POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES 1

Polytechnic University of the Philippines

Senior High School Department
Humanities and Social Sciences

Activity in Practical Research 1:

Submitted by:

Sorianosos, Clare Denise

Suratos, Christine
Tamayo, Ronadie
Toledo, Ian Aubrey

Submitted to:

Ms. Arianne Nicole Nachor

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Chapter 5: FINDING RESULTS

THROUGH DATA COLLECTION
Data Collection Procedure 
· Quantitative methods of data analysis can be of great value to the researcher who is
attempting to draw meaning results from a large body of qualitative data. (Abeyasekera,
n.d.) 
· It’s major advantage provides the means to separate out the large number of
confounding factors that often the main main qualitative findings. 
· Quantitative analytical approaches also allow the reporting of summary results in
numerical terms to be given with a specified degree of confidence. 
· Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypothesis derived from theory and/or
being able to estimate the size of phenomenon of interest. 

Data Collection/ Data Gathering 

· Process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an
established systematic method that enables one to answers stated research questions,
test hypothesis, and evaluate outcomes. 

Quantitative Data Collection Method 

· Relies on random sampling and structured  data collection instruments that fit
diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. 
· It produces results that is easy to summarize, compare and generalize. 

       There are several techniques or strategies for data collection with

corresponding statistical intruments. 

QUANTITATIVE DATA GATHERING STRATEGIES: 

1. Questionnaires 
· is often make use of checklist and rating scales. 
· it is usually sent by mails, email, or personally given to the respondents 
A) Paper-pencil-questionnaires  
· it can be sent to a large number of people and saves the researchers time and money. 
· allows the respondents to answer in any way. 
· open-ended or multiple choice format. 

B) Web Based Questionnaires  

· newly and inevitably growing methodology is the use of internet based research 
· respondents will answer online questions. 
2. Interview 
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· It can be used at any stage of the evaluation process. Interview will supplement the
data gathered through questionnaires. 
Two types of Interviews: 
1. Structured Interview  
· in which a carefully worded questionnaires is administered. 
2. Depth Interview  
· in which the interview does not follow a rigid form. 

SAMPLES OF INTERVIEW 
Personal Interview 
· It is done when people usually respond when asked by a person but their answers
may be influenced by the interviewer. 
Telephone Interview  
· Less time consuming, less expensive, and the researcher has ready access to anyone
on the planet who has a telephone. 
Focused Interview 
· The interviewers focuses attention upon a given experience and its effect. 
Clinical Interview  
· Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations throughout the course of
an individual’s life experiences rather that with effects of a specific experience. 
Disguise Interview  
· Relates to the degree to which the respondents is made aware of the real
research purpose. 

3. Experiment 
· Attempts to determine a cause and effect relationship between two or more variables. 
Blind Experiment  
· test subjects do not know if they are getting the experimental treatment or the placebo 
Double Blind Experiment  
· neither the test subjects nor the experimenter measuring the response, knows to
which group, the test subjects have been assigned. (Treatment or Placebo) 

4. Observation  
· Observational techniques are methods by which an individuals, gather first hand data
or programs, processes, or behaviors being studied. 

To obtain reliable information that will help the research questions, follow these
steps:

1.) Define the objective of the study.

2.) Define the population of interest
3.) Choose the variables that you will measure in the study
4.) Decide on an appropriate design for producing data
5.) Collect the data
6.) Determine the appropriate descriptive and/or inferential data analysis techniques
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STRATEGIES FOR COLLECTING DATA:

1.) Non Probability Methods

These might include:
•Convenience Sampling (haphazard): for instance, surveying students as they pass by
in the university's student union building, or
•Gathering Volunteers: for instance, using an advertisement in a magazine or on a
website inviting people to complete a form or participate in study.

2.) Probability Methods

•Simple random sample- Making selections from a population where each subject in
the population has an equal chance of being selected.

•Stratified random sample

Where you have first identified population of interest, then divide this population into
strata or groups based on some characteristics (e.g. sex, geographic, region), then
perform simple random sample from each strata.

•Cluster Sample,
Where a random cluster of subjects is taken from population of interest.

•Systematic Sample
Individuals are chosen at regular intervals from the sampling frame. For this method
you randomly select a number to tell you where to start selecting individuals from the
list.

•Multi-stage sampling,
Procedure is carried out in phase and usually involves more than one sampling method.
In very large and diverse populations sampling may be done in two or more stages.
This is often the case in community-based studies, in which the respondents to be
interviewed are from different villages or sub-divisions and the villages have to be
chosen from different areas.

Example:

Reaching the Unreached: A challenge for Filipino Educators

Helen Bihag-Boholano & Mary Lou C, Go Puco

Data Collection
The researchers and selected education students visited the different assigned areas in
the province to administer questionnaire and conduct interviews with the children, as
well as obtain relevant background information. The children were invited to the
assigned location and each completed a detailed assessment checklist designed to verify
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their competencies. The competency levels of the children were ascertained based on
the checklist results. The results were validated through focus group discussion.
Researchers obtained consent from parents through consent forms that the latter were
asked to sign. Some quantitative data were obtained via the abovementioned
researcher-made checklists, while the majority were obtained from Likert scale
questionnaires distributed to the respondents. Qualitative data were obtained through
the series of interviews geared towards identifying issues and concerns to verify the
data obtained from the questionnaires. The data were supported by focus group
discussions with the children and their parents. Ethical research consent was also
obtained from the parents and guardians of the children.

METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING

Data Processing
is dealing with editing, coding, classifying, tabulating and presenting data through chart
or diagram. It is a series of action or steps performed on data to verify, organize,
transform, integrate, and extract data in an appropriate output form for subsequent use.

STEPS IN DATA PROCESSING

CLASSIFICATION OR CATEGORIZATION
Clarifications or Categorization is the process of grouping the statistical data under
various understandable homogenous groups for the purpose of convenient
interpretation. A uniformity or attributes is the basic criterion for classifications; and
the grouping of data is made according to similarity. A good classification should have
the characteristics of clarity, homogeneity, equality of scale, purposefulness and
accuracy.

CODING OF DATA
Coding of Data is more useful with research instruments of open-ended questions.
Coding is necessary for efficient analysis and through it several replies may br reduced
to a small number of classes which contain the critical information required for
analysis.
The study of the responses is the first step in coding. In the case of pressing—coded
questions, coding begins at the preparation of interview schedules. Secondly, coding
framed is developed by listing the possible answers to each questions and assigning
code numbers or symbol to each of them which are the indicators used for coding.
Lastly, transcription is undertaken transferring of the information from the schedules to
a seperate sheet called transcription script.

TABULATION OF DATA
Tabulation of Data is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying it in compact
form for further analysis. Tabulation may be manual, mechanical or electronic.
Tabulation of Data is classified into two parts that is, a simple tabulation and a complex
tabulation.
Simple Tabulation gives information regarding one or more independent questions.
Complex Tabulation gives information regarding to mutually dependent questions.
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DATA DIAGRAMS
Data Diagrams are charts and graphs used to present data. These facilitate getting the
attention of the reader. These help presenting data more effectively. Creative
presentation of data is possible.
SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF DATA ANALYSIS.
Data analysis is the process of developing answers to questions through the
examination and interpretation of data. This part presents the gathered data and the
researchers analysis and interpretation of the results of the distrubuted instruments.

Key components of a data analysis

1. Purpose of the evaluation
2. Questions
3. What you hope to learn from the questions
4. Analysis technique
5. How data will be presented

COMMON STATISTICAL TOOLS

Arithmetic Mean (The Average)
 Is a sum of the list of numbers divided by the number of items on the list. The
Mean is useful in determining the overall trend of a data set providing a rapid
snapshot of your data. Another advantage of the mean is that it is very easy
and quick to calculate.
 The mean score represents a numerical average for a set of responses. For a
data set, the terms arithmetic mean, mathematical expectation, and
sometimes average are used synonymously to refer to a central value of a
discrete set of numbers: specifically, the sum of the values divided by the
number of values.

Frequency distribution
 Presented in tables or charts that show how many of your evaluation
participants fall into various categories of interest.

The Pie Chart

 Represents the percentage of that category

• Developing 88%

Economic status of Asian

countries with
researchers on ICT in
Education
Developing
Least Developed
Developed
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• Least Developed 4%
• Developed 8%

Source: Information and Communication

Technology researchers across Asian countries
by Boholano, et al (2013)

The Bar Chart

 Is equal to frequency
Parents’ educational (number of observations) in
qualifications the category. Leave space in
120 between the bars to
60 emphasize that there is no
0 ordering in classes.
l l l l
ve at
e
e ve uate eve a te ona
le du L d l u ti
l em g r a HS Gra leg
e
r ad oca
E l G V
l em HS C o eg e
E ll
Co
Mother Father

Source: Reaching the Unreached: A Challenge for Filipino Educators By: Boholano and Go Puco, 2013

Standard Deviation
 Often represented with the Greek letter sigma (o), is the measure of a spread
of data around the mean. A high standard deviation signifies that data is
spread more widely from the mean, where a low standard deviation signals
that more data align with the mean. In a portfolio of data analysis methods,
the standard deviation is useful for quickly determining dispersion of data
points.
 The standard deviation represents the distribution of responses around the
mean. It indicates the degree of consistency among the responses. The
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standard deviation, in conjunction with the mean, provides a better

understanding of the data (Tania, 2014).

T-Test
 Are used to test if the difference of means is statistically significant. it tests if
the sample is representative of the populations. For example, if the mean for
the variable 1 is 40 and the men for variable is 2 is 56, you may say the means
are different. T-Tests may show that they are not significantly different,
however, and the researcher can’t base the conclusion on the means’
difference since the difference in the sample is not representative for the
population.
 Also commonly called t testing, hypothesis testing assesses if a certain premise
is actually true for your data set or population. In data analysis and statistics,
you consider the result of a hypothesis test statistically significant if the results
couldn’t have happened by random chance. Hypothesis tests are used in
everything from science and research to business and economic.

Pearson (r) Correlation

 Is used to find correlation between at least two continuous variables. The value
for such a correlation lies between 0.00 (no correlation) and 1.00 (perfect
correlation).

Chi-square Test
 There are two types of Chi-square test but both involve categorical data. One
type of chi-square test compares the frequency count of what is expected in
theory against what is actually observed. The second type of chi-square test is
called chi-squared test with two variables or the chi-square test for
independence.

ICT-BASED INSTRUCTION IN A CONSTRUCTIVIST CLASSROOM

by: Helen Bihag-Boholano
Statistical Treatment of Data
 Some statistical formulas that were used in this study included frequency,
percentage, mean and standard deviation, to identify the variables that predict
increase of the academic performance of the student. The researcher used
Minitab software in order to interpret and analyze the data.
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