Introduction to History
Most of the records left by the past describe
History
The study and the documentation of the
past. Events before the invention of writing
systems are considered prehistory.
Historian
an expert in or student of history, especially
that of a particular period, geographical
region, or social phenomenon
accurate in observation and skilled in
comparing text with subtext in order to be
capabale of effective criticism and
clarification
Historiography
The writing of history, especially the writing
of history based on the critical examination
of sources. The term historiography also
refers to the theory and history of
historical writing.
Post colonialist history
type of historiography based on the idea
that history, or knowledge in general,
cannot reach a single, objective truth.
Postcolonialism is a school of thought that
deals with the effects of colonization on
societies and peoples.
Historical positivism
Historiographical view that historical
evidence requires no interpretation, the
work of the historian being to compile the
primary sources, “letting them speak for
themselves”.
Problems in writing history
the lives and deeds of the ruling and
dominant groups.
Choosing only those facts that would
support one’s argument and
leaving other facts.
Evaluation of Primary and Secondary
Sources
6 points of inquiries to evaluate the
authenticity of a primary source according
to Garaghan,1950
 Date - When was it produced?
 Localization - Where did it organize?
 Authorship - Who wrote it?
 Analysis - What preexisting material
served as the basis for its
production?
 Integrity - What was the original
form?
 Credibility - What is the evidential
value of its content?
Sources are evaluated in terms of
internal criteria, which include 7 factors
 The genealogy of the document
Development of the document
 The genesis of the document
Includes the situations and the
authorities during the document's
production.
 The originality of the document
Includes the nature of the document
whether it is an
 eyewitness/earwitness account or
merely passing of existing
information
 Interpretation of the document
Deducing the meaning of the
documents
The authorial authority of the
document
relationship between the
document's subject matter and its
author
 The competence of the observe
 Refers to the author's capabilities
and qualifications to critically
comprehend and report information
 The trustworthiness of the observer
Refers to the author’s integrity
Who qualifies as a Historian?
 Someone who is academically
qualified
 Someone who is professional in
terms of membership in historical
organization
 Professionals in terms doing history
as a fulltime career
 Someone who continues to pursue
historical knowledge, questioning,
analyzing and answering in light of
new evidences
HISTORICAL SOURCES
PRIMARY SOURCES
Produced simultaneously as the event
period or subject being studied
Examples:
The execution of Jose Rizal at Bagumbayan
minutes of event
Government reports
Photographs
Newspaper clippings
Artifacts
Memorabilia
Eye witness account, memoir or letters
written by eye witness
SECONDARY SOURCES
Produced by an author who relied on
primary sources to write the material
Author is not an actual witness of the event
CONTENT AND CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF
SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES IN PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION
The Laguna Copperplate is a thin piece of
blackened metal that was purchased by the
National Museum of the Philippines in 1990
after the former owner failed to find a
private buyer.
Careful examination of the plate, it was
found to be a 20 cm square copperplate
covered on one side by a ten-line inscription
of finely written characters.
Unable to decipher it themselves, the
museum gave the text to Dutch
anthropologist Antoon Postma (who was
based in the Philippines with his Filipino
wife) to analyze.
ANTOON POSTMA
A Dutch anthropologist, who is credited
with deciphering the Philippines’ oldest
document, the Laguna Copperplate
Inscription, has died. He was 87.
A linguist who also spent many years
studying Mangyan culture.
Postma was a missionary priest of the
Society of the Divine Word when he first
came to Mindoro.
THE INSCRIPTION
“Hail! In the Saka-year 822; the month of
March-April; according to the astronomer:
the fourth day of the dark half of the moon;
on Monday.”
ORIGIN OF LAGUNA COPPERPLATE
The type of script used in the Laguna
Copperplate Inscription has been identified
as the so-called ‘Early Kawi Script,’ a writing
system that originated in the Indonesian
island of Java, and was used across much of
maritime Southeast Asia during the 10th
century AD. Prior to the deciphering of the
text on the Laguna Copperplate, historians
had almost universally accepted that the
history of the Philippines only dated back to
1521, when records had noted the arrival of
Magellan and chronicler Antonia Pigafetta
on the archipelago.
EARLY PHILIPPINE SOCIETY AND FIRST
SPANISH CONTACT
Before the advent of Spanish Colonization,
the barangay was the primary political,
economic,and sociocultural institution in
the Philippines.
A barangay can be composed of 300-100
families living in a not well-defined, but
customarily agreed territory. The datu is the
highest official of a barangay, the datu must
be from the ruling class because wealth,
power, and influence were needed to
maintain social position.
SOCIAL CLASSES
Tagalogs
 Maginoo (upper class)
 Maharlica (middle class/ ordinary
common people)
 Alipin (lower class)
Visayans
 Datu/dato (upper class)
 Timauas (middle class/ ordinary
common people)
 Oripuen (lower class)
FIRST VOYAGE
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA (Ca. 1490- Ca. 1534)
Known by the name of Antonio Lombardo
or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta
Famous Italian traveler
The first voyage around the world was
written by Magallanes Elcano expedition
KING CHARLES V.
-Provided the Spanish fleet named “Armada
de Molucca” which was led by Magellan. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
3 SHIPS: (EMILIO JACINTO)
 Trinidad considered as "Brains of Katipunan",
 Victoria (only ship that survived) Artemio Ricarte called him "Moses of the
 Concepion Filipino people" and Epifanio de los Santos
considered him as "Soul of the Revolution"
and the "Eyes of Katipunan"
TIMELINE DURING THEIR STAY IN THE
PHILIPPINES He was born on December 15, 1875 in
Trozo Manila
He used the pen names - Pingkian,
MARCH 16, 1521
Dimasilaw and Ka Ilyong
Arrived in Zamal (now Samar) the Island
He was the youngest member of Katipunan
was called Humunu (Now Homonhon)
at 19 years old. He was the fiscal, secretary,
Locals give them Fish, figs, coconuts, palm editor and later general of Katipunan
wine
he became the adviser of Supremo (A.
MARCH 31, 1521 Bonifacio) and furnished the Supremo with
(FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES) weapons, money, printing materials and
musical compositions
Held at Mazaua (Limasawa, Cebu)
APRIL 7, 1521
CAVITE MUTINY
(ARRIVAL IN ZUBU)
(JANUARY 20, 1872)
-Fired mortars as a sign of peace and
SEKULARISASYON
friendship
Dahil sa pagkiling ng mga obispo at
APRIL 14, 1521 arsobispo sa kanilang kalahi, nagtalaga sila
(IMAGE OF CHILD JESUS) ng mga prayleng Espanyol o paring regular
sa mga parokya sa Pilipinas.
-The child Jesus is known as Santo Nino,
which is celebrated every January in Cebu. Ito ay ibig mabago ng mga paring secular na
binubuo naman ng mga paring Pilipino dahil
APRIL 27, 1521 gusto nila na mapangasiwaan ang mga
(BATTLE OF MACTAN) parokya sa Pilipinas.
APRIL 28, 1521
(DEATH OF MAGELLAN) DALAWANG URI NG PARI SA
PILIPINAS:
Paring SEKULAR- Seminarian
Paring REGULAR- Agustino, Dominikano,
Jesuist
Sa pamumuno ni Padro Pelaez, naglunsad ng
isang kilusan ang mga paring secular upang
ipagtanggol ang kanilang Karapatan
maitalaga at makapagtrabaho sa mga
Parokya.
Hunyo 3, 1863 - Lumakas ang kilusan
ngunit namatay si Padre Pelaez.
GOMBURZA - Pinagpatuloy ang
nasimulan ni Padre Pelaez.

DR. PARDO DE TAVERA- Wrote the

Filipino Version
Ito ay pag – aalsa ng mga sundalong Filipino
at manggagawa sa arsenal sa Kabite dahil sa
pag alis ng kanilang pribilehiyo:
Ito ay ang exemption sa sapilitang paggawa
(polo y sevicio); at
pag babayad ng buwis.

JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL & RAFAEL

IZQUERDO - Wrote the Spanish Version
Ang pag aalsa na naganap ay isang
pagtatangka na paalisin sa pamumuno ang
mga Espanyol.
Isa sa mga rason ng pag aalsa ay dahil sa
inalisan ng pribilehiyo ang mga Filipino sa
sapilitang paggawa at pagbabayad ng
tributo.

GOMBURZA (FEBRUARY 17, 1872)

MARIANO GOMEZ
JOSE BURGOS
JACINTO ZAMORA