SHS

Practical Research 1
Quarter 3: Week 5 & 6 Module 3
Learning from Others and Reviewing
the Literature
Practical Research 1

Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 5 and 6 - Module 3

First Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form
without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Maria Teresa Esperanza H. Badon, T -III

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team

Illustrator: Ernesto F. Ramos Jr., P II

Management Team:

Atty. Donato D. Balderas, Jr.

Schools Division Superintendent

Vivian Luz S. Pagatpatan, Ph.D

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

German E. Flora, Ph.D, CID Chief

Virgilio C. Boado, Ph.D, EPS in Charge of LRMS

Rominel S. Sobremonte, Ed.D, EPS in Charge of Science

 Michael Jason D. Morales, PDO II

Claire P. Toluyen, Librarian II

TARGET
Practical Research 1 develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills
through qualitative research. A research paper, basically, has five chapters, in
which Chapter 2 is the review of related literature.
A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area of
research. It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted on a
particular topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other
sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should enumerate,
describe, summarize, objectively evaluate, and clarify this previous research. The
literature review acknowledges the work of previous researchers, and in so doing,
assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by
mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read,
evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand.
This module is about learning from others and reviewing the literature. It
consists of the following lessons:

What you are expected to learn?

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. selects relevant literature. CS_RS11-IIIfj-1
2. cites related literature using standard style. CS_RS11-IIIfj-2
3. synthesizes information from relevant literature. CS_RS11-IIIfj-3 4. writes
coherent review of literature. CS_RS11-IIIfj-4

Are you now set to perform the activity, answer the questions, and read the
texts? If so, then you may get your ball pen and notebook as I will request you to
answer the questions included herein.

Good luck enjoy reading and doing the activity. God bless.
 Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the
pretest on the next page in a separate sheet of paper.

PRE-TEST

Direction: Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among
the given choices. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1] Examining or studying again concepts or ideas related to your research is

A. Meta-analysis B. Significance
C. Review of Related Literature D. Methodology

2] This referencing style is mostly used in social sciences

A. APA B. MLA C. MPA D. Brownian

3] It is in this part where you display the identities or names of all writers or
owners of ideas that you incorporated in your research paper.
A. definition of terms B. references
C. in-text citation D. contents

4] To read the literature critically means:

A. to suggest the previous research was always poorly conducted
B. skimming through the material because most of it is just covering C.
evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions
D. being negative about something before you read it.

5] It entails taking a phrase - either spoken or written - and restating it.

A. In-text citation B. paraphrasing
C. referencing D. synonym

6] Which of the following is the primary source of literature?

A. Essay on artwork gallery B. Book analyzing absenteeism C. Article
critiquing the piece of art D. Diary of a working student

7] One of the important skills that you need to learn in doing a literature review is
called_____________.
A. Proper location B. Proper identification
C. Proper citation D. Proper examination

8] Which citation style is applicable in the fields of Psychology, Education, and

other Social Sciences?
A. American Psychological Association (APA) B. Chicago Manual of Style C.
Modern Language Association (MLA) D. All of these

9] The following statements describe the significant of citation in research,

EXCEPT A. Gives credits and acknowledgement to previous literature used.
B. Avoids plagiarizing someone else’s works.
C. Does research in unethical way.
D. Makes research more credible and reliable.

10] Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

A. Synthesizing information from relevant literature does not involve citation.
B. Integration of materials from several sources that relates to your research
problem is significant.
C. Making guide matrix, outline or grid is discouraged since it is a waste of time.
D. The less materials to be use is the better since it allows research to review fewer.
11] Which of the following set of tips is encouraged to use in synthesizing
Information from various materials?
A. Reading, analyzing, and evaluating one to two materials.
B. Copying statements word for word without citation.
C. Avoid using citation and referencing in doing literature review.
D. Using guide matrix, outline, and concept map.

12] The following statements show significance of synthesis in review of

literature, EXCEPT________. .
A. Research involves incorporating many sources to understand a research
question.
B. Sources support subtopics to prove the research problem and/or answer it C.
Synthesis integrates from two or more sources to demonstrate how
research works together.
D. Replicate materials as it is helpful and useable in answering research
problems or questions.

13] The following statements tell what literature review allows researchers to do,
EXCEPT__________.
A. Relate previous works in context of their research problem to others.
B. Copy and replicate someone’s work and research.
C. Selects necessary materials in designing research methodology.
D. Compare the various arguments, theories, methods, and findings
expressed in their research.

14] The following are the possible literature for the research problem, “Bully vs
Bullied: A qualitative study”, EXCEPT____________.
A. Diary of a bully
B. Guidance counselor report on student’s behavior
C. Books analyzing bullying cases
D. Journal entry of SSG President

15] What style of citation is shown in the quotation below?

A. American Psychological Association (APA) B. Chicago Manual of Style

C. Modern Language Association (MLA) D. All of these

Harris & Hathorn quote a study indicating that “86% of junior high students
indicated that they had been bullied” (55).
 Lesson 1: Selecting Relevant Literature

JUMPSTART

Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that

are expressed in an ordinary manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly. Direct
expressions is in books, journals, periodic papers, and online reading materials.
Indirect expressions are not written or spoken at all but is mirror image of his
environment (Ridley 2012).

The Review of Related Literature is one of the main components of a research

study, specifically in the second chapter. It gives an overview of all the writings
relative to a specific topic (Prieto, Naval & Carey, 2017). Therefore, selecting the
right sources for the literature review is very important in producing a quality
research paper.

In the previous lessons, you learned the importance of understanding the

value of qualitative research: its kinds, characteristics, uses, strengths,
weaknesses, specificity, and the feasibility of the study. A good introductory page is
a baseline statement of what and how a paper should go fluidly. However, a review
of related literature will strengthen your claims of a systematic, purposeful, and
well-defined research paper. In this part, you will be exploring the process or
reviewing related literatures.

DISCOVER
 We are now living in the world bounded by research. As you learned in the
previous lessons, research is essential for every field. One vital part of it is review of
related literature. Learning how to select relevant literature can give you an
overview or act as a steppingstone in doing a research. This comprehensive
knowledge of selecting literature review is an essential skill that you need to be
equipped with in order to succeed in your research paper.

A review of related literature is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading

books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials. The following
information may be collected:

1) Background knowledge about the problem and associated ideas.

2) Theories that give details of the presence of the problem and certain
variables that is connected to the problem.
3) Data that prove the occurrence and gravity of the problem
4) Detailed and broad results of related studies
5) Gaps and recommendations for additional study specified in related studies

The significance and rationale of related literature and studies is to find out the
similarities and differences between the past and present studies, to get ideas into
the critical and controversial aspects of the problem. It helps recognize and define a
research problem. It gives the researcher a background analysis aspect, which have
been studied. It guides the researcher on what to do on the mechanism of the
research methods; this also provides the thoughts to advance with the study until
its conclusion. It avoids redundant duplication of a study. Moreover, reading
extensively will enrich your background knowledge on your research topic that will
enable you to establish a good groundwork or course of your research endeavor.

What are the sources of Literature Review?

Primary Sources Secondary Sources Provide

Provide first-hand information that is second-hand data or
closest to the object of the study. information. Sources that are non-
Embody all sources that are original original. Written about primary sources

Different Types of Literature by Wallace and Wray (2006, p.92)

Theoretical Literature describes expected or anticipated relationships about the way
things happen

Research Literature refers to a report of a systematic investigation that has

been undertaken in need to answer a specific problem
Empirical Research deals with a research that was done through the observation
and measurement of the world around us.
Practice Literature
written by practitioners about their field of expertise.
Policy Literature
tells practitioners how to act in a set of circumstances.

Remember Me!
1) A Review of the Related Literature provides a concise summary of information and
data findings that describe current knowledge and facts.
2) It provides foundation of knowledge on a topic. It identifies areas of prior
scholarship to prevent duplication and give credits to researchers. It helps selects
appropriate material in designing your research methodology and find relationship
among researches.
3) A good literature involves 5c’s; Cite, Compare, Contrast, Critique and Connect.
4) There are two sources of literature review; the primary sources which contains the
first-hand information and the secondary sources which contains non-original
information.
5) There are five types of literature. It includes theoretical literature, research
literature, empirical research, practice literature and policy literature.

EXPLORE

Activity 1.1: Answer Me!

Based on the knowledge you have gained accomplished the activity below.
Directions: Identify which are the examples of primary and secondary sources.
Write P for primary sources and S for secondary sources. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

________ 1. Letters ________ 6. Report on an original

experiment
________ 2. Diaries ________ 7. Biography
________ 3. Piece of art critique ________ 8. Book analyzing various cultures
________ 4. Autobiographies ________ 9. Interviews
________ 5. Artifacts ________ 10. Article on ethnic group

Activity 1.2: Finding My Pair

Listed below are the examples of literature, your task is to find its pair.
Directions: Match the 1st box (Types of Literature) to 2nd box (Examples). Write the
letters of the correct answer in the 3rd box (Correct Pairing)
Activity 1.3: RELEVANT OR IRRELEVANT
Let us apply your understanding of who am I, my tasks, my good
characteristics and sources.
Directions: Written in the box is a sample of qualitative research problem. Below it
is a list of possible sources of literature. Your task is to identify which of
these samples are RELEVANT and IRRELEVANT to the given research
problem.

Bullied vs Bully: A Qualitative Study of Students with

Disabilities in Inclusive Settings

1. Journal on the effects of bullying on student’s performance.

2. Video clip of lived experiences of working students.
3. Guidance counsellors report on student’s behavior.
4. Yearbook including student awardees.
5. Thesis on Effects of Teenage Pregnancy.

DEEPEN

Activity 1.4: Topic That Interest Me

Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore.
Enumerate at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data
needed about the chosen topic. Share important information that you would like
to probe on the chosen subject.

Follow the format below and write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review?

Example: Gender Inequality among Senior HS Learners
Answer: ________________________________________________________________________

Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of
PPE.
Answer: ________________________________________________________________________

My sources (works to be read, analyzed and cited)

Source 1: ______________________________________________________________________
Source 2: ______________________________________________________________________
Source 3: ______________________________________________________________________

Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Answer: ________________________________________________________________________

Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles:

Answer: ________________________________________________________________________

Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:

Answer: ________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Summarizing
Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the next
step of this study?
Answer: ________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 2: Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style

JUMPSTART

There are a lot of ways to bring in the flow of literature review that will
help learners develop their research. Frequently asked questions on how to
proceed in the conduct of literature review includes: how to look for sources, how
many sources should be cited, how to discuss ideas taken from the studies cited,
how to cite authors, and further. The aim of this lesson is to present a step-by-
step guide in undertaking a review of literature to facilitate your understanding.

In the previous lesson, you learned the definition, importance, and purpose
of literature review. An effective literature review selects the right and specific write
ups that give close information to an identified topic, scrutinize, and synthesize
content about key themes or issues, cites properly authors of information gathered,
identify similarities and differences between chosen literatures and a lot more.
Selecting, citing, and synthesizing related literature needs a thorough development
of skills in searching, reading, paraphrasing, writing, and even creating your own
page of article after reviewing a whole bunch of related sources.
 DISCOVER

As you do literature review, it is required for you to cite the literature you
have used. Learning this skill will allow you do research ethically. Following
standard style in citing literature review will help you effectively use sources in your
writing. Aside from research, this will also be helpful in other fields such as making
a term paper, essays, book review, etc.

Always Remember!

All reading materials related to your research that you intend to review or re-
examine offer you concepts, ideas, or information belonging to other people. It is a
must for you to cite or make a citation, an in-text citation. (Lupogan, 2018)

Proper citation is one of the important skills that you need to learn in doing
a literature review. Learning this new skill is one of the ethical standards in
research and it will greatly help you to avoid plagiarism in your research.

Vocabulary check!

According to the University of Oxford 2020, plagiarism is presenting

someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by
incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgment.
“Are you ready to unlock your new skill? If you’re ready, follow me!”

In-text citation should be based on the current edition of the American

Association (APA), Modern Language Association of America (MLA) or the Chicago
Manual of Style and other standards relevant to one’s discipline.

3 Most Common Used In-Text Citation Style

Aspects APA System MLA System Chicago Manual System

Areas applicable Psychology, Arts and History and many other

Education, and Humanities subjects in scholarly
other Social and non-scholarly work
Sciences
General Rule Follows author- Follows Follows author- date
date system. author- page system.
method
system.
Cite the author Cite author's last Cite author’s last name,
or editor’s last name and a followed by the year of
name, year page, reference publication of the work
suffices. in question, and a page
of publication. number if needed. No
 punctuation appears
between author and
date.
Sources: Adapted from APA Manual, 6th ed., Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Working Group – revised October 2012,
DIWA Senior High School Series, Newton Gresham Library Sam Houston State University, APA Format (6th Edition), The Reference List
and Citations Style Guide for MDPI HSS Journals, March 2017 v1

Take note that whatever style or system is required in your research, you must
make sure that all the sources used and cited in your literature review should
appear in the “reference” list for APA and Chicago Manual and “works cited” list for
MLA.

Examples
Aspects APA System MLA Chicago
System Manual System
Chenail
Dover has
In text (1995) One researcher
expressed
asserted that (Johnson 2019)
this concern
Single data is to be stated …
(118-
Author presented in a
In reference/ …data is to 21). Researcher
Parenthetical be resented in This suggested that…
format a simple concern has (Johnson 2019).
format been
(Chenail, expressed
1995). (Dover
11821).
Bradly and Both styles
Reverte and Rogers (Johnson and
One work In text Irving (2009) stated in the Smith 2017)
by Two or explained hypothesis… suggested
three that… that…
Authors In reference/ …both styles
Parenthetical …as has been This mentioned as
format shown (Reverte hypothesis… shown (Johnson
& Irving, 2009). (Bradley and and Smith 2017).
One work Poe et al. Rogers 7). This formula
by more (2009) suggested Sumner et al. (Dale et al.
 than Three In text that… suggested 2016) asserted
Authors that… that...
Note: Only In reference/ …as shown (Poe et …suggeste …the asserted
cite the first Parenthetical al., 2009). d this formula shown
author or format theory (Dale et al. 2016).
editor’s last (Sumner
name and et al. 23).
add “et al.”
Unknow n Using Using a Using an
Authors anonymous: source: organization:
Anonymous Annual Chicago
Note: If no In text (2001) Guide Style
author is implied Report Citation
listed, you that… stated (Scribbr 2019)
can refer to implied that…
the
In reference/ …implied that …as stated by …implied that
organization
Parenthetical Education the Chicago Style
, title of
format (Anonymous, presidential Citation (Scribbr
source,
book or 2001). commission 2019).
report. (Annual Guide
In rare case Report 4).
the
“Anonymous”
is used for the
author.
Sources: Adapted from APA Manual, 6th ed., Cornell University Library PSEC Documentation Working Group – revised October 2012,
DIWA Senior High School Series, Newton Gresham Library Sam Houston State University, APA Format (6th Edition), The Reference List
and Citations Style Guide for MDPI HSS Journals, March 2017 v1

EXPLORE

Activity 2.1: SPOT IT!

Are you overloaded with information or are you confused? Do not worry you
will be guided by this activity for you to deepen your understanding about our
topic.

Directions: Study the following quotations below, identify what style of citation
used.
Write APA, MLA or Chicago Manual System (CMS)

_1. Significant group of healthy young-old people (World Health

Organization 2012) will face at least 20 more years of active life.
_2. Venkataraman and Sarasvathy suggest entrepreneurship and strategy are
conceptually inseparable; “two sides of the same coin”, highlighting the
complementary or independent nature of the two concepts (651).
 _3. The importance of becoming entrepreneurs depends upon the willingness
and motivation of older people to become entrepreneurs and the
existence of efficient policy measures to increase this willingness if it
is perceived to be too low (Backman and Karlsson, 2013).
_4. Another barrier is ageist attitudes where society upholds the perception
regarding “older entrepreneurs in a negative light” (Wainwright et al.
8).
_5. Great things happen to those who stop believing, trying, learning, and being
grateful (Bennett, T, n.d)

Activity 2.2: Reflection Time

Directions: Reflect on the following questions carefully; write your answer on a

separate sheet.

1) Why do always need to write citations when writing or doing a research?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
2) Aside from writing or doing a research, in which field or area of learning is
citations significant? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________.

Deepen

Activity 2.3: Cite Me!

Based on the topic you are most interested to explore (from your Activity 1.4: Topic
That Interest Me!) write the correct APA format of referencing of at least five sources
of your RRL.
Source 1:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Source 2:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Source 3:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Source 4:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.
Source 5:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________.

Lesson 3: Synthesizing Information from Relevant

Literature

JUMPSTART

This time, you will be guided through the process of synthesis which will
make you identify, analyze, and evaluate various materials. You may find it
challenging to organize ideas and information in a meaningful way. To help you
with this, you need to learn how to synthesize information from relevant literature
and that will be the purpose of this lesson.

Activity 3.1 Amazing Maze

Directions: Provided below is a maze, you are task to connect the words to form
sentences. Find your way from the beginning of the maze to the end. Write
the sentences in a separate sheet of paper.
 DISCOVER

After you have collected the articles you intend to use in your literature
review, you are ready to analyze each one – break it down and identify the
important information in it and synthesize the collection of articles, integrate them
and identify the conclusions that can be drawn from the articles as a group.

How to make synthesis of literature review?

You must integrate materials from several sources that relate to your research
problem. In simple term, you are just like putting puzzles pieces

How to synthesize effectively?

An effective synthesis includes strong, clear and precise statements. It must
discuss sources in relation to your research problem. When you are using more
than one sources make sure to relate or compare with each other. Use more
sources, the more sources you must support your claim make your research paper
more credible.

Types of Synthesis
1 ) Similarity → demonstrate how two or more sources agree with one another.
2 ) Contrast → show how two or more sources support a main point in different
ways.
3 ) Accumulation → refers on how one source builds on the idea of another.
4 ) Causation → demonstrate how one source discusses the effects of another
source’s ideas.

According to Garrard (2017), your synthesis must demonstrate a critical

analysis of the sources/materials you’ve collected as well as your ability to integrate
it with your analysis into your own research. He added that collection of materials
should be based for its adequacy, appropriateness, and thoroughness. Materials
that do not meet these criteria are discouraged to use in your synthesis.

Guidelines in Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature

1) Analyze – skim the articles to get an overview of each one.
2) Based on your overview, group the articles by categories. It is common to group
by topic and subtopic and then chronologically within each topic.
3) Take detailed notes on each article. Use a consistent format.
Example:
a. Author:
b. Article Title:
c. Publication Year:
d. Main point of article:
e. Method:
f. Participants: How many were there, what were their demographics, and how
were they sampled?
g. Independent Variable (IV) or quasi-IV: Were participants randomly assigned
to groups, or divided into groups based on a pre-existing variable? If there
was an IV, how was it manipulated?
h. Dependent Variables (DVs): How were they operationalized and measured? i.
Results:
j. Conclusions:
 k. Specific details that are especially relevant to your study.
4) Look for explicit definitions of key terms in the literature. Note whether different
authors use different definitions.
5) Look for key statistics that you might use in your introduction.
6) Identify short notable quotations that might be used sparingly in your review
because they make a point very concise.
7) Look for methodological strengths and weaknesses.
8) Distinguish between an author’s assertations and evidence in support of the
assertations.
9) Identify gaps in the literature.
10)Identify relationships among studies.
11)Note how closely each article relates to your topic.
12)Evaluate your reference list for currency and coverage.
13)Synthesize – Create an outline that puts your topics and subtopics in a logical
order.
14)For each subtopic you identified during your analysis, determine how the
articles in that group have in common.
15)For each subtopic you identified during your analysis, determine how the
articles in that group differ.
16)If there are contradictory findings, you may be able to identify methodological
differences that could account for the contradiction (e.g., differences in
measurement or participant demographics)
17)Determine what general conclusions you can report about a subtopic, given the
entire group of studies related to it.
18)As you begin to write your introduction, follow your outline and remember to
use transitions between topics.
Adapted from Galvan, J. L. (2006). Writing Literature reviews (3rd Ed). Glendale, CA: Pyrozak Publishing.

Another tip: When doing synthesis creating a grid, matrix, concept map table or
an outline that you will summarize, using the common themes you have identified
and the sources you have found are better ways to organize concepts. Whichever
method you use, it will help you organize and summarize the content of your
literature review.

EXPLORE

Guide matrix for your synthesis. Keep your head high my dear. Keep on striving!

Research Problem: e.g. Bully vs. Bullied

Source #1 Source #2 Source #3

Main Idea 1
e.g. Getting to know Notes… Quotations… Keywords…
bullies
 Main Idea 2 Notes…
e.g. Laws regarding Quotations… Keywords…
bullying
Label the columns across the top of your chart with the author’s last name or with
a few keywords from the title of the work. Then label the sides of the chart with the
main ideas that your sources discuss about your topic. As you read each source,
make notes in the appropriate column about the information discussed in the
work. After your matrix is a complete, notice pattern of information. You may find
that your sources, at times, discuss very similar material, or that they sometimes
deal with completely different aspects of your topic. These patterns can be useful in
creating a thesis statement that can guide your writing and keep you focused as
you begin your draft.

DEEPEN
Activity 3.1
Directions: Look for literature review material and make your own literature review
synthesis matrix. You can also adapt the given example above. Use your
synthesis matrix to organize and synthesize literature related to your
research problem.

Research Problem: ______________________________________________________________

Source #1 Source #2 Source #3

Main Idea 1

Main Idea 2

Rubric in Rating the Task

Criteria Exemplary (5) Effective (4) Minimal (3)

Synthesis Clearly explained Expressed with With sufficient

and include all the clarity but some clarity but shows
relevant details are missing. little evidence of
information. elaboration of the
relevant
information.
Organization Well Some Poorly organized
organized, information is
blended, and organized and
easy to follow. blended
 Citation Full citation is Only some Most of the
provided quotations are quotations are not
cited. cited.

Lesson 4: Writes Coherent Review of Literature

JUMPSTART

Review of Related Literature and the purpose it serves in research

This is a written summary of journal articles, books, and other documents that
describes the past and current state of information on the topic of your research
study.
➢ to justify your choice of research question, theoretical or conceptual
framework, and method.
➢ to establish the importance of the topic.
➢ to provide background information needed to understand the study.
➢ to show readers you are familiar with significant and/or up-to-date research
relevant to the topic; and
➢ to establish your study as one link in a chain of research that is developing
knowledge in your field.

DISCOVER
In writing this section… o Use the statement of problem as guide to structure
and sequence of topics o Avoid ‘copy/cut and paste; all literature cited must
form a coherent whole o Last part highlights gaps in literature specifically
addressed by your study
o Use appropriate format for citations and references o Cited
references should be congruent to bibliography entries

How to come up with effective research review?

Copper (1988) suggests that a good research review must have the following
characteristics:
1. Focus—concentrate on four foci: research theories, methods, outcomes, and
practices and applications o theories helps in looking at the relationships
between the variables and concepts being studied with than of the present ones
o methods help in finding the best methodology and the variables looked
into
o outcomes help in identifying the gaps of information
o application and practices is more on the implication of the findings to
policy, people, knowledge, education, etc.
2. Goal--useful in integrating, resolving, bridging and generalizing the theories and
concepts under study. Explicate the arguments.
3. Coverage—looks on how wide the study must be by looking at
sample/population (central and representative), how exhaustive the sampling
was and how they were selected
4. Organization or format—helps in designing the presentation of the literature
review, which this can be historical in format (development of related concepts,
theories, or findings), conceptual in format—that is about the relationship
about the concepts that the researcher is looking into, and methodological in
format— that is the presentation more focus on the research methods applied
5. Audience—always consider that your research work is intended to fellow
researchers, academicians, and professionals, thus avoid writing it for general
public or for laymen.

Structure of review of literature

Under the APA format, the structure of the literature review must be
“continuous in the flow of thought”—that is the different paragraphs or sections
must be linked to one another. They may reinforce the previous entries or
contradict them. Do not categorize the entries into local, national, or international.

It can be composed of the following: introduction, body, and conclusion.

▪ Introduction – give a quick idea of the topic of the literature review as the
central theme or organizational pattern.
▪ Body – contains your discussion of sources.
▪ Conclusion – Discuss what you have drawn from reviewing the literature so
far. Where might the discussion proceed? Under the conclusion part,
establish your reason or point of view about the literature or study, compare
and contrast them first and come up with your own point of view why you
have included the concept, theory or findings of the reviewed literature.

Organization of literature review

A general organization looks like a funnel

Broader topics
Subtopics

Studies like yours

How to organize studies:
• Chronological
– By publication date
– By trend
• Thematic
– A structure which considers different themes
• Methodological
– Focuses on the methods of the researcher, e.g., qualitative versus
quantitative approaches

Making links between studies:

Agreements
• Similarly, author B points to…
• Likewise, author C makes the case that…
• Author D also makes this point…
• Again, it is possible to see how author E agrees with author D…
Disagreements
• However, author B points to…
• On the other hand, author C makes the case that…
• Conversely, Author D argues…
• Nevertheless, what author E suggests…

Consider the 5C’s in reviewing and writing.

1. CITE by keeping on the primary focus on the literature

2. COMPARE the various arguments, theories, methodologies, approaches and or
findings expressed in the literature. What the authors agree on? Who employ
similar approaches? What are their findings?
3. CONTRAST the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches, and
controversies expressed in the literature. What are the areas of major
disagreement, controversy, or debate?
4. CRITIQUE the literature. Which argument is more persuasive and why? Which
approach, finding or methodology seem the most reliable, valid, or appropriate
and why? Pay attention to the verbs you use to describe on what the author
says or does?
5. CONNECT the literature to your own research area. How does your own work
draw on or depart from the reviewed literature?

BOTTOM LINE: Review of related literature is a discursive prose and not simply
describing and summarizing what has been read and written.
 Some important points to consider

GOLDEN RULE

TAKE A READER’S VIEW Write for your audience not for yourself.
TELL A STORY Direct your research, but keep a clear focus in the paper
and present results related to it
BE YOURSELF Write like you are speaking, then revise and polish
MAKE IT SIMPLE Use simple examples to explain complex methodology
MAKE IT CONCRETE Use concrete words and strong verbs. Avoid ambiguous
words
MAKE IT SHORT Avoid redundancy and over-explanation
TAKE RESPONSIBILITY Make clear distinction between your work and that of others

MAKE STRONG Ex. We concluded…instead of –It can be concluded….

STATEMENTS
BE SELF-CRITICAL Consider uncertainty of conclusions and their implications.
Acknowledge others’ work.

EXPLORE
Activity 4.1: Complete Me!

Based on the discussion above, process the methods of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing literature review by filling in the blanks provided in each statement.

1) In selecting sources of related literature, choose articles which are related to

your research interest.
2) A are brief summaries of research work presented at conferences.
3) A is a scholarly written article submitted for a doctorate or a higher degree at a
university.
4) A method of expressing borrowed ideas using different words to give clarity to an
idea is called .
5) Using is a technique in paraphrasing which utilize words of same meanings.
6) In making , all materials including all books, journal, theses, dissertations, and
other literary works are listed alphabetically or chronologically as it appears in the
manuscript.
7) A/an format of referencing is the most frequently used within the social sciences in
citing various sources.
8) _ is a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own language, picking
only the most important details of the text.
9) It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights to avoid the act of
stealing other intellectual properties known as .
10)Referencing within the main body of the text is branded as .

DEEPEN

Activity 4.2: Applying the 5C’s

DIRECTION: Read other sources of information, at least five, related to your chosen
research topic in online libraries, databases, and other sources. Cite portions of the
articles that are close to your chosen interest of study. Keep in mind and apply
what you have learned about in-text citation and referencing style. List and arrange
the sources in alphabetical order to create REFERENCES using the APA
Referencing style. Submit a soft copy of your output in MS Word format through
Gmail.

GAUGE

Direction: Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from among
the given choices. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1] Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is

A. Review of Related Literature
B. Methodology
C. significance
D. Meta-analysis

2] The most frequently used citation and referencing styles in social sciences.
A. MLA B. APA C. Chicago Manual D. AMA

3] What is the importance and purpose of related literature?

A. to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past
and present studies,
B. to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and
controversial.
C. to collect background information about a topic
D. all of the above

4] Which choice shows a correct reference entry for the journal article based on
APA format?
A. Ahemad, M. (2015). Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed
soils through plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001 B. M.
Ahemad. Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through
plant-growth-promoting bacteria. Journal of Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology.2015
C. Ahemad, M. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2015.02.001. Enhancing phytoremediation
of chromium-stressed soils. 2015
D] M. Ahemad. 2015. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology.
Enhancing phytoremediation of chromium-stressed soils through plant-
growth- promoting bacteria

5] It involves taking a passage - either spoken or written - and rewording it.

A. In-text citation
B. paraphrasing
C. referencing
D. synonym

6] Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Horses like grasses and
hay, and they can munch through 90 kilos of food a day”.
A. A horse can eat up to 90 kilos of grass and hay each day.
B. Grasses is the food of horses
C. Cows eat grass
D. Hay must be 90 pounds for horses to consume it.

7] Which of the following is the correct paraphrase of: “Symptoms of influenza

include fever and nasal congestion.”
A. Covid is influenza
B. Covid has influenza like symptoms
C. When you have fever and flu, you have covid.
D. A stuffy nose and high body temperature are signs that you have flu.

8] What is plagiarism?
A. to steal and pass off intellectual properties as one's own
B. to use someone else’s work without crediting the source
C. to present as original and novel an idea or invention copied from an
existing source D. all of the above
9] Which option reveals what should not be integrated in the references?
A. Author’s name B. The dates your copies were published
C. Titles of the article D. Age of the author

10] The following are information that can be seen in a review of related literature
EXCEPT __________________.
A. Theories explaining the variables interacting in the research
B. Recommendations for additional study
C. Gaps between similar studies
D. Authors maiden name, address, and gender

11] It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an

overview of all the writings relative to your specific topics.
A. Introduction B. Methodology
C. Review of Related Literatures D. Results and Discussion

12] It is a style of citing sources that can be found anywhere in the research paper
in between texts and/or end of each paragraph.
A. In-text citation B. Bibliography
C. Out-text citation D. Referencing List

13] Probing again themes or ideas related to your research is

A. Review of Related Literature B. Methodology
C. Significance D. Meta-analysis

14] Which among the following is NOT a factor when choosing the type of review
you want to write?
A. a limit on the number of words and citations.
B. locale of the study
C. the nature of the material found
D. the time available to write the review

15] In which part of the book should you investigate when searching for literature
reviews?
A. bibliography B. index
C. table of contents D. All of the above
KEY ANSWER

PRE-TEST

GAUGE:
References
Printed Materials:

Baraceros, Esther L. 2017. Practical Research 2 First Edition. Manila: Rex

Book Store, Inc.

Buensuceso, D. B. et. al. 2016. Practical Research 1. Teacher’s Guide.

Senior High School. Department of Education – Bureau of Learning
Resources. Pasig City, Philippines. Lexicon Press, Inc.

Chin Uy, Ronaldo Cabauatan, Belinda de Castro, Jeanette Grajo. 2016.

Practical Research 2. Quezon City: Vibal Group Inc.

Laurentina Paler-Calmorin, Melchor A. Calmorin. 2008. Research Methods

and Thesis Writing. Manila: Rex Book Store Inc.

Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for
senior high school: Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR
Publishing, Inc.

Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los Angeles:
Sage.

Ruben E. Faltado III, Medaedo B. Bombita, Helen B. Boholano, Angeline M.

Pogoy. 2016. Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research for SHS. Quezon
City: Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Sharp, J. 2012. Success With Your Educational Research. USA: John Wiley
and Sons.

Website:

Research Process. (n.d.) Research Methodology. Research-Methodolog.net. Retrieved

December 22, 2020 from
https://research-methodology.net/researchmethodology/research-process

Practical Research 2. Chua, Von Christopher. Retrieved December 22, 2020 from
https://mathbychua.weebly.com/practical-research-2.html

Problem Definition and Research Proposal. (n.d.) Research Methods. ZeePedia.com.

Retrieved December 22, 2020 from https://www.zeepedia.com/research_methods
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http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/get-assistance/writing/specific-types-papers/
writingliteraturereview

https://alexandercollege.ca/web-2018/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3.-Literature
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