.08:
1988 1.38 .54 1.46 .78 2.40 . S15:
1989 1.87 .52 .72 .74 : l.-45 .e.t:
J990 . ~JSI:

'
?.Male-Female -Ratio (Malee/100 Females)
•
____ ... ____ _,_.: _______________
: Abra _______________
S.nauet : Ifuaao : Kal-Ap ---------- ..
Mt.Prov·---: ·- CAR
.. ...... ~-

1975
1980
103
101.4
.• 103.3
100.7
100.5 104.4 : 99.7 1()1 • (It-:::
1985 102 ; . 1'06.. 1 101.7 105 : 100. : 1(12. ~-' :
1990

8. Pox:•ulatlon DiJ~~r1'but1on by Aae Group(Percentase)

===========·=··~~=·=·========================================= =====:: ::
. :. '117& '1980 1985 1988 1990
Province ~--~----------------------------------------------
' --·
ABRA
.•·
0-14
15-64 ":
40·l1
e~.~e .• 38.84
55.35
37.47
58.42
36.99
58.68
eo+ ~.Q3 •• 5.81 4.11 4.33
8ENGtJET
-·.
0-14 .: 42:.17" 40.29 37.68 36.76
15-64 61.26 57.46 59.51 60.31
•
65+
. '1.97 1.38 2.81 2.93
IF!JGAO
0-14 ... • 4&.24 43.81 39.43 37.70
15-64
65+ ..... •
•
.
.,:ro1.:$.e
-~<
. 4: .
. .~-'~;;{t: ; .
..
-.:ao ·••
:·
53.21
2.78
57.85
2.71
59.29
3.1
. '·
KALINGA-APA't•9
0-14
15-64
65+
.. ..
:·: -~4.81
&2.6e
43.13
54.18
38.90
58.29
37.53
59.53
2~43 2.70 2.81 2.93
.
. !
I

MOUNTAIN PROVINOI
0-14 41.71 40.07 38.30 37.60
15-64 54.21 55.32 ~7.81 58.19
65+ 4.08 4.61 3.89 4.21
CAR
0-14 4&3.15 . 41.02 38.18 37.16
15-64 ·&4. 01 •
• 55.69 58.69 59.53
65+ 2.64 3.29 3.13 3.31
 ' I

Health Statue I!ldicator

1.Nutrition Statue
Nutrition Statue of the Cordillera
Adminietrative Rea1on
----------~-~-~~---------------------------------------
Abra BeniUet Ifuaao : Kal-Ap : Ht Prov : CJ\R
Yc•r --·---------~------------------------------------------
l.fl$::1
Vearee 4.0
~3r·(:~ 1.6 : 3.2
2nd Degree 24.4 15.2 :20.3
1st Degree 41.4 38~3 :40.3
N·Jrmal/OW 30.2 44.9 :36.2
1984 ------1980-----
.';rd Degree 4.8 1.3 5.2 . 2.0 .:19.6 .. 3.3
:::!nd Degree 22.0 13.9 22.7 :19.4
let Degree 4o.e 39.1 40.7 :43.7 :41.3
Normal/OW 32 •. 4 4&.7 31.4 . :34.7 :38.0
1.985
.3rd Dearee ..
:
5.4 .97 2
2nd Dearee
lat Dearee .•. 22.3
39.3
9.3
33.6
16
40
Nor·mal ..
~'IV(!l'Weight
~990 .
:)t·d Dearee e.ee:: .78 2.50 4. 18 2.se : ~~ .fW
2nd Dearee 21.?4 : 10.9 17.75 18.72 13.58 : H,l, 8?
l~t. Dearee 4o;a1: : 37.29 ~. 40.55 39.1~1 41.29 : ~i9. H~
Not'mal 28.~)~·· : 48.09 31.97 33.54 37.25 : 3€i. 13~)
Overweight 5~88· ,: 4.90
9.88 5. 4~! ~1. 42 18.01
:: ============~=~~t•========================:== ===== ===== === ===== ==-= ==

10RO ..
Ph~'sicians: 1:11,137: 1: 5,298:
Nurses 1:2,856 1:11,530:
Midwives 1:2,784 1:2,450
18A4
F'hyeici~ns: 1:4,225 1:6,423 1:2,131
Nurses 1:2.$25 1:4,.323 ·: 1:3,548
Mirlwivee 1:2,198 1:3,066 1:4,210
199()
Phy::::1c1ans
FHS 1:12.168 1:21,928: 1:19,411: 1:18,293: 1:10.630: 1: I b, ~·~·( 1

H:~ 1,: 7,~11;: 1: 8,771: 1: 5,662: l.; 5,060: 1: 3,3 111: 1.: '1,.'37f.~
Nur-ses

FilS
HS
Midwives
1: 5. 2t32:
1: 4,232: ..
1:12,791: 1: 9,059: 1:10 ,81(~: 1:5 .(J84: l : .'_1 • ! {!'
1: 6;019: 1: 2,518: 1: 2'818: 1:1,519: 1 : ~~, t;b .l
,,

FHS 1: 2,346: l: 3,373: 1: 3,088: 1:·2~885 : 1 : 1 • 695 : 1 : :.:! ' f.1fll.

HS 1:97,347: 1:2,719 . : 1: l(l , f:~.~- .

•l.RHU-Population Ratio (No. of RHU to Total P~lation)

1975
1980 1: t5,910' 1:1S,Q?8 :
1985 1:6,416 1:20,286 :1:10,867:
1987 1:6,806 1:23,755 1:12,894 :' 1:15,087 :1:11.286:1:12.8/i~·
1990 1:7,211 : 1:25,582 : 1:13,588 :' _1:&~.9J)7 :1:11,693: .t: 14.~~:·,;;:'
5.Pip~ Water Supply-Nos. of Population s.,,.a:_ .
.·

I
'•
Nurses
l''HS : 1: ,.&,26~: 1:12,791: 1: 9,059: 1:10,810: 1:5,084: l : ~.1 • ! (I
HS : 1:' ~.232: 1: 6,019: 1: 2.516: 1: 2,613: 1:1,519: 1:::. f·!' l
Midwives
FHS 1! .,,346': 1: 3,373: 1: 3,088: 1:2,865 1 : 1 , 695 : J : 2 , fl,C:I :
HS 1:$7.347: 1:2.719 : : 1: tr•, . . :~.:

4.RHU-Populat,1on )W'tio (No. of RHU to Total Po~;•ult1tion)

1975 :
1980 : i~15,910 : 1:15,078
1.985 1:8,-tat. ;·. 1:20,288 : :1:10,867:
1987 1:.e,aot: ~r tt~$;'J&6 = 1: 12,es-t 1:15,087 :1:11,286: l:l::.'i:j~·
1990 1:7 ,21J ':}.;;.1;!~1·682 : 1:13,588 : l: 16,987 : 1 : 1 L 6Et3: 1 : J 4. ~~: ''··
5.Pipe Wat••·--l~Moe. of Population Served
• . l\ •' ~ " . .

...
 WATER SUPPLY BY PROVINCE,CAR
1990
-··-----------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------
__ ...
- --------------- . ··-·.. -
Lc:vr:J J r i
··~ ......
P1·ov ince : Total Household : LF.:vel I Level II:
Served P E R C E N T A G R
·- -- _..... - -----------------------------------·----- ----------- -·- ·-- -· ·- --
Abra 31,228 4D.95 19.113 :31). !:·1
r..r1nguet: 43.201 35.99 30.53 31. '1-·1
1 fug."1o 27,639 7:3.22 21.20 5. ~;n
~:,~ l . Ap 36,389 1.4.7 14.11) 5. o::
~1t .. Prov 19.099 34.37 37.4'1 l G.:·:'/
C:AR 157,556 41.64 24.51 17. u:~
========================~=========================~===========~====~

Ho.usehold with Potable Water(Percent)

lnB8 J.OO S8.33 31.35. 32.12 73.132 : 13(). :_1."!:

'3. lncidenoe of Low Birth:Wei1ht

'7. Immu.ni.zation Rate
Expanded Proat-am on Immunizlltion
Accomplishment By Province
Cordillera Administrative· Region
Eligible Population Percentat~e-1990
-----------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------··--
Abra. Beneuet lfugao K~l-A
,-.,, r.·
._,, ,,. Ht. Pr'OV

!'TP2 77.52 97.75 90.79 88 .8!) £.!5. 19 f.l? . 1~~

npv;:t 72.90 97.31 91.60 £1·1 . 3? 87. E15 f)('· . .l '/
RCG Infants 81.58 110.55 88.36 ~,2.
43 101. ~\2 8f-.:. !J(I
~ert~31P.rt 75.37 92.58 34.36 74.53 80 .Ei8 elf::. :: J
Pu J J ~·
rmmnn i .c:ed 58.81 85.14 82.52 56.63 62.03 7f 1 .~17
!~CG St::hool 92.32 52.36 73.64 84.25 9~!. 34 9(: . l'i
Entrants
T'l'':-.
'-· 2E3.q7 40.43 31.35 31.77 35.02 35. 5~1

AlltJ.!.l.al Averact Familv InoQme-1985

Provint:'e 1975 1985 1990
Abr-a J4,642 23,170 30,438
Br;:nguet 6,818 48,239 52,057
Ifugao 5,141 21,358 30,358
l·:a linga-Ap 5,670 31,632 38,073
!1P 23,885 34,658
1 'AR 34,558 41,116
Averaae Income per Hh e.nd per Capita 1975
Province Per Hh Per Capita
Beneuet Jl6,673 1,111
Ifuaao 5,697 1,169
MP 4,486 859
KA 5,182 858

·...)
Case Study Sites
Pemocx:aDhic lndlcatQt
Mountain Province Ifugao
: .Bauko : Mount. Prov = Kingan :!fugae
Year .
1. Crude Death Rate
19FI~~ 4.17*
1983
.1 !1A4
3.80*
3.44*
4.95
5.12
=
..
3.41
t985 5.04* 6.33 =
1986 5.02* 5.21 =
1.987 6.61* 6.39 .. 3.76
1988 6.69* 6.26 = 3.-17
1989 7.31 :: 2. 8~~
1990 =
2.Crude Birth Rate
1975 ," •" ',;I'

=
1980 8.65 = ~!1. 3
1981 15.64 ::
1982 17.07* 16.71
1983 16.6* 15.83
1984 . 16.31* . 16.17
1985 ,. 17. 3:t:, . 20.49 = 26.4
1986 18.9* 19.36 =
1!187 23.49* . 20.42 = 18.76
198FI
198~1
25.19*
31.42
21.86
::
= :::o. 39 20. flEi

1.990 24.07 -· 22.7

1 .
3. Infant Mortality Rate.
1975
1.980 . 35.38
::
= ll.fl
1982 31.88*
...
1983 38.93* 35.36 =
1984 53.88* 54.09 =
1985 48.0* 43.81 = 2t3. 1\
1.966 47.68* 36.92 =
1987 59.43* 49.02 =
1988 38.9* 27.22 = 25.92
1989
1.990 . 26.58
28.,43
=
=
16.4
8. ~).']

Bauko bununizatlon Statue-1989

BCG School Entrante ... <-··70%
I

Tetanus Toxoid .•....•..;..• 27%

r.TPA . ...... ·..... " .......... 427 Po-s:,ula.t ion l!lr:.•rved
 Operation Timbana Results:
Bauko,Mountain Province
1989
No.... g_f Gbildron Woighed
Under lYr 1-4 Yrs ~) 1.111 :k·r· 'i
Severely Und•rweisht 7 25 r.'
Mocterately'Und•rw•iaht 84 309 Fi6
Hi ldly Underweiaht 166 1 ,04~1 177
6fl8 ., "
Not•rna 1 240 1 ~~ !
Overweisht 66 42 ...

~Centacj 1989 1987* 1988:t

Severely Ynd•twei&ht •.••...• 1. 2 2.1 ::!~2
Hodoratelt Underweiaht .•.... 14.8 13 lA. 7
Mildly Unc!erweiaht .••.••.... 45 · 43 14
1

Normal . ... ,- ................. 35.2

Overweisht ••.•..•........... 3. 7
Malnutrition----~--~------16%

Mountain Province
~' of Pre-schoolers 1988 1989 1990
weighed with
Third Dearee 3.0 2.7 2.6
~~t:.:cond Dearee 14.4 12.8 12.5
First Dearee 40.1 38.4 35.7
Normal 38.1 42.8 45.6
Ovel·weieht 4.4 3.1 3.4

COMPARATIVE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF

0-6 YIARS OLD BY DBGREI· OF MALNUTRITION
. MOUNTAIN PROVINCE
==========·~.~-~~=========================================== == :-: ==- ·~'
Degree of .f : 1903 1984 : 1985 : 1986 : 1987
Malnutriti.. .~ P E R C E N T A Ci E
3rd Dearee .
==========•=:=======~:=~=================================== =-= ::-.:: ~ -:-: :--
.... 203.2 3.41 2 2.46 2.2 .
.. : 17.75 .. 15.38:
..•..
2nd Dearee, .• 34 19.85 : 16
let De a~•
Normal
'40.27
32.61 .... 42.36
33.24
: 40
: 37
: 41.66 : 40.19:
. 34.58 : 37.97:
Ovex•we iaht •• 3.55 . 1.13 5 3.82 : 4.18:
========~=======e=========================================~~:=~=~~
 Nutrition Status of Kiangan,Ifugao
ae of 1989

Classification by WT. No. of. Children Weighed

-----------------
Under 1 1-4.yrs.
-----~-----
5 under 7
------- ..
Nn.
:::eve rely Unde~eiaht 17 42 11 70 2 ~ ·1 'I

Moderately Underweiaht 57 315 129 501 l?. ?(l

Mildly Underweight 118 824 304 1,246 4 •I . 0~·!

Normal 184 404 200 708 27 .IJ·1

.. . . ·4-··--
OvtJrweieht 67 71 87 22e~ 'i. D~·

Nutrit~on Status of !fugao-1989

-----------~~-~~-~---~~--------------M-----------------------
Cla.e.eif~cation. by WT. No. of Childt·en Welshed

Under 1 1-4 yrs. 5 under 7 No. .....

•I

-·--------~---------------------------------------------------
Severely l~nderweisht !67 357 ~J5 6HJ 3.fJ6

t1oderatel!( rJnderwel1ht 558 2,219 706 3,483 21. f,f:J

Mildly Underwe'iaht l,l34 4,114 1,709 6,957 ~13. ;-n

Nr:-rmal 8138 2,292 963 4' 1~:::1 25.f.fi

O•n'! rwe i gh t 322 358 213 8f-J3 5. !"113

STATUS OF MALNUTRITION
Ifu.ao-1987
:-iP.v~rely Unde«'Weilht 158 407 144 707 6.20
Moderately Underwe!•ht 387 1.709 606 2' 70~~ /~3. [11)

Mildly 'Jnderweilht 557 2.088 1,104 3,749 33. lU

Normal 869 1,899 1,235 4,003 35.30
Overweight 49 89 24 162 1. ·~0

5.Population Growth Rate

1975 2.1 =
1980 = 1.94 1. 24
1SI89
1990 .. .
2.86
-= 2.01 2. ~!6
6.Maternal Mortality Rate
1~)[1() =
198~! 1.22*
1983 : 1.45* .57 = :~. I
198:1 Q:t: .55 =
1985
1.986
0*
0:+:
.43
1.82
=
=
I . :!4

t~Hrr ()'t. • ~15 -· I . :) ~·

l.9B8 1.17* - I. :!:I
1990 = . 'I::

?.Per-centaae of Children to Adult Pqpulation

t!=J75 =
1880.
=
198!) =
1990 =

. ;
8.Population by Sex Ratici,(Males/100 Females)
1.970 \: = I

1.9·n. = 101.48
' ..
1980 99.88 : r'
. 99.72
l = 100.7
1985 .I :100.00 = 100.5
1986 .. I
.. = 102. 58
1988 : 99.95 =
1989 :109.89 =
1990 .:111.11 = 100.6 101 . fjtj
SQciq-Ecqrtomic Statue Indicator
r~;, 1nr i r.• Tnt.l\k&

Social.Am~nitiea
Telegraphic Stations Kiangan Ifugao
1 8
Postal Stations 1 12
Electrification (Houses Served)
887 5,514
Electrification Coverage (Percent of Barangays
Covered /Tot.al Barangay-1 !:.'87)
·Mt. Prov. I fugao
28 16.34
'
Municfpalitiea w/ T~legraph Service3 0' to Tot-9.1 Por·ulfl 1.1011
of Mtmicii?ali ty) '

'rr1 1 F!'phone
Mountain Prov~nce ....... ;!.2 (Bontoc and Sagadhl
Tfuaao ... ;. ......... ·... 1 (11nnnue Onl:v)
'

f'•·r·u l ation-poct~r Ratio.

lf..lflfi = 1:7. 83.'3

lS187
1989
.. 1:4' 960- .
1:4,858:
=
= 3:19,243
=
PoJ;•ula:tion'' -RHU Ratio
1986 = 1:19,243 1:12,532
1989 : 1~19,161 =
ro,~lation-BHS Ratio
=
18Rg : 1:2.129

Mountain Province ........ 1985 .. . P21,359/Annum

1988 .. . ~!1, 3.3:1/AtllPJIIl
I fugao ................... 198f, .. . ~!3, 885/1\nnurn
1988 .. . 27, 3fl 11/l\nnwn
 Educatl&n s;a.tye
Enrolment Rate
Primar·y
Secondary
P~rticipation Rate .' Ifugao
1D'713-lS79
Elementary 1 ••••••••••••••••• 90.1 90. ~~
SHcondary .. ~ ...•......, .•..... 2f.i. I)
Participation Rate= Enrolled Student 7-12 yre.old
(Elementary) -----------------------------
Total Population 7-12 vre old
(Secondary)., =Enrolled Student 13-16 yre old
i
-----------------------------
Total Population 13-16 yre old
Ifujjtao MP
Li ter·acy ra~e ••• ~ . • • • . • . . . . . . . ( tf179) 51 138
(1989) 59.10 137 . 1313
(1~90) 61.02 . 139.58
Adult ·Literacy R4te

*Tadian Inclu~iv$ of Bauko Fieuree