RPH – Unit Test Reviewer
Lesson 1: Introduction to History
History – the study and interpretation by historian
on the data and other source of the past human
activity, people, societies and civilizations leading to
the present day.
Three Important Concepts in Defining History
1. Based on past events.
2. Interpreted by someone usually by historian.
They gather, discard, and interpret the
sources that they encounter.
3. The most important history relies on data and
documents which historians call as historical
sources.
History’s Subject Matter
• The life of people and humanity.
- How people lived, what kind of
language they use, culture, religion,
clothing, ethnic groups, races, and
kind of living.
• History is study of the past. This definition of
history is not wrong, it is incomplete.
• Etymologically, history came from the Greek
word “historia” which means inquiry,
interviews, and investigations.
• Historia clearly does not mean past events. It
denotes asking question or investigation by
historian.
• A version of the past that cannot be supported
by the evidence is worthless.
Historian
• Is an expert or student of history, especially
that of a particular period, geographical
region or social phenomenon.
• Seeks not only historical evidence and facts
but also to interpret these facts.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
• Historians give meaning to these facts and
organizes them chronologically.
• A person who must be able to recognize the
evidences, decide how useful it is and come
to a conclusion used on what he has found out.
• Historians are responsible for reconstructing
the past.
- In reconstructing the past, a historian
can be subjective; after all he is
human, fallible and capable in error.
- Historians influenced by his own
environment, ideology, education,
and influence.
- His interpretation of historical fact is
affected by his context and
circumstances.
Historiography – study of how history was written,
by whom, and why it was recorded a such. It is
concerned with how historians have presented
history.
Historical Methodology
• A way for historian to be objective.
• It is the core protocols that historians’ use for
handling sources.
• Objective historian must verify sources, to
date them, locate the place of origin, and
identify their intended functions.
• It is important for historians to base their
accounts on source materials.
Sources of History
➢ Primary Sources
- A testimony of an individual who was
a participant in or a direct witness to
the event.
- A document or physical object which
created during the time under a study.
1
Five Main Categories of Primary Sources
1. Written sources
- Written or printed materials that have
been produced in one form or another
in the past.
- Published materials such as
travelogue, transcription of speech,
autobiographies, journals or
newspaper.
- It can be also manuscript form, e.g.,
archival materials, memoirs, diaries,
personal letter or correspondence.
2. Numerical records
- Includes any type of numerical data in
printed or hand written form.
- E.g., printed numerical graph.
3. Oral statements
- Includes any form of statement made
orally by an eyewitness. It may be
through video and audio recordings,
or transcribed.
4. Relics
- Any objects contain physical or visual
characteristics that can provide some
information about the past.
- E.g., artifacts, ruins, and fossils.
5. Images
- It includes photographs, posters,
paintings, drawing cartoons and maps.
➢ Secondary Sources
- It interprets and analyzes primary
sources.
- It is prepared by an individual who
was not direct witness to an event, but
not who obtained his/her description
from someone else.
- E.g., biographies, newspaper, works
of criticism and interpretation,
magazine, journals, and historical
textbook.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
➢ Tertiary Sources
- It provides third hand information by
reporting ideas and details from
secondary sources.
- It includes potential for an additional
layer of bias.
- E.g., encyclopedia, almanac,
dictionaries, social media sites, and
other search sites.
Lesson 2: Historical Criticism
Historical Criticism
- Is also known as historical-critical method.
- A branch of criticism that investigates the
origin of text or source in order to
understand the word behind text.
Goals of Criticism
• To discover the test primitive or original
historical context and its literal sense.
• To establish a reconstruction of historical
situation of the author and recipients of the
text.
Additional Goal
• Seeks greater understanding of the texts by
analyzing the historical and social contexts
in which they developed.
• Tries to understand the text’s meaning in
its original context and to answer
questions such as:
- Who made it? When it was
written?
- What else is happening at the time
of its writing?
- How did it come to be in the form
today?
- What did it mean to the people who
first read or heard it?
2
 - it has also often sought answers to the
Test of Credibility
ever-elusive question of what is called
“authorial intent”: What did the author 1. Identification of the author.
intend for this text to mean in his/her 2. Determine the approximate date.
time and place? 3. Ability to tell the truth.
4. The willingness to tell the truth.
Two types of Historical Criticism
5. Look for corroboration or other connections to
External criticism – investigates the documents form event (testimony).

Internal criticism – investigates the content of the Content and Contextual Analysis of
document.
Selected Primary Source
External Criticism
Content and Contextual Analysis ensures that the
• Looks for the obvious sign of forgery or
source and the information it contains is credible and
misinterpretation.
logical. Context analysis determines the credibility of
• It tests the authenticity of the sources.
the source.
Test of Authenticity
A. Background of the Author
1. Determine the date of the document to see • The researcher must provide brief
whether it is anachronistic. biographical sketch of the author of the
2. Determine the author’s handwriting, signature primary source. E.g., family and
or seal. educational background, religion,
3. Look for anachronistic style. It will examine birthdate and place, death, and age.
the idiomatic expression or the orthography • Special attention must be given to the
used in the document. first four steps of the test of credibility.
4. Look for the anachronistic reference of the B. Background of the Document
events. • Basic background of the source. (Type
5. Look for the provenance or custody of the of primary source, how many parts and
document. chapters, root of the document)
The other two test of authenticity is the semantics and • Locate where the primary source can
hermeneutics. be found.
• Check the provenance or origin of the
Semantics – is the linguistic study of meaning.
said document.
Hermeneutics – is the theory and methodology of • Determine the intended audience.
interpretation. • Look for the purpose or motive of the
source.
Internal Criticism
• Look for important event during the
o Looks for the deeper or more intense study of document it was written.
sources.
o It investigates the content or substance of a
document and the author’s point of view.

BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO 3

C. Content Analysis of the Important
Historical Information found in the
Document
• Look for corroboration between the
research you gather from the internet
and the primary source that your
instructor has given. Comparing the
documents that you gather.
• Look for bias.
o Strongly positive – in favor of
o Strongly negative – against
• Analyze the historical perspective or
point of view a creator described the
event.
• Analyze the historical context of the
document. (Reason for writing,
difference in present and past events,
language used in the document)
D. Contribution and Relevance of the
Document in Understanding the Grand
Narrative of Philippine History
• Look for the cause and consequences of
the primary source.
• Look for the turning point that was
cause by the event. Changes from the
event after the document was written.
E. Relevance of the Document to the Present
time
• Look for the historical significance or
what modern people consider to be
important from the past.
a. Novelty – when something is new or
never been seen before.
b. Applicability – when it is relevant to
the present
c. Memory – how it has been
remembered over time.
d. Effect – how people have been
affected.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
First Voyage Around the World
Background of the Author
Francisco Antonio Pigafetta or Antonio Lombardo
• Born between the 1480s and the late 1490s
• Wealthy family in the Vicenza Republic of
Venice (Italy in the present time)
• Died in 1531 at the same place; the cause of
his death is still unknown.
• The eldest child among his half-siblings of 2
Father's name: Giovani Pigafetta
Known mother: Angela Zoga (Giovani’s second
wife).
However, based on other documents, his real
mother is the noblewoman named Lucia, Giovani’s
first wife.
Elisabetta – Aunt of Pigafetta, who married
Valerio Chierecati – the Monsignor and husband
of Elisabetta. He is the patron of Pigafetta and was
the reason why Pigafetta is in Spain.
Antonio Pigafetta
• Served on board the Galleys of the Knights
of Rhodes at the beginning of the 16th
Century.
• In 1519, he accompanied Monsignor
Chiericati when he was appointed as the
papal Nuncio in Spain.
• Participated in Ferdinand Magellan's voyage
to the Spice Islands, which was sponsored
by Emperor Charles V. He accompanied
Magellan on the journey and kept an
accurate journal, which came in handy when
he had to translate the Cebuano language
later. This document makes the first mention
of the language.
4
Educational Background Background of the Document
The First Voyage Around the World by Antonio
• Antonio Pigafetta was an Italian researcher
Pigafetta is a travelog and it was written on board
and explorer.
one of the five ships that were first to
• He studied: astronomy, geography, and
circumnavigate around the world.
cartography
Armada de Molucca – ships that circumnavigate
Other Information
the world.
• Pigafetta was one of the 18 soldiers who
completed the entire journey out of the about
235 men returning to Spain in 1522 under Ships Crews Captains
Juan Sebastián Elcano's command.
Ferdinand
• These men completed the first Trinidad 55
Magellan
circumnavigation of the earth.
• The journal of Pigafetta, which has survived, Victoria 43 Luiz Mendoza
contains much of the material of Magellan
and Elcano's voyage. Gaspar de
Concepcion 45
• A destroyer of the Navigatori class that Quesada
served as at least one of the Italian Navy's Juan de
San Antonio 60
vessels was named after him in 1931. Cartageña

Other Works Juan Rodriguez

Relazione del primo Viaggio intorno al mondo
(1524-1525)
• He narrated his experiences in the "Report on
the First Voyage Around the World" (Italian:
Relazione del primo Viaggio intorno al
mondo), which was composed in Italian and
was distributed to European monarchs in the
handwritten form before it was eventually
published by Italian historian Giovanni
Battista Ramusio in 1550–1559.
Regole sull'arte del navigare (1524-1525)
• A detailed account of the expedition.
Santiago 32
Serrano
Victoria – was the only one to return to Spain, and
first ship to circumnavigate the globe.
Trinidad – was attacked by a Portuguese ship and
left shipwrecked.
Concepcion – already leaking before the first
attempt at the voyage. Hobbling along in poor
repair.
San Antonio – the ship turned and fled across the
Atlantic Ocean back to Spain.
Santiago – the ship was lost while searching for the
strait.
Pigafetta made it back to Spain.

BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO 5

Account of the Voyage
The original diary was lost.
The libretto survives in four manuscripts version:
• One in Italian
• Three in French: two French versions at the
Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, and third
French version usually referred to as the
Nancy Manuscript.
Motive of the Author
• Their main goal was to reach the Spice Island.
• To prove that the globe could be
circumnavigated.
Analysis
Enrique
• A slave and interpreter of Magellan during
the expedition.
• Bought by Magellan in Spain before the
voyage started.
Dates Mentioned in the Document
March 17, 1521 (Originally March 16, 1521)
- Arrival in Zamal (Samar in present)
- Island called Humunu (Homonhon)
- Watering place of good signs – first sign of
gold.
- Naming of Archipelago of St. Lazaruz.
April 1, 1521 (Originally March 31, 1521)
- First mass in the Philippines that was held in
Mazaua (Limasawa).
- Attended by Magellan, Rajah Colambu,
Raja Siaui, Spanish Voyagers, and locals.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
April 8, 1521 (Originally April 7, 1521)
- Fleet enters at port of Zubu (Cebu in
present)
- King of Zubu (Raja Humabon) wanted
Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them.
- Good relation established between Magellan
and Raja Humabon.
April 15, 1521 (Originally April 14, 1521)
- Mass was held with Raja Humabon.
- 800 souls were baptized by Father Pedro
Valderamma.
- The Santo Niño de Cebu, also known as the
“Child Jesus”, was given to wife of Raja
Humabon by Ferdinand Magellan.
- Hara Humaymay or Juana – wife of Raja
Humabon
- Child Jesus is the oldest Christian artifact in
the Philippines.
April 27, 1521 (Originally April 26, 1521)
- Datu Zula and Lapu-Lapu were the two
chiefs of Mactan.
- Datu Zula wanted Magellan to do the
Spaniards three demands:
1. Recognize them
2. Locals should pay a tribute
3. Establish a friendship
- Lapu-Lapu opposed them.
April 28, 1521 (Originally April 27, 1521)
- Battle of Mactan
- Native men shot the captain through the
right leg with poisoned arrow, knocked his
helmet twice.
- Magellan, 8 of his men (Spaniards), and 4
Indians were killed by mortars.
- 15 were slaughtered in Lapu-Lapu’s men.
6
Contribution in Understanding the Grand
Narrative of Philippine History
• The lifestyle, customs, and traditions of the
native Filipinos was presented.
• Only known document about Lapu-Lapu’s
life.
• Visayan words were first recognized.
• Considered as the best source today of the
customs and usages of the Filipinos in the
early 16th century.
Added Information
• August 10, 1519 – the starting point of the
first expedition around the world of
Magellan.
• September 6, 1522 – the end of the
expedition in returning to Spain.
• World is round and not flat.
• Magellan discovered Pacific Ocean means
calm and serene.
• It is proved that there was a way to the east
by sailing west.
Declaration of Independence by
Ambrosio Bautista
Background of the Author
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
• One of the officers of La Liga Filipina and
wrote the article for La Independencia.
• Arrested and jailed at the outbreak of the
revolution.
• Adviser of Emilio Aguinaldo and was
appointed auditor-general de Guerra.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
How did it Started?
• Revolution started when Filipinos had
enough of the violent Spanish rule.
• Revolution – serves as the start to claim back
the freedom of the Filipino people.
• Katipuneros – revolution taken by the first
Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi.
• General Emilio Aguinaldo – leader of the
revolution in 1897 after Andres Bonifacio
allegedly accused of sedition.
What happened?
December 15, 1897
Pact of Biak-na-Bato – A truce between Philippine
Revolutionary Army (Emilio Aguinaldo) and the
Spanish Government (Governor-General Fernando
Primo de Rivera).
The truce was failed.
• Emilio Aguinaldo sent to Hongkong for his
exile while the Spaniards paid and indemnity
for the damages of the war.
• Guns and ammunitions were purchased by
Aguinaldo during his exile, for them to
succeed in their battles.
General Emilio Aguinaldo returned in the
Philippines with the help of the U.S. Navy
commodore George Dewey.
May 1, 1898
• Philippine Revolutionary Army defeated the
Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay.
After successfully defeating the Spanish, Filipino
faces a new enemy, the United States as they view
the Philippines as a price for defeating the Spaniards.
7
The three Filipino priest that sought to reclaim their
country for their people were: GomBurZa
• Mariano Gomez
• Jacinto Zamora
• Jose Burgoz
Aguinaldo’ Mansion in Kawit, Cavite
• Site of historic Proclamation of Philippine
Independence on June 12, 1898.
• Declared a national shrine in June 1964.
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista waved the
Philippine flag from the central window.
• He declared the independence of the Filipinos
and the birth of Philippine Republic under the
protection of the almighty and humane North
American Union.
Apolinario Mabini – objected the original
proclamation because it placed the Philippines under
the protection of United States.
Another proclamation done in Malolos, Bulacan.
In 1964
President Diosdado P. Macapagal signed the
Republic Act 4166 designating June 12 as the
Philippine Independence Day.
July 4 – date was used to celebrate the Philippine
Independence.
June 12 – official Independence Day to give
recognition to Filipinos who stood up against the
Spanish rule.
Some are arguing that it should be celebrated in July
4 to align with international records and receive
proper recognition.
Some are proposing that August 1896 is more
appropriate date to remembered as this was when the
cedulas were torn in the Cry of Pugadlawin.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
Ferdinand Marcos, Sr. – issued proclamation 2364
on July 4, 1984 which states that July 4 will be
known as Filipino-American friendship day to
commemorate the efforts of United States in helping
the Philippines from Japan during World War II.
Old Philippine Flag
White Triangle – symbolizes the distinctive
emblem of Katipunan.
3 Stars – Islands of the archipelago: Luzon,
Mindanao, and Panay.
Panay – center of the revolution.
Sun – symbolizes the steps of our countrymen to
progress and civilization.
8 Rays – 8 provinces active in revolution since the
first revolt: Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga,
Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas.
Bataan instead of Tarlac – Bataan is more active
than Tarlac during the first revolt.
Red, Blue, and White – symbolize the
commemoration of the U.S. flag and as a sign of
gratitude to them.
The flag was designed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
during his exile in Hongkong.
Mrs. Agoncillo, together with her daughter,
Lorenza, and Mrs. Delfina Herbosa de Natividad
(niece of Dr. Jose Rizal and a wife of Gen. Salvador
Natividad) – made the flag in 535 Morisson Hill,
Hongkong
Mrs. Marcela Marino de Agoncillo – wife of the
first Filipino diplomat, Don Filipe Agoncillo.
8
Marcha Filipina Magdalo
- National hymn composed by Juan Filipe.
- Without lyrics with tempo of 2/4
- Later known as “Marcha Nacional
Filipina”
Year after the composition of the anthem, the lyrics
were adopted from Jose Palma’s poem “Filipinas”,
which was Spanish.
- In 1920s the signature was changed to 4/4
because the music was too fast for singing.
During Magsaysay Administration
Educational Secretary Gregorio Hernandez –
commissioned the revisions of the lyrics to Tagalog.
In Julian Filipe’s Memoir
The National Anthem was based on three musical
pieces:
1. The Marcha Real
2. The Grand March from Giuseppe Verde’s
Aida
3. La Marseillaise
Second National Anthem written
“Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan” –
commissioned by Andres Bonifacio and composed
by musician Julio Nakpil in 1897.
Together with the Philippine flag, they were
presented during the proclamation of
Independence in June 12, 1898 in Cavite el Viejo
(Kawit, Cavite).
It was played by the band of San Francisco de
Malabon.
May 26, 1956
- The national anthem was finally sung in
Filipino
- Minor revisions were made in the 1960s, the
version that we sing today.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
Speech Before the Joint Session of the
United State Congress (1986)
Background of the Author
Maria Corazon “Cory” Sumulong Cojuangco
Aquino
• Was a Filipino politician who served as the 11th
President of the Philippines, first woman to
hold that office.
• Most prominent figure of the 1986 People
Power Revolution, which ended the 21-year
rule of Pres. Ferdinand Marcos.
• Widow of Senator Benigno Aquino, the
oppositionist of former Pres. Marcos Sr.
• Widely accredited as the “Mother of Asian
Democracy”
Born: January 25, 1933, Paniqui province of Tarlac.
Died: August 1, 2009, Makati Medical Center.
Presidential term: February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992
Mr. Teodoro Locsin Jr.
• Filipino politician, diplomat, lawyer and
former journalist who served as congress for
the 1st District of Makati from 2001 to 2010.
• Served as Philippine Ambassador to the United
Nations from 2017 to 2018.
• He was secretary and speech writer of Cory
Aquino speech.
Born: November 15, 1948 (70 y/o), Manila
Education: Ateneo de Manila University
Parents: Teddy Boy Locsin
Party: PDP – Laban
Historical Background of the Document
September 21, 1972 – Marcos declared Martial Law
1980 – Ninoy was 8 years jailed by Marcos, and
Corazon accompanied him into exile in the United
States.
9
February 1986 – Corazon run for the opposition’s
presidential candidate with Salvador Laurel as her
running mate for vice president.
February 25, 1986 – People Power Revolution
September 1986 – Corazon visited America and
delivered her speech before the joint session of the
United States Congress.
• In her speech she sought help in addressing
the 26 billion dollars of foreign debt and
communist insurgency that grew from 500
armed guerillas to 16,000 during Marcos’
regime.
• She called on America to help Philippines in
preserving the freedom
Speech writer: Teddy Locsin Jr.
Time written: Assumed between April – September
Time delivered: September 18, 1986
o Months after the EDSA Revolution (Feb.
25, 1986).
o 3 years after the assassination of Senator
Benigno Aquino (1983)
o Managed to influence the votes to favor 200
million dollars financial aid towards
rebuilding the Philippine Economy.
Content Analysis
Cory quoted:
“We fought for honor, and, if only for honor, we
shall pay,” agreeing to pay the debt stolen by
Marcos.
“And yet, should we have to wring the payments
from the sweat of our men’s faces and sink all the
wealth piled up by the bondsman’s two hundred fifty
years of unrequited toil?” Filipino are the ones who
is responsible for paying it.
The speech was impassioned, deeply personal, and
effective; interrupted 11 times by applause and
bookended with standing ovations.
BS PSY – 1101 FIRST YEAR | LADYLYN CEPILLO
Thomas P. O’Neill – House Speaker Tip, called it the
“finest speech I’ve ever heard in my 34 years in
Congress.”
Robert Dole – Senate Majority Leader, told her, “Cory,
you hit a home run.”
Whip Trent Lott – House Minority, he said, “Let’s just
say the emotions of the moment saved the day.”
• She narrated her husband’s struggles, the painful
death of Ninoy, and how honored she is to deliver
her speech.
• She became a widow at the age of 50.
• First female president of the Philippines and
restored democracy to the country, promulgated
a new constitution, and served until 1999.
• She became the center of anti-Marcos’s politics
in the Philippines – a movement known as
“People Power.”
Relevance of the Speech
Cabinet members, diplomats, senators and congressmen
honored Aquino’s signature color (yellow) by
displaying the color themselves.
The chamber was sprinkled with yellow shirts, blouses,
ties, handkerchiefs and some 200 yellow roses flown in
from Texas by House Majority Leader James C. Wright
Jr. (Democrats-Texas).
Robert Dole escorted Aquino up to the House aisle to
the tumultuous applause and told her “You hit a home
run.” Without pause between handshakes, Aquino
replied, “I hope the bases were loaded.”
Her U.S. visit will not diminish the problems Aquino
must face when she returns that week to Manila.
A luster of political sophistication to her image as an
honest, principled leader added. And that she should
by her time to increase the loyalty of the Filipino,
especially in the difficult months ahead.
Lesson: We cannot entrust our redemption to another
sovereign state. The only solution is to address the
causes and solving the root problem will encourage
everything to inevitably fall into place.
10