Practical

12 Research 2
WEEK 3 & 4 Quarter 2
Quantitative Research Design
 I What I need to know?

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It describes the differ-
ent quantitative design. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of stu-
dents. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are
now using.

The module is composed only of one lesson, namely:

Lesson 1 – Quantitative Research Design

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. identify what is quantitative research;
2. explain the different quantitative design;
3. identify the advantages and challenges in using quantitative method
4. differentiate the different research design
5. choose the appropriate quantitative research design

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 I What is new?

Quantitative Research Defined

Quantitative research aims to establish or validate relationships and to develop
generalizations from the relationships. It is generally more objective as data collected
undergo statistical analysis.
The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting the
study and the extent to which the findings will be used. The following are the various
kinds of quantitative research that researcher may employ:
Descriptive Research. This design is concerned with describing the nature,
characteristics and components of the population or a phenomenon. There is no manip-
ulation of variables or search for cause and effect related to the phenomenon. This de-
sign attempts to find general attributes of the presently existing situation and determine
the frequency with which it occurs.
Correlational Research. It is the systematic investigation of the nature of rela-
tionships, or association between and among variables without necessarily investigating
into causal reasons underlying them.
Evaluation Research. This kind of research aims to assess the effects, impacts
or outcomes of practices, policies or programs.
Survey Research. A survey research is used to gather information from groups
of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population. It may be done in
various ways like face to face, phone, mail and online.

Causal – Comparative Research. It is also known as ex post facto (after the fact)
research. This kind of research derives conclusion from observations and manifestations
that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables.
Experimental Research. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause-
and-effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher. In this case an
effort is made to determine and impose control over all other variables except one.

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D What I know?

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of pa-
per.

1. An objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phe-

nomena through the use of computational techniques.
A. Research
B. Assessment
C. Qualitative
D. Quantitative

2. It signifies finding the truth again about ideas and problems which
were in existence before in different perspectives.
A. Research
B. Applied Research
C. Qualitative Research
D. Quantitative Research

3. The form of research, however, which is more disciplined in its

methodology and more scientific in its procedure.
A. Academic Research
B. Qualitative Research
C. Quantitative Research
D. Basic Research

4. It usually aimed at studying a phenomenon in its natural setting.

Hence, the complexity of the phenomenon should be properly stud-
ied.
A. Research
B. Applied Research
C. Qualitative Research
D. Quantitative Research

5. This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics

and components of the population or a phenomenon
A. Descriptive Research
B. Correlational Research
C. Evaluation Research
D. Survey Research

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 D What is in?

According to Kerlinger (cited in Kumar, 2011), a research design is a plan, struc-

ture and strategy of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research ques-
tions or problems. It is the complete scheme or programme of research. It includes an
outline of what the investigator will do from writing the hypotheses and their operational
implications to the final analysis of data.

Research is widely recognized as an important tool for solving man’s various

problems and in making life more colorful and convenient. The modern gadgets that we
use today, the medicines that give us relief, the tools and equipment that make our tasks
easier are all products of researches conducted by professionals from various discipline.
Quantitative research involves the collection of data to establish the relationship between
among variables using statistical analysis.

Notes to the Teacher

The teacher is expected to:
guide the learners in choosing the appropriate quantitative re-
search design in their chosen research study.

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 D What is it?

The different quantitative research designs are descriptive, correlational, experi-

mental, historical, and causal comparative. Descriptive research uses questionnaires and
interviews to gather data about a group of people. For instance, a study is to be made on
the attitude of parents/ towards the “no homework” policy for grade 1 and 2 pupils. A
questionnaire may be distributed to parents of grade 1 and 2 pupils. A follow-up of the
answers to the questionnaire may be made by interviewing some of the respondents.

A correlational research looks into degree of association between variables. It con-

siders the extent to which differences between variables are related to the differences in
another variable or variables. Thus, a correlation research may be done to determine how
absences of a grade 11 student may affect his performance in the statistics course.

Evaluation research for an instance assessing the implementation of nursing care

in a hospital and determining the impact of a new treatment procedure for patients.

Survey research may be cross-sectional if the information is collected from a sam-

ple in just point in time just like the child-rearing practices of single parents, and popu-
lation control practices of unmarried couples. A survey research is considered longitudi-
nal if the researcher collects information on the same subjects over a period of time,
sometimes lasting many years in order to study the changes through the years.

Causal research looks into the cause-and-effect relationships between variables;

that is, as price increases, the demand for softdrinks decreases.

Experimental research is one where a group of respondents are randomly selected

to undergo a particular researcher-imposed treatment to determine the effect of such
treatment. For example, a group of students may be subjected to learning using technol-
ogy, while the regular class uses the ordinary way of learning. The performance of the
experimental group is then compared with the performance of the other group to deter-
mine the extent to which the use of technology affected the amount of learning that took
place.

re

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 E What is more?

A. Read the sentences below carefully then choose the letter of the correct answer.
A. Descriptive Research
B. Correlational Research
C. Evaluation Research
D. Survey Research
E. Causal – Comparative Research
F. Experimental Research

1. It is the systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations be-

tween and among variables without necessarily investigating into causal reasons under-
lying them.
2. This design is concerned with describing the nature, characteristics and components
of the population or a phenomenon.
3. This design is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and stud-
ying samples chosen from a population.
4. This kind of research aims to assess the effects, impacts or outcomes of practices, pol-
icies or programs.
5. It is also known as ex post facto research; this kind of research derives conclusion
from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now com-
pared to some dependent variables.
6. This research utilizes scientific method to test cause and effect relationships under
conditions controlled by the researcher.

B. Draw a line linking two expressions in A and B.

A. Research Topics B. Quantitative Research Design
7. Ammonia gas fumes is a good treatment Descriptive
for the person who is caught by cold. Correlational
8. Popular online news source among under Evaluation
under 18’s. Survey
9. Public opinions about parties and policies Causal – Comparative
10. Educational outcomes of Synchronous and Experimental
Asynchronous high school students.

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 E What I can do?

For each of the following problems:

A. Determine the most appropriate quantitative research design to use

B. Identify how data is best collected

7. The researcher want to test the theory that greenhouse gas emissions cause global
warming.
A. _________________________________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________________________
8. The study wants to determine the individual opinions about policy issues, such as
whether the students need a choice of school to attend.
A. _________________________________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________________________
9. The researcher wants to find out if working hours are related to mental health
A. _________________________________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________________________
10. An academic institution may wish 2 compare the performance of its junior high
school students in English language and Mathematics.
A. _________________________________________________________________________________
B. ________________________________________________________________________________

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Assessment
1. Descriptive - He uses a survey as his research instrument, and each item on
the survey related to qualifications is subjected to a Yes/No answer. This way,
the researcher can describe the qualifications possessed by the employed de-
mographics of this community.
2. Causal – Comparative - The present study examined the differences in levels
of awareness of racism among graduate counseling students. The researcher ex-
amined the hypotheses that there would be a significant difference in levels of
awareness of racism between those who completed the Counseling Multicultural
and Diverse Populations class and those who did not, as well as, there would be
a significant relationship between levels of awareness of racism and number of
credit hours completed in the counseling education program
3. Correlational - You don’t think that income causes vegetarianism (or vice ver-
sa), but finding a relationship could lead to a better understanding of the factors
that influence or limit people’s dietary choices.
4. Experimental – this is a quasi-experiment; the purpose of this is to examine
the implementation of integrated care in the nursing home sector; and its effect
to the quality of work of caregivers.
What I Know What's More
A B
A A
A D
B C
A E
F
Experimental
Descriptive
Survey
Causal - Comparative
Answer
 Answer

Assessment
5. Descriptive - The skills tests are the evaluation tool in this case, and the re-
sult of this test is compared with the norm of each role. If the score of the team
is one standard deviation above the mean, it is very satisfactory, if within the
mean, satisfactory, and one standard deviation below the mean is unsatisfacto-
ry.
6. Causal – Comparative - This quantitative, causal comparative study sought
to determine if proficiency-based education has an effect on school climate.
With sweeping school reform across the United States, educators are seeking
ways to improve student achievement and maintain a positive school climate.
7. Correlational - It is not practically possible to do an experiment that controls
global emissions over time, but through observation and large-scale data analy-
sis you can show a strong correlation that supports the theory.
8. Survey - administering survey to the selected respondents or the entire pop-
ulation to describe the opinions of the students.
9. Correlational - you use official national statistics, health records and scien-
tific studies from several different countries to find data on average working
hours and rates of mental illness. You statistically analyze the data to see if
countries that work fewer hours have better mental health outcomes.
10. Descriptive - This may be used to classify students based on 2 major
groups, with one group going ahead to study while courses, while the other
study courses in the Arts & Humanities field. Students who are more proficient
in mathematics will be encouraged to go into STEM and vice versa. Institutions
may also use this data to identify student's weak points and work on ways to
assist them.

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 Reference

A.B. Almeida, A. A. Gaerian, N. E. Manly Research Fundamentals From Concept

to Output: A Guide for Researchers and Thesis Writers, Adriana Publishing
Co., Inc. (Division of Adriana Printing Co., Inc.. 2016)
Berry Sharron, Educational Outcomes of Synchronous and Asynchronous
High School Students: A Quantitative Causal-Comparative Study of Online
Algebra 1. Accessed June 16, 2020
Chin Uy, Ronaldo Cabauatan, Belinda de Castro et al. Practical Research 2: Un-
derstanding and Systematizing Data (Quezon, City:Vibal Group, Inc., 2016)
pp. 98-104.
Esther Baraceros. Practical Research 1: Understanding Dat6a and Ways to sys-
tematicall Collect Data, (Manila: Rex Publishing, Inc. 2016) pp. 81-91
J. S. Lerner, R. M. Gonzalez, D. A. Small, & B. Fischhoff, Effects of fear
and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experi-
ment. Psychological Science, 14, 144–150.
Formplus. Descriptive Research Designs: Types, Examples & Methods. [Blog
post] Accessed June 13, 2020 https://www.formpl.us/blog/descriptive-
research
S. McCombes. Descriptive Research | With examples. Accessed June 13, 2020
Scribbr.https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/
https://eric.ed.gov/?q=comparative+AND+design&id=ED579952
S.C. Weigman. A Causal-Comparative Study To Determine Differences In
Levels Of Awareness Of Racism Among Graduate Counseling Stu-
dents
Accessed June 16, 2020 https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/
viewcontent.cgi?article=1214&context=studentwork
York K. B. . A Causal Comparative Study On The Effect Of Proficiency-
Based
Education On School Climate. Accessed June 17, 2020 https://core.ac.uk/
download/pdf/83112367.pdf

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