CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The Problem and Its Background gives the reader the information

needed to grasp the problem that the paper will address, as well as the

background knowledge that are needed to understand the topic. The

chapter also contributes to establishing the gravity of the topic and the

scope of the inquiry.

1.1 Introduction

The introduction should start with a clear and concise statement of the

research problem. This should be followed by a brief overview of the

background information that is relevant to the problem. The introduction

should then provide an overview of the rest of the chapter.

1.2 Background of the Study

The background of the study section should provide a more detailed

overview of the background information that is relevant to the research

problem. This should include information about the history of the problem,

the current state of the problem, and the factors that contribute to the

problem.
1.3 Statement of the Problem

The statement of the problem should provide a clear and concise

statement of the research problem. It should also include a list of specific

research questions that the study will attempt to answer.

1.4 Theoretical Framework

This section provides the reader with a general understanding of the

research problem and the theories that will be used to study the problem.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This section explains why the research problem is important to

study. It should also discuss the potential benefits of solving the problem.

1.6 Scope and Delimitation

This section defines the boundaries of the study. It should identify

any factors that are outside the scope of the study.

1.7 Definition of Terms

This section provides clear and concise definitions of any key terms

that will be used in the study.

Here are some tips for writing a strong Chapter 1:

• Start with a clear and concise statement of the research

problem. This should be a brief overview of the problem that the

study will address.

• Provide a brief overview of the background information that is

relevant to the problem. This should include information about

the history of the problem, the current state of the problem, and the

factors that contribute to the problem.

• Discuss the existing research on the topic. This should include a

review of the most relevant studies that have been conducted on the

problem.

• Identify the research questions that the study will attempt to

answer. These questions should be specific and measurable.

• Explain why the research problem is important to study. This

should include a discussion of the potential benefits of solving the

problem.

• Define any key terms that will be used in the study. This will

help to ensure that the reader understands the terms that are used

in the study.

By following these tips, you can write a strong Introduction that will help

to set the stage for the rest of your research paper.

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Review of Related Literature is a critical analysis of the existing

research on a particular topic. It is an important part of any research

paper, as it helps to establish the context of the study and to identify the

gaps in the existing knowledge.

2.1 Related Literature

The Related literature section should describe the methods used to

identify and select the relevant literature. This should include a discussion

of the databases that were searched, the keywords that were used, and the

criteria used to evaluate the literature.

2.2 Related Studies

The related studies section should summarize the key findings of

the relevant literature. This should be done concisely, and it should be

organized by theme or topic. The literature review should also critically

assess the findings of the literature. This means evaluating the quality of

the research, the methods used, and the findings.

2.3 Conclusion

The conclusion should summarize the key points of the RRL and

discuss its implications for the current study. This means discussing how

the findings of the literature can help to answer the research questions of

the current study.

Here are some tips for writing a strong RRL:

• Conduct a thorough literature search. This should include a

search of academic journals, books, and other relevant sources.

• Critically evaluate the literature. This means evaluating the

quality of the research, the methods used, and the findings.

• Organize the literature review by theme or topic. This will make

it easier for the reader to follow your argument.

• Summarize the key findings of the literature. This should be

done concisely.

• Discuss the implications of the literature for your study. This

means discussing how the findings of the literature can help you to

answer your research questions.

By following these tips, you can write a strong RRL that will help to set the

stage for the rest of your research paper.

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology section describes the methods that will be

used to collect and analyze data. The research methodology section is an

important part of any research paper, as it ensures that the data is

collected and analyzed in a rigorous and systematic way.

3.1 Research Design

This is the plan for how the study will be conducted. What type of

research design will you use? Why is this design appropriate for your

study?

3.2 Sampling Procedure

This is the process of selecting participants for the study. How will

you select the participants for your study? Why is this sampling method

appropriate for your study?

3.3 Participants of the study

The participants of a study are the people who take part in the study.

They are the ones who provide the data that the researcher uses to answer

the research question.

3.4 Conceptual Framework

This section provides a more detailed explanation of the

relationships between the variables. It also helps to guide the data

collection and analysis.

3.5 Research Instrumentation

Research instrumentation is the process of choosing and using the

tools and equipment needed to collect data for a research study. The type

of instrumentation used will depend on the research question and the

research design.

Construction. When constructing research instrumentation, the

researcher should consider the following factors:

The research question: The type of instrumentation used should be

appropriate for the research question. For example, if the research

question is about people's attitudes, then a survey or interview might be

the best way to collect data.

The research design: The type of instrumentation used should be

compatible with the research design. For example, if the research design

is experimental, then the researcher will need to use instrumentation that

can measure cause-and-effect relationships.

The resources available: The researcher should consider the

resources that are available when constructing research instrumentation.

For example, if the researcher has a limited budget, then they might not

be able to use expensive equipment.

The researcher should also consider the ethical implications of using

research instrumentation. For example, if the researcher is using surveys,

then they should make sure that the surveys are not biased.

By following these guidelines, the researcher can construct the right

research instrumentation for their study.

Validation. Validation is the process of determining whether a

research instrument is measuring what it is supposed to measure. There

are two main types of validation: content validity and construct validity.

Content validity refers to the extent to which a research instrument

covers the content area that it is supposed to measure. For example, a

survey about attitudes towards online shopping should include questions

about all of the different aspects of online shopping, such as the

convenience, the selection, and the prices.

Construct validity refers to the extent to which a research instrument

measures the underlying construct that it is supposed to measure. For

example, a survey about attitudes towards online shopping should

measure the underlying construct of "attitude towards online shopping,"

which is a combination of different factors, such as convenience, selection,

and prices.

There are several different methods that can be used to validate a

research instrument. Some of the most common methods include:

 Expert review: A panel of experts in the field can review the research

instrument and provide feedback on whether it is measuring what it is

supposed to measure.

Pilot testing: The research instrument can be pilot tested with a

small group of participants to see how well it works. The feedback from

the pilot testing can be used to improve the research instrument.

Statistical analysis: The data collected from the research instrument

can be analyzed statistically to see how well the instrument measures the

underlying construct.

Reliability. Reliability refers to the consistency of a research

instrument. A reliable research instrument will produce consistent results

when it is used repeatedly.

There are several different methods that can be used to assess the

reliability of a research instrument. Some of the most common methods

include:

Test-retest reliability: The research instrument can be administered

to the same participants twice, and the scores can be compared to see how

consistent they are.

Inter-rater reliability: Two or more raters can score the same research

instrument, and the scores can be compared to see how consistent they

are.
 Internal consistency reliability: The items on the research instrument

can be correlated with each other to see how consistent they are.

By following these methods, the researcher can assess the reliability

of the research instrument and ensure that it is producing consistent

results.

3.6 Data Gathering Procedure

The data gathering procedure is the process of collecting data for a

research study. The type of data gathering procedure used will depend on

the research question and the research design.

Some common data gathering procedures include:

Surveys: Surveys are a common way to collect data from many

people. They can be used to collect quantitative or qualitative data.

Interviews: Interviews are a more in-depth way to collect data from

a smaller number of people. They can be used to collect quantitative or

qualitative data.

Observations: Observations are a way to collect data by watching

people or events. They can be used to collect quantitative or qualitative

data.

Experiments: Experiments are a way to test cause-and-effect

relationships. They involve manipulating one or more variables to see how

they affect another variable.

3.7 Statistical Treatment

Statistical treatment is the process of analyzing data using

statistical methods. The type of statistical treatment used will depend on

the type of data that was collected and the research question that is being

asked.

When choosing a statistical treatment, the researcher should consider the

following factors:

The type of data: The type of statistical treatment used will depend

on the type of data that was collected. For example, if the data is

quantitative, then descriptive statistics or inferential statistics can be

used. If the data is qualitative, then statistical methods such as content

analysis or thematic analysis can be used.

The research question: The type of statistical treatment used will

also depend on the research question that is being asked. For example, if

the research question is about the relationship between two variables,

then inferential statistics can be used to test hypotheses. If the research

question is about the description of the data, then descriptive statistics

can be used.

The resources available: The researcher should consider the

resources that are available when choosing a statistical treatment. For

example, if the researcher does not have access to statistical software, then

they might not be able to use inferential statistics.

Some common statistical treatments include:

Descriptive statistics: Descriptive statistics are used to describe

the data. They can be used to summarize the data, such as by finding the

mean, median, and standard deviation.

Inferential statistics: Inferential statistics are used to make

inferences about the population from the sample data. They can be used

to test hypotheses, such as whether there is a difference between two

groups.

Regression analysis: Regression analysis is used to predict a

dependent variable from one or more independent variables.

Factor analysis: Factor analysis is used to identify underlying

factors that explain the variation in the data.

 CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the results of the data analysis. The results

section should be clear, concise, and easy to follow. It should provide

enough detail so that the reader can understand the findings, but it should

not be so detailed that it becomes tedious.

Presentation of the results: This section presents the results of the

data analysis. The results should be presented concisely. The researcher

should use tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the results.

Discussion of the results: This section discusses the results of the

data analysis. The researcher should interpret the results and discuss

their implications. The researcher should also discuss the limitations of

the study.

The results section should be written in a clear and concise way. The

researcher should use plain language that is easy to understand. The

researcher should also avoid using jargon or technical terms that the

reader may not understand.

The results section should be objective and unbiased. The researcher

should not try to interpret the results in a way that supports their own
hypothesis. The researcher should also avoid making any causal claims

about the results.

The results section should be complete and comprehensive. The

researcher should present all of the relevant results, even if they do not

support their hypothesis. The researcher should also discuss any

unexpected results.

By following these guidelines, the researcher can write a clear, concise,

and informative results section.

Here are some additional tips for writing a results section:

Use tables and graphs: Tables and graphs can be a helpful way to present

the results of data analysis. They can make the results easier to

understand and can help to highlight important trends.

Use clear and concise language: The results section should be written

concisely. The researcher should use plain language that is easy to

understand.

Avoid jargon and technical terms: The researcher should avoid using

jargon or technical terms that the reader may not understand.

Be objective and unbiased: The researcher should be objective and

unbiased when presenting the results. The researcher should not try to

interpret the results in a way that supports their own hypothesis.

Be complete and comprehensive: The researcher should present all of

the relevant results, even if they do not support their hypothesis. The

researcher should also discuss any unexpected results.

By following these tips, the researcher can write a clear, concise, and

informative results section.

 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the study, discusses

the implications of the findings, and makes recommendations for future

research.

5.1 Summary of Findings

The summary of findings is a concise overview of the main results of

the study. It highlights the most important findings and is written in a way

that is easy to understand.

5.2 Conclusion

The conclusions are a more in-depth discussion of the implications

of the findings. The researcher interprets the findings and discusses their

significance. The researcher also discusses the limitations of the study and

how the findings could be applied to other contexts.

5.3 Recommendations

The recommendations are a list of suggestions for future research.

The researcher identifies areas where further research is needed and

makes recommendations for how this research could be conducted.

The summary of findings, conclusions, and recommendations section is

an important part of the research paper. It allows the reader to understand

the main findings of the study and to see how the findings could be applied

to other contexts. It also provides a starting point for future research.