Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quarter 1- Module 4:
Learning from Others and
Reviewing the Literature
1
What I
What I need to know
Practical Research 1 develops critical thinking and problem-solving
skills through qualitative research. A research paper, basically, has five
chapters, in which Chapter 2 is the review of related literature.
A literature review is a summary of studies related to a particular area
of research. It identifies and summarizes all the relevant research conducted
on a particular topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books,
and other sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should
enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this
previous research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous
researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your work has been
well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field
of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimilated that work into
the work at hand.
This module is about learning from others and reviewing the
literature. It consists of the following lessons:
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What I Know?
3
Lesson Literature Review
1
Literature is an oral or written record of man’s significant experiences that
are expressed in an ordinary manner. It is conveyed directly or indirectly. Direct
expressions is in books, journals, periodic papers, and online reading materials.
Indirect expressions are not written or spoken at all but is mirror image of his
environment (Ridley 2012).
What’s In?
What is New?
Activity 1.1
Picture Analysis
Directions: Examine the image below. What does it tell you?
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Write your answers here
________________________________________________________________
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What Is It?
The significance and rationale of related literature and studies is to find out
the similarities and differences between the past and present studies, to get ideas
into the critical and controversial aspects of the problem. It helps recognize and
define a research problem. It gives the researcher a background analysis aspect,
which have been studied. It guides the researcher on what to do on the mechanism
of the research methods; this also provides the thoughts to advance with the study
until its conclusion. It avoids redundant duplication of a study. Moreover, reading
extensively will enrich your background knowledge on your research topic that will
enable you to establish a good groundwork or course of your research endeavor.
What’s More?
Activity 1.2
Write on a sheet of paper a topic you are most interested to explore. Enumerate
at least three ways on how you will look for the information and data needed about the
chosen topic. Share important information that you would like to probe on the chosen
subject. For example, the topic is gender inequality among TVL (Technical Vocational
Technology) learners. What are you interested most? Is it the difference in quantity of
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work? Is it the difference in quality of work? Alternatively, is it the type of PPE (Personal
Protective equipment)?
Follow the example and fill in your answers in the blank provided.
Topic Sentence:
Example: The number of learners, quality of work, quantity of work, and types of PPE.
Answer:_
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2 __________________________________________________________________
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3 __________________________________________________________________
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Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points
supported?
Example:
Source 1: Bagale found out that more women are included in the traditional technical
vocational programs, whereas there is poor participation in non-traditional areas.
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Source 2: Mustapha pointed out that there is gender imbalance in the technical
vocational field.
Answer:
Source1:
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Source 2:
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Source 3:
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Answer:
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Answer:
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Conclusion: Summarizing
Example: This literature review was conducted to analyze opposing perspectives on
gender inequality among technical vocational learners.
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Answer:
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Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the next step
of this study?
Example: Further research is needed to examine recent statistics on gender inequality
among TVL learners in the senior high schools of this division as compared to others
in this region.
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________
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Using the baseline information, discuss the process of a literature review and its
need and purpose by supplying the synonym of the word/s enclosed in parenthesis
needed to make the statement true and correct.
1. A literature (go over) __________ is a summary of studies related to a particular
area of research.
2. When investigating a research topic, review only those that are directly (connected)
__________ to your specific point of study.
3. (Keep away from) _________ the temptation to copy paste everything you find in
the literature you have read.
4. Relate findings to previous (information) ___________and suggest areas for further
research.
5. Included in literature review are (space)_________ and (advice) ____________ for
additional study specified in related studies.
6. Theories give details of the presence of the problem and certain (factors) ________
that is connected to the problem.
7. A literature is a/an (spoken) __________ or written record of man’s significant
experiences.
8. Some sources of direct (expressions) _________ is in books, journals, periodic
papers, and online reading materials.
9. The significance of reviewing related studies is to find out the (analogous)
_________ and (variation) _________ between the past and present studies.
10. A literature review (recognize) __________ the work of previous researchers.
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What I Can Do?
Activity 1.3
Visit webpages, journals, and similar on-line materials that has published theses
and dissertations. Examine the Review of Related Literature section of these materials
and based on what you have learned about RRL, comment on how these appear in
the manuscript. Produce a written copy of your observations about the RRL section in
the manuscript and share this with your teacher and classmates.
What’s In?
In the previous lesson, you learned the definition, importance and purpose of
literature review. An effective literature review selects the right and specific write ups
that give close information to an identified topic, scrutinize and synthesize content
about key themes or issues, cites properly authors of information gathered, identify
similarities and differences between chosen literatures and a lot more. Selecting, citing
and synthesizing related literature needs a thorough development of skills in
searching, reading, paraphrasing, writing, and even creating your own page of article
after reviewing a whole bunch of related sources.
What’s New?
Activity 2.1
Text Development
Direction: Look back into one period of your life when you were so eager to know
something. What did you do to satisfy your desire to know about such thing? In the
space provided, write a brief memoir on your knowledge seeking.
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A Memoir on My Thirst
for Knowledge
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What Is It?
Here are questions to guide you in this endeavor of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing related literature.
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2. References or Bibliography. A whole list of literary materials including all books,
journal, theses, and dissertations along with other sources mentioned above.
References are arranged alphabetically in some papers or in order of sequence
as it comes out in the paper. This holds the summary of the information of all of
your sources. Information needed in making the referencing list involves the
following:
a. Author’s name
b. Date of the publication of the source.
c. Page number where you found the information.
d. Publisher
e. Place of Publishing
f. Volume
g. Edition
h. Other relevant information –date of access
Example of References
3. Citation, or In-text-citation. Referring author within the main body of the text. Citations
can be done by paraphrasing, summarizing, or through quotations. It can be written in
the beginning of a text, between the text, or at the last part of the paragraph. Examples
are shown:
Sanchez (2015) found out building food systems that are more
sustainable, resilient and responsive …
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Productivity is declining as the country is facing a burgeoning population of
more than a hundred million, where majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition
(Briones, et al, 2017).
There are three basic methods of referencing the author referred in your paper.
These are the APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language
Association), and the Chicago Manual Style. In this module, we will be focusing on
the two most commonly used styles of referencing. Moreover, between the two, APA
is the most frequently used within the social sciences in citing various sources. The
following table shows examples of MLA and APA styles of referencing:
What have you noticed in the styles of writing the above entries?
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_________________________________________________________________
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What’s More?
Activity 2.2
Directions: The following entries in each box are essential in writing references. The
headings in each table are examples of correct format of referencing. Fill in the table
with the data provided in the headings as guide. Arrange the entries in proper order,
use appropriate format using APA writing style (i.e. underline or italicize if necessary).
Print Sources
Example of more than six authors: Benson, B., Aller, C., Camelot, D., David, E.,
Ebiola, F., Flores, G., Harison, I. (1994). The World Beneath. Los Angeles, USA:
Paramoud Era Press.
Author1’s First Middle Author2’s First Middle Author3’s First Middle Author4’s First Middle
Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial Last Initial Initial
Name Name Name Name
Author5’s First Middle Author6’s First Middle (Publication Book Place of Publisher
Last Name Initial Initial Last Name Initial Initial Date) Title Publication:
Initial
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Scholarly Journal Article - Internet
Example Scholarly Journal: Godlowska, 2016. Plant growth biostimulants based on
different methods of seaweed extraction with water . Hindawi Publishing Corporation
BioMed Research International Volume 2016, Article ID 5973760, 11 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5973760
Author Last First Initial Middle Initial (Publication date) Article Title Magazine/Scholarly DOI or Article
Name Journal Title URL
Author Last Name First Initial (Publication date) if Article Title Encyclopedia Title URL
given
Activity 2.3
A paraphrase restates another’s idea (or your own previously published idea)
in your own words. Paraphrasing allows you to summarize and synthesize information
from one or more sources, focus on significant information, and compare and contrast
relevant details. Published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather
than directly quoting the sources; student authors should emulate this practice by
paraphrasing more than directly quoting.
PARAPHRASING ACTIVITIES
Part 1
Read the original text below. Enclose in parenthesis the words that should not be
changed when paraphrasing. Underline which should be changed.
(Source: Sharma, S.H. Lyons, G. Mc. Roberts C. 2011. Biostimulant activity of brown
seaweed species from Strangford Lough: compositional analyses of polysaccharides
and bioassay of extracts using mung bean (Vigno mungo L.) and pak choi (Brassica
rapa chinensis L.). Springer Science+Business Media
B.V. 2011 J Appl Phycol (2012) 24:1081–1091 DOI 10.1007/s10811-0119737-)
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Part 2
Between the two paraphrases below, which statement best provides the most
suitable paraphrase of the original text above? Further, justify your answer using
sentence structure and changes in keywords.
Paraphrase 1
An organic material that can promote plant growth and development which is
not caused by spraying of usual plant fertilizers are called biostimulants (Sharma et.al.,
2011).
Paraphrase 2
A biostimulant makes a plant grow beautifully and bigger when added with
traditional plant nutrient (Sharma et.al., 2011).
Justification
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Part 3
Find the synonym of the highlighted italicized words in Paraphrase 2.
Attaining food security and reduction of poverty has been the continuing
vision of our country (Balisacan, 2003). Despite being dubbed as a country blessed
with bountiful resources, the incidence of poverty due to rapidly increasing
population is an issue (Dacuycuy, 2018).
Write your answers here
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Part 4
Construct a paraphrase. Examine the original text below and build a
paraphrase from the range of phrases provided.
Philippines is an agricultural country. Yet, productivity is declining as the
country is facing a burgeoning population of more than a hundred million, where
majority of Filipinos are suffering from malnutrition (Briones, et al, 2017). According
to Sanchez Jr, F. C. (2015) building food systems that are more sustainable, resilient
and responsive should be the top priority. The production innovations have been
evolving more and more towards organic, sustainable or environmental friendly
systems.
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Write Your Paraphrase Here
_____________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Based on the discussion above, process the methods of selecting, citing, and
synthesizing literature review by filling in the blanks provided in each statement.
1. In selecting sources of related literature, choose articles which are
_________related to your research interest.
2. A _________ are brief summaries of research work presented at conferences.
3. A _________ is a scholarly written article submitted for a doctorate or a higher
degree at a university.
4. A method of expressing borrowed ideas using different words to give clarity to an
idea is called ________.
5. Using _________ is a technique in paraphrasing which utilize words of same
meanings.
6. In making _________, all materials including all books, journal, theses,
dissertations, and other literary works are listed alphabetically or chronologically
as it appears in the manuscript.
7. A/an _________ format of referencing is the most frequently used within the
social sciences in citing various sources.
8. _________ is a shortened version of the original text expressed in your own
language, picking only the most important details of the text.
9. It is necessary to acknowledge other people’s intellectual rights to avoid the act
of stealing other intellectual properties known as _________.
10. Referencing within the main body of the text is branded as _________.
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What I Can Do?
Activity 2.4
Read other sources of information, at least five, related to your chosen research
topic in online libraries, databases, and other sources. Cite portions of the articles that
are close to your chosen interest of study. Keep in mind and apply what you have
learned about in-text citation and referencing style. List and arrange the sources in
alphabetical order to create REFERENCES using the APA Referencing style.
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Lesson Ethical Standards in Writing
3
The ethical standards of research establish the values and expectations of a
research so that information generated is written accurately and appropriately in
accordance to the highest moral principles of research. These ethical standards are
governed by core values of integrity, confidentiality, anonymity, and privacy through
informed consent, voluntary participation, beneficence, justice, and rights to review. It
is important to adhere to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and
welfare of research participants. These principles are honesty, integrity,
trustworthiness, openness, carefulness, respect for intellectual property, and social
and legal responsibility.
This lesson introduces you to the ethical standards of research before, during,
and after the conduct of study, conflicts that might arise while carrying out the
research, and possible solutions to address it.
What’s In?
In the previous lessons, you learned the different manners and styles of
referencing, or giving credit to owners of ideas borrowed within the span of research.
Such referencing acts will make your study reliable and acceptable in the research
community once evaluated by an ethics review committee which sets out the
standards for research in each forum or platform where you share and present your
study. This part will also give you an idea about the researcher’s responsibilities
towards participants or respondents, common difficulties in the conduct of research,
possible solutions to answer it or minimize risks, conflicting values, and other ethical
issues that might engulfed the research process.
Activity 3.1
Mapping Out Issues
Directions: Write/draw near the image issues you are most likely to experience in
conducting research. Draw a line connecting the images if you think they are
somehow If issues are associated.
School
Me
Home Friends
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What’s New?
During the course of the conduct of research, common difficulties may arise that
will greatly affect the result of your research. As a researcher, one must be adept
enough to foresee possible challenges to your research so that it will be resolved
sooner. Below is a summary of difficulties, challenges, and / or issues you may
encounter.
1. Unavailability of respondents
2. Non-cooperation or refusal of respondents to answer questions
3. Failure of respondents to remember data or give honest responses
4. Delayed or failure in returning questionnaires with responses
5. Incomplete documents and records
6. Unscientific data
7. No local data are available
8. Lacking instruments
9. Communication problems
10. Funds are tight
Activity 3.2
Situational Analysis
Directions. Choose three from the above summary of difficulties and try resolving the
conflict by filling-in the boxes below. An example is provided in each box.
1.
2.
3.
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What Is It?
“In every problem, there is a simple and plausible solution’, an adage once says.
Here are some tips to minimize problems in conducting research:
1. Ensure available funds and budget for study to be conducted.
2. Team members should know their assigned tasks well.
3. Identify respondents ahead of time and maintain a list of contact lines and addresses
to easily follow them up.
4. Draft a clear and reliable timeline of activities
5. Reproduce copies of essential documents always.
6. Ask for permits always before conducting any activity.
7. Conduct ocular inspection of research or sampling site ahead of time.
8. Always send emails, communications and appointments beforehand.
9. Have a clear written agreement with all participating persons, agencies, and areas.
10. Bear in mind the objectives of the study and be flexible in adjusting to present
conditions when necessary.
Scientific misconduct might arise when ethical standards are not followed such
as the following:
1. Plagiarism. This refers to fraudulent acts that entail claiming another person’s ideas,
work or publication violating intellectual property rights by stealing and dishonesty.
This usually happens in scientific publications.
2. Fabrication of data. It involves producing data without an actual experimentation or
altering data in recording with the intent to fit them to desired results.
3. Falsification of data. Entails faulty gathering of data due to negligence and
carelessness which lead to errors in measurement or instrument use. Error may also
be caused by inappropriate application of treatment to the subjects and poor data
recording.
4. Non-publication of data. In contrast with fabrication and falsification, this involves
choosing not to include data because they do not conform to the well-established
body of knowledge or are unsupportive of the research hypothesis. Only the results
that do not reject the hypothesis are reported and published.
To avoid such encounters and to ensure ethical standards are followed, ethics
review committees usually require research studies to undergo review proceedings
by submission of pertinent documents that will verify the truthfulness of data,
information, and paper presented. The following are some of these:
1. Checklist for Adult Sponsors which includes parents’ consent and advisers
consent.
2. Student Checklist which tell learners information, consent and ensure student
safety.
3. Human Participant’s Form which provides information for description, recruitment,
protection of privacy, and informed consent process.
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4. For scientific researches: Research Institution and Qualified Scientists Form,
Human Participants form, Vertebrate Animals Form, Potentially Hazardous
Biological Agents Form, and Hazardous Chemical
Activities Form.
5. Research Plan which discusses in summary the rationale, hypotheses, methods,
risk and safety, data analysis, and references or bibliography.
6. Risk Assessment Form which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by the
conduct of research. It includes assessing safety of respondents, or sampling locale,
or in the events of scientific studies, the biosafety hazards like methods of disposing
chemical and biological agents, drug dosages, and delicate instrument use.
7. Research Abstract which is not more than 250 words that clearly and concisely
state the purpose, procedures, data collected, and conclusions of the research.
8. Research Logbook with start and end dates, pictures, documentations, notes
during the course of research that shows detailed and accurate processes.
What’s More?
Activity 3.3
As we continue to unfold the mysteries of conducting reliable and factual study,
keep in mind your topic or research interest in the previous lesson. Give only
available information on the steps to take in fulfilling your research endeavor. Based
on your understanding about ethics in research, please complete this form.
Research Title:
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Place, Date/ Time and Duration of Study:
Risk Assessment: list means of ensuring safety in materials, instruments, area, and
substances used.
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What I Have Learned?
Summarize what you have learned in this lesson by supplying the keywords
missing in the paragraph.
The standard ethics for research is governed by the core values such as
(1)_________, confidentiality, (2)_________, (3)________ that is evident by
(4)_________, (5)_________, (6)_________, (7)_________, and right to review. It is
strengthened by principles narrated as follows: honesty, (8) _______, trustworthiness,
openness, carefulness, respect for (9)_______ property, and social and (10)
________responsibility. Once research ethics are not tagged, it may give rise to
scientific misconduct. For example are falsification and fabrication of data, (11)
________, and non-publication of data. To avoid these mishaps, the following are
required by the Ethics (12)________ Committee: (in any order) Research Abstracts,
Human Participants Form, Student Checklist, Risk (13)________ form, Parents (14)
________ Form, Research Plan, and Research (15) _________.
The Respondent
Opol NSTS
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
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Assessment
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8. What is plagiarism?
a. to steal and pass off intellectual properties as one's own
b. to use someone else’s work without crediting the source
c. to present as original and novel an idea or invention copied from an existing
source
d. all of the above
9. Which option reveals what should not be integrated in the references?
a. Author’s name
b. Titles of the article
c. The dates your copies were published
d. Age of the author
10. The following are information that can be seen in a review of related literature
except.
a. Theories explaining the variables interacting in the research
b. Recommendations for additional study
c. Gaps between similar studies
d. Authors maiden name, address, and gender
11. It is a chapter of your research paper wherein it is focused on giving an overview of
all the writings relative to your specific topics.
a. Introduction c. Methodology
b. Review of Related Literatures d. Results and Discussion
12. It is a style of citing sources that can be found anywhere in the research paper in
between texts and/or end of each paragraph.
a. In-text citation c. Bibliography
b. Out-text citation d. Referencing List
13. This is defined as the norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and
unacceptable behaviors.
a. Attitude b. Ethics
c. Humor d. Behavior
14. A body of organization that reviews, evaluates, and assesses the credibility of your
research study.
a. Disciplinary Board b. Ethics Review Committee
c. Research Adviser d. School Board
15. The type of form required which evaluates the extent of hazards posed by the
conduct of research in terms of instrument used, area, chemicals, and biological
agents.
a. Human Participant Form b. Research Plan
c. Risk Assessment Form d. Research Abstract
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Additional Activities
Directions: From activity 2.4, extract key points and valuable information
that are related to your research topic. Cite the literatures using APA citation styles.
Present your activity using this table below where an example was provided. Further,
make your References.
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Key Answers
-------------------END OF MODULE-----------------------
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REFERENCES
Buensuceso, D. B. et. al. 2016. Practical Research 1. Teacher’s Guide. Senior High
School. Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources. Pasig City,
Philippines. Lexicon Press, Inc.
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high school:
Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.
Ridley, D. 2012. The Literature Review: A Guide for Students. Los Angeles: Sage.
Sharp, J. 2012. Success With Your Educational Research. USA: John Wiley and Sons.
This module was pulled together with help from following websites:
http:// library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php
http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review
http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/get-assistance/writing/specific-types-
papers/writingliteraturereview
https://alexandercollege.ca/web-2018/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/3.-
LiteratureReview-worksheet.pdf
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnx2e
WVzdGFjZXl8Z3g6NzJiNTg5N2VlNzZmNDEwNg
https://www.fpconsulting.com.au/uploads/2/4/9/6/24962042/qualitative_analysis_guid
e.pdf https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/Paraphrasing%20Handout%20-
%20Activities.pdf
http://researchchmsc.blogspot.com/2010/05/review-of-related-
literature.htmlhttps://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/twc/sites/utsc.utoronto.ca.twc/files/resourc
e-files/LitReview.pdf
https://www.google.com/search?q=worksheets+in+ethical+standards+in+research&t
bm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=xvM_9wXf4oAfWM%253A%252CN2j1rlwRBXOapM
%252C_&vet=1
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education- (Bureau Office)
(Office Address)
Telefax:
Email Address:
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