PRACTICAL SHS

RESEARCH
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Learning from Others
and Reviewing
the Literature

GOVERNMENT PROPERTY | NOT FOR SALE

The following questions shall test your knowledge on the information covered in this
module. They will assess your familiarity on writing a Literature Review. Circle the best
answer.
1. Which does NOT define what a literature review is?
a) The process of reading and analysing published research for the purpose of
completing manuscript for publication.
b) The process of scrutinizing published research.
c) The activity of doing an internet search on a topic and looking through the results.
d) The written component of a research project that discusses concepts from other
references and research.
2. Why does a researcher conduct a literature review?
a) To familiarize themselves with the strand or the field they are in.
b) They are paid to review it.
c) The students are required to by their teachers.
d) To reproduce existing research, and create a similar result from it.

3. To start your literature review, what should you do first?

a) Formulate your hypothesis
b) Ask your teacher
c) Write about the articles on your topic
d) Identify the research questions

4. Where should you LEAST go to find the literature on your topic?

a) Wikipedia
b) Library
c) Government Database
d) Periodicals

5. Which is NOT a way to organize a review?

a) By theme or concept
b) By research questions
c) By methodology
d) By type of source

6. The following entry written in APA format is taken from what?

Dino, C. M. & Gustilo, L. E. (2015). Literature and Linguistics. Digitalk: An exploration
of the linguistic features of CMC. International Journal of Languages, 1(1). doi:
10.7763/IJLLL.2015.V1.11
a) Book
b) Dictionary
c) Journal
d) Magazine
7. The following entry written in APA format is taken from what? Coulmas, F.
(2005). Sociolinguistics: The study of speakers’ choices. NY: Cambridge
University Press.
a) Book
b) Dictionary
c) Journal
d) Magazine

8. What words or phrases establish the connection between the ideas that a writer present
as part of the review?
a) Verbs
b) Sentences
c) Transitional devices
d) Proofreading marks

9. What does it mean when you say that a source is Operative?

a) The writer should be recognized and skillful in writing the content.
b) The content should be based on facts and statistics.
c) Bias ad other forms of personal comments are avoided. If the ideas are mere
opinions, remove it.
d) The source should be up-to-date, recent, useful and relevant

10. Which of the following is an ADVANTAGE of searching the world wide web?
a) Some materials may be not be appropriate one’s age
b) It has a variety of materials that can be accessed anytime
c) Because it is for free, anyone can just make and post it
d) Downloading and using them can be tricky due to copyright law

11. Which part of a research paper takes into account the different published journals and
other written works that has already delved into the same topic that of the researcher is
currently studying?
a) Research Abstract
b) Related Literature
c) Review of Related Literature
d) Research Ethics

12. Which of the following skills are not demonstrated in writing review of related
literature?
a) Information seeking
b) Identifying a set of useful articles and books
c) Identifying unbiased and valid studies
d) Identifying problems and solutions
13. What structure of review of literature contains literature from books and different
form of materials which are considered non-empirical?
a) Scholarly literature
b) Local Literature
c) Conceptual Literature
d) Concept one related to Research Question 1

14. What promotes the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth and avoidance of error?
a) Ethical Standards
b) Ethics
c) Research Principles
d) Research Accountability

15. Ana, a student-researcher copy the entire part of the literature without citing the
source. What kind of plagiarism is employed?
a) Global Plagiarism
b) Patchwork Plagiarism
c) Instrumental Plagiarism
d) Incremental Plagiarism

16. In order for Andrew, a grade 12 student-researcher, to submit a review of related

literature he patched together different sources as if it was his own work. What Ethical
Standard in writing review of related literature is violated?
a) Objectivity
b) Integrity
c) Honesty
d) Intellectual Property

17. What is the meaning of APA?

a) American Psychological Accreditation
b) American Print Accreditation
c) American Psychological Association
d) American Periodic Association

18. What do we call the labels that are inserted next to each piece of information that
comes from another source?
a) Paraphrasing
b) Quotations
c) In-text citations
d) Reference list

19. What do we call the writing of information and ideas from a source in your own words?
a) Paraphrasing
b) Quotation
c) In-text citation
d) Referenc
Lesson Back to basics: Starting
1 the review
Are you ready to be engaged in to more reading? This lesson will focus on the basics of
your review of related literature. After crafting your chapter 1 from the previous lesson,
we are now heading on gathering relevant and appropriate literatures. As a student-
researcher, this will keep you track your reading and focus on the most relevant inputs.
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. identify key points in writing review of related literature
2. classify relevant literature and studies
3. explain the importance of the review of related literature

What’s In

Recall the objectives for your research. These will allow you refresh your focus in doing
your study.
Research Objective/s 1.

2,

What’s New

Boosting Your Minds

Try to figure out the message/s of this illustration in relation with our topic.

© google images,kindping.com What

does it remind you of?
If it reminds you that reading is important in writing or is helpful in writing, then you are
correct. From reading books or electronic materials our minds are enriched with concrete
and crucial information necessary in writing particularly in doing your research.
This also explains that collection of readings from different books or resources takes a
 huge part in the crafting of your Review of Related Literature.
Remember to make sure that your readings must go well with your research topic, problem
or objectives so it will not waste your time. Hence, let’s first know what review of related
literature is. Review of Related Literature
• According to Taylor (n.d.), the review of related literature is a part of research paper
that takes into account the different published journals and other written work that
has already delved into the same topic that the researcher is currently studying.
• Helen Mongan-rallis (2014) emphasised that a literature review must not only be a
summary of professional literature but also a critical analysis of relationship among
different published works and relate to the researcher’s own work

Objectives of the Review of Related Literature

Besides enlarging your knowledge about the topic, writing a literature review lets you gain
and demonstrate skills in two areas:
1. information seeking: the ability to scan the literature efficiently, using manual
or computerized methods, to identify a set of useful articles and books
2. critical appraisal: the ability to apply principles of analysis to identify unbiased
and valid studies

What is It

Importance of the Review of Related Literature

Take a look at the following importance of review of related literature in your research as
cited by Bermundo et al.2010.

• It provides the needed information on the theories, concepts and principles which are
essential in developing the conceptual and theoretical framework of the panned
topic.

• It provides the investigator with information about past researches related to the
topic under study. In other words, the review of related literature and studies is a
proof that the current undertaking is not duplicative of any study.

• It also helps the researcher identify the variables which were already studied in the
past and thus serve as basis for identifying new a new or other
variables in his present study. In short, it is a proof that the new current research
is filling-in a research gap.
 • The sufficiency of related literature and studies also gives the researcher a feeling
of confidence or that there is a sufficient reason to pursue the study.

• It gives the researcher information about the research design, the method used, the
data-gathering instrument, sampling techniques and others. Therefore, when
related literature and studies are sufficient, the researcher can proceed writing the
proposal without much problem and assistance from the research adviser.

• It is also important because it provides the findings the conclusions and

recommendations offered by the researcher by which the present researcher could
relate.

Structure of Review of Related Literature

For a Senior High School student like you, the suggested subdivisions for the related
literature are as follows:
1. Conceptual Literature – It contains literature coming from books, journalism, and
other forms of material, concerning or relevant to the study, but are data-free or non
– empirical material, coming from both foreign and local sources.
2. Scholarly Literature - these are empirically – based, like scientific paper, theses,
and dissertations, both published and unpublished, coming from local and foreign
sources.

It is also possible that you follow this:

3. Local literature - information found in books, professional journals and
magazines, newspapers and University publications published by the different
colleges and universities in the Philippines.
4. Foreign literature - These are manuscripts, theses researches and
dissertations conducted in other countries.

Other structures include:

1. Concept one related to Research Question 1
2. Concept two related to Research Question 2
3. Concept three related to Research Question 3
 What’s More

There are many different ways to organize your references in a literature review, but most
reviews contain certain elements.

Basic elements of a Literature Review

• Objective of the literature review
o Clearly describe the purpose of the paper and state your objectives in
completing the literature review.

• Overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration

o Give an overview of your research topic and what prompted it.

• Categorization of sources
o Group your research either historic, chronologically or thematically

• Organization of Subtopics
o Group your subtopics present them in a logical order starting with the most
prominent or significant and moving to the least significant

• Discussion
o Provide analysis of both the uniqueness of each source and its
similarities with other sources

• Conclusion
o Summarize your analysis and provide evaluation of the reviewed
works and how it is related to its parent discipline, scientific
endeavour or profession. (Retrieved from
https://uscupstate.libguides.com/Literature_Review)

Activity 1 Let’s check.

TRUE or FALSE. Write T if the statement is correct F of not.
1. Review of related literature must go beyond just summarizing
professional literature.
2. A literature review is a part of the research paper that takes into account
the different published journals and other written work had already delved into the same
topic that the researcher is currently studying.
3. Review of Related Literature is the same as the Annotated
Bibliography.
 4. Familiarizing in online databases and trying to narrow down your
searches help in gathering the right result.
5. A literature review is collection of unrelated studies and literature.
6. Considering research objectives are crucial in identifying related
literature.
7. An example of conceptual literature is a thesis published
electronically.
8. Foreign literatures are data and information gathered from the
Philippines.
9. Old or past researches are considered useless even if it is
connected to your study.
10. • The sufficiency of related literature and studies also gives the
researcher a feeling of confidence or that there is a sufficient reason to pursue the study.
[Check the answer at the end of this module]

Activity 2. Let’s Visualize.

Given the key points and importance of the review of related literature.
What do you think will happen if the student-researcher fails to gather relevant and
appropriate literatures and studies? Give possible consequences and solution to this
problem.
Consequences Solution

[Check some possible answers at the end of the moduleActivity 3: Let’s plan.
A good review requires careful planning. As student-researcher, I know that you had
been reading and gathering information from the initial part of your study. Now, let us
outline what you have already gathered.

Research Title:
Research Conceptual Scholarly Local Foreign
Question Literature Literature Literature Literature
 1.

2.

3.

Lesson Follow the standards:

2 The Ethics and The Goods in
reviewing

Are you done reading and collecting related literatures? In this lesson, your data will be
carefully written in order to avoid ethical violation. This lesson will help you establish
credibility, academic honesty, and integrity as a student-researcher. Guidelines and
standards of related literature writing will be thoroughly given. This lesson will also
give you notes on the importance of reviewing your work.
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. define ethical standards in writing review of related literature,
2. cite related literature using APA Manual of Style, and

What’s In

Before you start crafting your related literature let’s make a checklist on how
extensive your collected facts are.
Check which applies to you.
 I have already sourced out my Conceptual Literature
 I have already sourced out some Scholarly Literature
 I have read local literature
 I have read foreign literature
 I have aligned my readings to my specific research questions
 I have read sufficient materials about my topic
 I have highlighted or written the important information I have
gathered from the material
 I have noted the bibliographic information of the materials I have read,
especially those that I intend to use in my paper

If one or more of the boxes have been left unchecked, you might want to review Lesson 1
again. When you have missed one of the checklist, there is a possibility that your Literature
Review would be raw or half-baked—meaning, it might not contain sufficient information to
support your research paper.
When all of the boxes have been checked, you can now proceed to the next section.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Fill in this sheet to track your readings and sort it out. Write all topics or information
that you gather and check whether it is helpful and relevant for your study. You may
also change the headings of the table suited to the structure that you decide to use. Do
not forget that all information must be aligned in you research objective/ questions.
Use a separate sheet for this activity. You may need more than one sheet in doing
this task.

RELATED LITERATURE
Local Studies

Title/topic Author/ Publication: Remarks

Foreign Studies

Title: Author/ Publication: Remarks

RELATED STUDIES
Local Studies

Title/topic Author/Publication Remarks

Foreign Studies

Title: Author/Publication Remarks.

 What’s New

Ethical Standards and Its Importance

Before we dig deeper into this topic, try to figure out which among the following words
can be associated to Ethical Standards in research.

Rules Method Procedure Perspective Knowledge Truth

Avoidance of error Falsifying Misrepresenting research Norm Accountability

Prejudice Bias Honesty Objectivity Intellectual property

Choose the words/phrases which you think are associated to Ethical Standards in research
and try to explain you answer.

Words/Phrases associated Why is it associated?

What have you chosen?

Did you happen to choose falsying, misrepresenting research, prejudice, and bias?
If you did, then you are probably not yet familiar about the ethical standards of
research as those four defy such standards.

Defining Ethics
Cambridge dictionary defines “Ethics” as the study of what is morally right and wrong.
Check the related words from the initial activity.
As a student-researcher it is a must for you to acknowledge these standardized rules
that guide the design and conduct of your research.
Why do you think is it important to adhere ethical norms in research particularly in your
review of related literature?

Answer:

Pause for a moment and make sure that you have written your answer.
Compare your answer to the discussions that follow as regards the importance of maintaining ethics
in research.
Importance of Ethical Standards in Research
• Promotes the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error.
Examples:
o prohibitions against fabricating,
o Falsifying
o misrepresenting research data promote the truth and minimize error.

• Promotes the values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness. Many of these are designed to protect
intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration. Examples:
o guidelines for authorship
o copyright and patenting policies
o data sharing policies
o confidentiality rules in peer review,
• Helps to ensure that researchers can be held accountable to the public. Ethics
would be necessary in order to make sure that researchers who are funded by public
money can be held accountable to the public.
Examples:
o policies on research misconduct
o conflicts of interest
o the human subjects protections
o animal care and use
David B. Resnik, J.D., Ph.D., 2018
Given the importance of ethical standards on the conduct of research, here are some
ethical principles by Shamoo A and Resnik D. (2015). These must guide you upon gathering
literature and providing evidence to make a stronger research.
• Honesty - Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data,
results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify,
or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public.
• Carefulness - Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine
your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities,
such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or
journals.
• Intellectual Property – Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions
to research. Never plagiarize.
 What is It

Look at the following pictures. What do you notice?

The Philippines' scrapped "Pilipinas Kay Ganda" logo (right) and Poland's "Polska (top).
Switzerland's campaign in 1951 (bottom) and the Philippines' current tourism slogan Photo credits:
https://news.abs-cbn.com/

The above images belong to the most controversial plagiarisms scandals in the Philippines. Yes!
Pictures could be plagiarized. More so in writing.
Research Ethical Standard in writing review of related literature strongly prohibits PLAGIARISM
as it is unethical to copy and use someone’s’ words and ideas without giving them proper
recognition or citation.
Be Aware!
Here are the three different types of plagiarism that you should avoid.
1. Global Plagiarisms: When someone steals an entire project from one source Lucas,
2001).

2. Patchwork Plagiarism: Someone edits together two or more different sources and
presents the result as his or her own work (Lucas, 2001).

3. Incremental Plagiarism. This is when the bulk of the project is yours and the
organization is yours, but passages or bits of information have been taken from
others’ work without being acknowledged. A reader or listener has no way of
knowing where these bits came from or that they were not your original ideas
(Lucas, 2001).

Avoiding Plagiarism in Review of Related Literature

Plagiarism completely violates the principle and aims of the ethical standard in research.
Hence, you must learn techniques on avoiding this in writing your review of related
literature. Remember that as student-researcher, you must cater honesty and protect
intellectual property interests while encouraging collaboration among other authors/
researchers.

The best strategy in avoiding plagiarism in your work is by giving proper citation and
recognition to the rightful owner the words or ideas gathered for your studies.
There are different ways of citing sources. The most common styles are as follow:
• American Psychological Association (APA) – most commonly use style of
citing sources within the social sciences (Angelie et al.,2010).

• Modern Language Association (MLA)- most commonly use when

writing research topics in liberal arts and humanities scope of study

• Chicago Manual Style – most commonly used and respected style guides
in the United States (Spencer, 2011).
Take note: As a student-researcher APA format is expected in your research work.
 What’s More

Citation On the Go!

In-text citations. Labels that are inserted next to each piece of information that comes
from another source.

For this section, you will familiarize yourself with three In-text Citation styles:
A. The American Psychological Association (APA)
B. The Modern Language Association (MLA)
C. The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS)

A. The APA – In-text Citation

Here are examples of in-text citation rule from the Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association (APA) 6th Edition:

In-text citation rule: For paraphrasing and quotations, always

include the author's last name and the date published.
Paraphrases do not have to include page numbers (and some
instructors may prefer this method, so check with
Book, them). However, in the new edition of the APA Manual, they are
Single Author recommended.
6.11 Referring the author in the text: According to Ball (2001), the earth
contains many bright colors (p.10).
Author not referred to in the text: The earth contains many bright
colors (Ball, 2001, p.10).

If a work has only two authors, cite both names each time you
reference the material.
EXAMPLE: According to Bird and Martin (2005), Robert Oppenheimer
led a tragic life.
If a work has three, four, or five authors, you should cite all of the
authors by last name in the first in-text reference. In a subsequent
reference, you would cite the name of the first author listed followed by
Book, et al.
Multiple Authors EXAMPLES:
6.12 Johnson, Lee, and Martin (2010) attempted this experiment. [first in-
text citation]
Johnson et al (2010) confirmed the number of participants.
If a work has six or more authors, only cite the first author's last name
followed by et al for all in-text citations.
Vidal et al (2010) concluded that working in a library is the best

job a student can have.

 For an in-text citation for a source with no identified author, your in-text
Works with no citation will include the first part of your reference, usually the title.
author EXAMPLE: When research is completed in a timely manner, student
6.15 grades are better ("How To Succeed," 2010).

EXAMPLES:
Corporate author According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2007), high
(easily identified cholesterol levels are affecting children as well as adults.
by acronym) In subsequent in-text citations, you should use NIMH (2003).

Learn more common core element in APA style form these links:
• APA Tutorial (the basics):The basics of APA Style (6th edition)
(http://www.apastyle.otg/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx)
• APA Tutorial (what’s new): What’s new in the 6th edition
(http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/brief-guide.aspx

B. The MLA – In-text Citation

The Basics
In the Modern Language Association Style (MLA), referring to the works of others
in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing
relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation
or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source
information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period).
However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes
sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave
information out.

General Guidelines

The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the
source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works
Cited page.Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the
source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word
or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that
appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

In-text Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a

citations: "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).
Author-page
style Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).
 Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative
process (263).

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This

means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from
which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text,
and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page.
The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in
parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page
number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of
your sentence.

In-text For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles,
citations for and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the
print sources author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal
with known word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the
author parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as

"symbol-using animals" (3).
Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke
3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke,

which will be the first thing that appears on the left- hand margin
of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life,

Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.

In-text citations When a source has a corporate author, it is acceptable to use the
for print name of the corporation followed by the page number for the in-
sources by a text citation. You should also use abbreviations (e.g., nat'l for
corporate national) where appropriate, so as to avoid interrupting the flow of
author reading with overly long parenthetical citations.

In-text citations When a source has no known author, use a shortened title of the
for print sources work instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if
with no known it's a short work (such as an article) or italicize it if it's a longer work
author (e.g. plays, books, television shows, entire Web sites) and provide a
page number if it is available.
Example:
We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely
because this region has "more readily accessible climatic data and
more comprehensive programs to monitor and study
environmental change . . ." ("Impact of Global Warming").

Author-page Page numbers are always required, but additional citation information
citation for can help literary scholars, who may have a different edition of a
classic and classic work, like Marx and Engels's The Communist Manifesto. In
literary works such cases, give the page number of your edition (making sure the
with multiple edition is listed in your Works Cited page, of course) followed by a
editions semicolon, and then the appropriate abbreviations for volume (vol.),
book (bk.), part
 (pt.), chapter (ch.), section (sec.), or paragraph (par.).

Example:

Marx and Engels described human history as marked by class

struggles (79; ch. 1).

Author-page When you cite a work that appears inside a larger source (for instance,
citation for an article in a periodical or an essay in a collection), cite the author
works in an of the internal source (i.e., the article or essay). For example, to cite
anthology, Albert Einstein's article "A Brief Outline of the Theory of Relativity,"
periodical, or which was published in Nature in 1921, you might write something
collection like this:
Example:
Relativity's theoretical foundations can be traced to earlier work by
Faraday and Maxwell (Einstein 782).

Citing authors Sometimes more information is necessary to identify the source from
with same last which a quotation is taken. For instance, if two or more authors have
names the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or even the
authors' full name if different authors share initials) in your citation.

Example:

Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer
children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical
research outweigh this consideration (A.
Miller 46).

Citing a work by For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names in the
multiple text or in the parenthetical citation:
authors
For Example:

Best and Marcus argue that one should read a text for what it says
on its surface, rather than looking for some hidden meaning (9).
The authors claim that surface reading looks at what is “evident,
perceptible, apprehensible in texts” (Best and Marcus 9).

Corresponding Best, David, and Sharon Marcus. “Surface Reading: An

Works Cited Introduction.” Representations, vol. 108, no. 1, Fall 2009, pp.
entry: 1-21. JSTOR, doi:10.1525/rep.2009.108.1.1

For a source List only the first author’s last name, and replace the additional
with three or names with et al.
more authors,
Example:

According to Franck et al., “Current agricultural policies in the

 U.S. are contributing to the poor health of Americans” (327). The
authors claim that one cause of obesity in the United States is
government-funded farm subsidies (Franck et al. 327). Corresponding
Works Cited entry:

Franck, Caroline, et al. “Agricultural Subsidies and the American

Obesity Epidemic.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine, vol.
45, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 327-333.

Citing multiple If you cite more than one work by an author, include a shortened
works by the same title for the particular work from which you are quoting to distinguish
author it from the others. Put short titles of books in italics and short titles
of articles in quotation marks.

Citing two Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small
articles by the children ("Too Soon" 38), though he has acknowledged elsewhere that
same author: early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill
development in a child's second and third year ("Hand-Eye
Development" 17).

Citing two Murray states that writing is "a process" that "varies with our thinking
books by the style" (Write to Learn 6). Additionally, Murray argues that the purpose
same author: of writing is to "carry ideas and information from the mind of one
person into the mind of another" (A Writer Teaches Writing 3).
Additionally, if the author's name is not mentioned in the sentence,
format your citation with the author's name followed by a comma,
followed by a shortened title of the work, and, when appropriate, the
page number(s):
Visual studies, because it is such a new discipline, may be "too easy"
(Elkins, "Visual Studies" 63).

Citing If you cite from different volumes of a multivolume work, always

multivolume include the volume number followed by a colon. Put a space after the
works colon, then provide the page number(s). (If you only cite from one
volume, provide only the page number in parentheses.)

. . . as Quintilian wrote in Institutio Oratoria (1: 14-17).

Citing the Bible

In your first parenthetical citation, you want to make clear which
Bible you're using (and underline or italicize the title), as each version
varies in its translation, followed by book (do not italicize or
underline), chapter, and verse.

Example:

Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with

faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible,
Ezek. 1.5-10).
If future references employ the same edition of the Bible you’re
 using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical
citation:

John of Patmos echoes this passage when describing his vision (Rev.
4.6-8).

Citing indirect
sources Sometimes you may have to use an indirect source. An indirect
source is a source cited within another source. For such indirect
quotations, use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted.

Example:

Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as "social

service centers, and they don't do that well" (qtd. in Weisman 259).
Note that, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find
the original source, rather than citing an indirect source.

Citing non- print • Include in the text the first item that appears in the Work
or sources from Cited entry that corresponds to the citation (e.g. author name, article
the Internet name, website name, film name).
• Do not provide paragraph numbers or page numbers based
on your Web browser’s print preview function.
• Unless you must list the Web site name in the signal phrase
in order to get the reader to the appropriate entry, do not include
URLs in-text. Only provide partial URLs such as when the name of
the site includes, for example, a domain name, like CNN.com or
Forbes.com, as opposed to writing out http://www.cnn.com or
http://www.forbes.com.

Multiple To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference,

citations separate the citations by a semi-colon:
. . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).
Time-based media sources
When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such
as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and
seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).

When a citation is Common sense and ethics should determine your need for
not needed documenting sources. You do not need to give sources for familiar
proverbs, well-known quotations, or common knowledge (For
example, it is expected that U.S. citizens know that George
Washington was the first President.). Remember that citing sources
is a rhetorical task, and, as such, can vary
based on your audience. If you’re writing for an expert audience of a
scholarly journal, for example, you may need to deal with
Lifted from: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_i
C. Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) - Citing in the Text
The Basics
The Chicago style, when referring to a source of information within the text of a document, in
its simplest form, gives a short citation consisting of the name of the author (or authors)
and the date of publication.

General Guidelines
• The short references within the text are given wholly or partly in round brackets.

• Use only the surname of the author followed by the year of publication. Include page,
chapter, section or paragraph numbers if you need to be specific. A comma is placed
between the year of publication and the page, chapter, section or paragraph numbers.

• No distinction is made between books, journal articles, internet documents or other

formats except for electronic documents that do not provide page numbers. In this instance,
use the paragraph number, if available, with the abbreviation para.

• Citations in the text can either be either placed at the end of a sentence in parentheses
(brackets) or alternatively, the author's name may be included in the text, and just the
date and additional information placed within the brackets.

Book • A citation for a book appearing in the text as:

There are many reasons for intestinal scarring (Ogilvie 1998, 26-28).

Journal • A citation for a journal article appearing in the text as either:

Article
... gastrointestinal illness is also often misdiagnosed (Morgan and Thompson
1998, 243).
OR
Morgan and Thompson (1998, 243) argue that gastrointestinal illness is
also often misdiagnosed.

Electronic • An electronic document would be cited in the text in the same way as a
Document print document.

For example, citation for an internet document appearing in the text as:

There are many useful materials available (Raidal and Dunsmore 1996,
par. 13)
would be given in the reference list as:

Note: When referring to multiple authors within the text and within
parentheses, precede the final name with the word and:

... as Kurtines and Szapocnik (2003) demonstrated.

... as has been demonstrated (Kurtines and Szapocnik, 2003).

Lifted from: https://libguides.murdoch.edu.au/Chicago

Formatting Your In-text Citation

 Depending on what your teacher advises you to use, you would have a specific
citation format to follow. For this module or any successive activities, you are encouraged
to follow the APA 6th edition In-text citation format.

Here is how you do it.

1. Parenthetical citation: Put all the citation information at the end of the
sentence:

2. Narrative citation: Include some of the citation information as part of the

sentence:

Activity1. Checking on your knowledge.

A. Multiple Choices: Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What type of Plagiarisms occurs when someone steals an entire project from one source?
a) Global plagiarism
b) Patchwork plagiarism
c) Incremental plagiarism
d) Instrumental plagiarism
2. Which of the following does not express the importance of ethical standards in
research?
a) Promotes knowledge and truth
b) Promotes the values for collaborative work
c) Ensure accountability
d) Neglects errors policies and misconduct in research

3. What are the 3 type of plagiarism?

a) Patchwork, global, and intermodal plagiarism
b) Global, Patchwork , and incremental plagiarism
c) Plain, Global, and International plagiarism
d) Global, Incremental, and patch mate plagiarism

4. What kind of plagiarism occurs when the bulk of the project is yours and the
organization is yours, but passages or bits of information have been taken from others’
work without being acknowledged?
a) Global plagiarism
b) Patchwork plagiarism
c) Incremental plagiarism
d) Instrumental plagiarism

5. What style is most commonly use in the social sciences?

a) MLA
b) Chicago
c) APA
d) SIST

6. What do we call the labels inserted next to each piece of information that comes from
another sources?
a) Paraphrasing
b) Quotation
c) In-text Citation
d) Referencing

7. Below is an example of in-text citation. Identify what style is followed.

According to Verns (2020), research writing develops students information seeking and
critical thinking skills (p.25)
a) MLA
b) Chicago
c) APA
d) SIST
8. Below is an example of in-text citation. Identify what style is followed.
Kumashiro notes that lesbian and bixesual women of colour are often excluded from
both queer communities and communities of clour (qtd. In Dua 188).
a) MLA
b) Chicago
c) APA
d) SIST

9. Below is an example of in-text citation. Identify what style is followed.

Andrei and Thompson (2001, 324) argue that communicative competence is not
measured by simple speaking test alone.
a) MLA
b) Chicago
c) APA
d) SIST

10. In APA format what will you do if a work cited has six or more authors?
a) Verzo, Vidal et al (2020) concluded that attitude towards English shows high
significant relationship in the level of communicative competence of the learners.
b) Verzo et al (2020) concluded that attitude towards English shows high
significant relationship in the level of communicative competence of the learners.
c) Verzo, Vidal, Agustos, Andrade et al (2020) concluded that attitude
towards English shows high significant relationship in the level of
communicative competence of the learners.
d) Verzo et al. concluded that attitude towards English shows high significant
relationship in the level of communicative competence of the learners.

Activity 2. Checking your citations

Determine if the following is:
a. Narrative citation
b. Parenthetical Citation
c. Referencing

1. According to Cook-Gumperz (1986), “The systematic development of literacy and

schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated”
(p. 27).
2. Easton, B. (2008). Does poverty affect health? In K. Dew & A. Matheson (Eds.),
Understanding health inequalities in Aotearoa New Zealand (pp. 97–106). Dunedin,
New Zealand: Otago University Press.
3. Some educational theorists suggest that schooling and a focus on teaching literacy
divided society into educated and uneducated classes (Cook-Gumperz, 1986).
4. Kasabov, N., Scott, N. M., Tu, E., Marks, S., Sengupta, N., Capecci, E., . . . Yang, J.
(2016). Evolving spatio-temporal data machines based on the NeuCube
 neuromorphic framework: Design methodology and selected applications. Neural
Networks, 78, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2015.09.011
5. Some argue that relying too much on the Internet for information might hinder our mental
capacities and our ability to read books and other long pieces (Carr, 2008).
6. As mentioned by Carr (2008), “As we come to rely on computers to mediate our
understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence that flattens into artificial
intelligence” (Chapter 3, para. 3).
7. Andragogy is the method and practice of teaching adult learners (Merriam-
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 2005).
8. Tyson, Strauss, and Gott (2016) encourage the use of simplified terms when it comes
to discussing and defining the universe. For example, a small white star is simply
called a white dwarf. Keep it short and sweet because the universe is confusing
enough (p. 22).
9. Tyson, N. D., Strauss, M. A., and Gott, J. R. (2016). Welcome to the universe: An
astrophysical tour. Princeton University Press.
10. Use simplified terms when discussing and defining the universe. For example, a small
white star is simply called a white dwarf. Keep it short and sweet because the universe
is confusing enough (deGrasse, Strauss, & Gott, 2016, p. 22).

The contents in this activity are lifted from https://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-

guides/apa-format/apa-in-text-citation/

Activity 3. Gathering information

LET’S CHASE IT!
As a student-researcher you are task to gather three (3) related studies or literatures using
APA Manual of Style. Make sure to get inputs related to your research title.
Research Review Title Actual Statement Author and
Questions/Objectives Publication

1. 1.