Practical Research 1 Revised Module

Practical Page |
Research 1
Quarter III (Week 1 –Week 5)
Note: Do not return until you answer the Worksheet #5 for PR1. Wag
munang ibalik ang module hanggang sa masagutan ang huling worksheet para sa
subject na ito(Week 5). Answer sheets na lang kasi ang ibibigay pagkatapos ng
week 1 at ang answer sheet lang na may sagot ang ibalik simula week 2
hanggang week 5. Sa Week 6 na lang ibalik ang module at pang week 5 na
answer sheet. Maraming salamat. – Ma’am Marl
Practical Research 1
Sem 2 Quarter III – Week 1: Nature and Inquiry of Research
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Lesson 1: The Importance of Research in Daily Life
MELC: The learner shares research experiences and knowledge (CS_RS11-IIIa-1) and explains the
importance of research in daily life (CS_RS11-IIIa-1)
Objectives: Page |
1. Define inquiry and research 2
2. Share a research-led/ research-related experience
3. Appreciate the importance of research by its purposes
4. Explain the importance of research in decision-making
5. Discuss the importance of research in daily life
Inquiry has an exploratory nature where it allows Unlocking of Difficulties:

individuals like you, students, to capture different ways
Inquiry is defined as a process
of looking at ideas and to think creatively about of seeking of truth, information,
problems that do not possess simple answer. and knowledge, where
information is sought from
The elements of inquiry-based process are questioning.
multiple if applied to learning. Different factors are
involved in inquiring which includes the following: Research is a step-by-step
1. selection of appropriate questions investigation of gaining
2. formulation of appropriate questions information and a process of
inquiring.
3. identification of key issues
4. search for valid and relevant evidence
5. interpretation and assessment of evidence
6. application of evidence to identified issues
7. presentations of coherent, conclusion, final, or tentative
8. reflection on, and assessment of the learning process
The Oxford English Dictionary defines Research as the systematic investigation
into a topic and of study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new
conclusions. It has come up with developing appropriate solutions to solve a specific
problem and improve the individual's quality of life. Always remember that scientific
research is universally a systematic and objective search for reliable knowledge, and it
may take place in different settings and may use different methods.
Purpose of Research
1. Description. Research describes a subject or phenomenon.
Example: Preference of Cosmetic Use among adolescents, young adult,

middle adult, and the late adult women.
2. Exploration. Research seeks to explore the unknown or phenomenon. It lays

the foundation for more conclusive research and data collection.
Example: Parenting children with down syndrome: Exploring stress and

adaptation experiences of parents
3. Explanation. Research seeks clarification of a prevailing situation to answer a question that ask
“why” a phenomenon occurred.
Example: The effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.
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To understand the research purpose here is a comparative analysis:
Descriptive Exploratory Explanatory
Approach Structured Unstructured Highly Structured
(formatted) (no pre-defined format) (highly organized and
formatted)
Research conducted Asking research Asking research By using research Page |
through questions questions hypotheses 3
When is it conducted? Later stages of decision Early stages of decision Later stages of decision
making making making
The Importance of Research

Research is truly an extensive and careful act of studying so we can attain deep knowledge even on a
large scale that contributes to the welfare of the smallest community up to the whole humanity. The
following are the importance of research and why we should conduct research:
1. To gather necessary and important information

Research provides important and necessary information in the different field of wok and gives a
basic idea in building the framework of solutions. It also showcases the processes and resources involved
during the problem-solving act and helps to specify the most appropriate outcome to be produced.
2. To make changes in our communities

Built-in problems in a process is usually hard to discover and, in this part, research can help find the
root cause and associate elements of a process. It aims to invoke a demand for change and successfully
doing it when communities adapt the outcome of these kinds of activities. For example, every year, tons of
studies are being conducted by the Department of Agriculture that paved the way for advanced agricultural
technologies and innovations used in our country.
3. To improve everybody’s standard of living

Through research, many inventions came to life such as mobile phones and telephones for
communication. Through time and continued research, telephones evolved to a higher level of functionality,
which gave birth to smart phones capable of taking notes, pictures, solve a mathematical problem, play
games, music, and even shopping through a single device. This improvement of technologies is one of the
results of research done by an individual or a group that really made everybody’s life convenient.
4. For a safer life condition

Research really improved life expectancy and health condition of humankind by the series of
discoveries and development. Every year, new explorations in the field of medicine were discovered that led
to the advent of drugs that not only treated but also prevented diseases from recurring.
5. To reveal scientific and social truth

Many established facts and known truth from the past were proven to be mere lies or rumors through
the extensive research done by experts and it proves that researching and continuous inquiring are needed to
investigate and expose these kinds of hoax and bring out the truth.
6. To explore the past

Research enabled us to relearn and understand about human history that helped our society to learn
from our ancestors’ mistakes and follow their vital and innovative processes that will lead us to progress.
Also, research gives us knowledge about what could happen to our environment; therefore, we can propose
policies that may prevent its deterioration.
7. To understand arts deeply and adequately

Research helps us appreciate and understand the works of artists in literature, sculpture, theatre arts,
and other fine arts by making a relation of these kinds of arts to other branches or fields of study.
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Week 1 Lesson 2: The Characteristics of Research
MELC: The learner describes characteristics, processes, and ethics of research CS_RS11-IIIa-1
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Objectives: 4
1. Enumerate the characteristics of research; and
2. Identify the characteristics of research in various fields.
It is essential for you, as learner-researcher, to have a deep understanding of the characteristics of

Research. If you know its strengths and its different classifications, you will be able to identify what kind of
questions you should ask, and what approach is best suited in finding
answers to these questions. On the other hand, identifying its Unlocking of Difficulties:
weaknesses helps you to recognize questions or topics that are not Empirical -direct experience
appropriate to this course. or observation by the
A good research, whatever may be the types of works and researcher.
studies, one thing that is important is that they all meet on the
common ground of systematic method employed by them. Institutional Review Board
-is a committee designated to
Characteristics of Research review, monitor, and approve
Research is a process in which information is collected, research involving human
analyzed, and interpreted in response to questions. However, the subjects.
process needs to have certain characteristics to qualify as research:
analytical, cyclical, methodical, replicable, logical, empirical, and critical as far as possible.
Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. It

involves experimentation of theories to combine the researcher’s assumptions with reality.
Logical. Research is systematic as it based on valid procedures and principles.
Researchers are advised to refer to the research guidelines provided or prescribed by
Institutional Review Board (IRB).
Cyclical. Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem. New information
sources are always necessary for verification as new events occur that may change existing
knowledge.
Analytical. Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study. A critical analysis of all data
used is done to ensure no error in the researcher’s interpretation.
Critical. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. All findings are logically based
on the empirical data.
Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

systematic method and procedures.
Replicability. Research requires original work. The research design and procedures are
replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results.
Week 1 Lesson 3: The Processes of Research
4 Objectives:
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1. Explain the processes in conducting research.
Unlocking of Difficulties: Research has multiple methods in investigating a topic.
It depends on the goals and objectives of the researcher. In Page |
Technology transfer -is the your Junior High School years, you were taught of a method 5
movement of data, designs,
inventions, materials, software,
used to systematically solve a problem. Yes, it’s the Scientific
technical knowledge, or trade Method! It serves as the backbone of research as it
secrets from one organization to demonstrates careful probing of materials and sources about an
issue or topic.
The Scientific Method in Research
1. State the problem (PURPOSE)
2. Find out existing knowledge about the topic. (BACKGROUND RESEARCH)
3. Predict the outcome to the problem. (HYPHOTHESIS)
4. Develop a procedure to test the hypothesis and record the result. (COLLECT
DATA/EXPERIMENT)
5. Organize and evaluate recorded data. (ANALYSIS)
6. Use information implied or inferred to make meaning. (CONCLUSION)
We know from decades of studies that when people do research, they follow a process with some
predictable stages. There are many models of this process and one of these is the scientific method that we
have studied earlier. Another model is presented below which shows that research is a learning and sharing
process and goes with three phases: Research Conceptualization, Research Implementation, and Research
Dissemination.
THE RESEARCH PROCESS/CYCLE
Select a specific
Review the
Select a general research problem,
literature of the
problem. question or
problem.
hyphothesis.
Plan the design and Analyze and present

Collect data.
methodology. or display data.
Interpret the findings and

state conclusions or Present the
generalizations regarding the findings/output.
problem.
Finishing a research project needs to follow processes mentioned progressively and carefully that in
every advances it may require revisions that made the whole process looks like a linear method, but it is not
because the process will not just stop after the conclusion, it will return back to the first step and the cycle
will continue to improve the output and in that way it is more cyclical.
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To thoroughly understand the research processes, let’s discuss each phase.
I. Research Conceptualization
This phase is about a step-by-step creation of a researchable and defendable problem from the
unfamiliar, gaps, and conflicts in the existing knowledge. This also includes planning of methods that will
be used in your study.
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Step 1: Choose a general problem 6
Reflection Point: Is my topic timely and a significant one?
Consider the following in selecting your research problem:

1. Researcher’s area of interest
2. Availability of funds
3. Investigator’s skills and training
Figure 2.
Community Assessment. Students conduct community assessment on community needs,
practices, beliefs, and resources.
Step 2: Review the literature of the problem

Reflection Point: Are there any gaps or conflicts about my topic?
Step 3: Formulate narrow questions / Select a specific research problem, question, or hypothesis
Reflection Point: Do the questions provide a foundation for my research? Are the questions Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-bound (SMART)? Is the hypothesis testable? Does my
statement of purpose represent an effective, overall concept for my research?
Step 4: Plan the design and methodology

Reflection Point: Will the research / production plan works?
The research plan must be reviewed by a group of people in school or organization that monitors
research designed to obtain which is identified as Institutional Review Board (IRB) or Research Ethics
Board (REB).
II. Research Implementation

This phase is the process of putting your decisions or plans into effect by collecting, analyzing, and
interpreting your data. This phase is done after the proposal/ IRB Review.
Step 5: Collect Data
Reflection Point: Are my sources usable and enough?
Step 6: Analyze and present or display the data
Reflection Point: Are my data complete, understandable, and in line with the indicators/ research
questions?
Step 7: Interpret the findings and state conclusions
Reflection Point: Are my conclusions based on researched evidences?
Does my outline logically organize conclusions and evidences?
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III. Research Dissemination
This phase refers to communicating the results, methods, and values from specialized research fields
to people outside the disciplines. This process also includes the publication of the research paper/output and
technology which may be registered or licensed for commercialization.
Step 8: Present the findings and output
Reflection Point: Who are my audience? Is my paper / project satisfactory? Page |
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Research as a learning and sharing process include looking back on what you learned and how
you learned. This stage involves thinking about the content you learned and the process you went through
to do your research, specifically, in describing the search process you use, and honestly assessing your own
strengths and weaknesses as a researcher.
In an extended view of research dissemination, three (3) more steps are involved to ensure the continuity of
research and development.
Publication of Technology Research

research work transfer commercialization
The researchers The researchers transfer the This step allows

produce output in research output or technology created
the form of books, technology developed during research
monographs, between a research activities to be
articles and laboratory, intellectual further developed
research papers, property rights and/or a into marketable
and other original commercial partner, products for the
works where they including industry, academe, benefit of the
connect research organizations, and local public.
results with peers governments.
to build their
reputation.
Regardless of which process you choose, there are five important considerations before you begin
collecting any data, namely:
• • Deciding upon a research question
• • The conceptual approach or the philosophical foundations of your research
• • Research design showing the organization of data collection and analysis
• • Data collection techniques revealing how data will be collected
• • Sampling from what or whom data is collected
Week 1 Lesson 4: The Ethics of Research
7 Objectives:
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1. Differentiate ethical and unethical practices in conducting research.
Unlocking of Difficulties: Research ethics are guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research which educate and Page |
Institutional Review Board -is group monitor researchers to ensure high standard. It promotes 8
that has been formally designated to
review, monitor, and approve research
the aim of research, such as expanding knowledge and
involving human subjects. supporting the values required for collaborative work,
such as mutual respect and fairness.
Ethics in Research
 Beneficence and Non-maleficence. It is the fundamental ethical principle in research aimed to “do
good” and “do no harm” to study participants.
 Informed Consent. The participants must be fully informed about the nature of research, its
purposes and potential risk and benefits.
 Respect for Human Dignity. The rights of the study participants must be well protected and
respected.
 Justice and Fairness. Study participants deserve fair and unbiased treatment during and after the
study period. The researcher should provide equal chances in the selection process, must comply
regarding procedures, techniques or benefits due to participants.
 Intellectual Honesty and Respect. Giving acknowledgment/ recognition or due respect to the
original/ previous work.
Rights of Research Participants
1. Human Rights. It is the moral principles or norms that described certain standards of human
behavior and were regularly protected as natural and legal rights. It was comprised a set of rights and duties
necessary for the protection of human dignity that inherent to all human beings.
2. Intellectual Property. It protects creations of the mind, which had both moral and commercial
value.
3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission

of the copyright holder. Copyright infringement means that the rights accorded to the copyright holder, such
as the exclusive use of a work for a set period of time, are violated by a third party.
Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment to use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre.
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission.
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit.
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips.
4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be pressured participating in research process.

Essentially, this means that prospective research participants must be informed about the procedures and
risks involved in research and must give their consent to participate.
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5. Anonymity. It is the protection of people’s identity through not revealing their name or
not exposing their identity. It is a situation in data gathering activities in which informant’s
name is not given nor known.
6. Privacy. It is someone’s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It
is the ability of an individual to remove him from disturbance of any research activity.
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Ethical Standards in Research Writing 9
Research Misconduct includes fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include
honest error of differences of opinion. It can erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for colleagues at the same institution to receive grants.
Plagiarism
Plagiarism refers to the act of using another person’s ideas, works, processes, and results
without giving due credit. It should not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of original works, a
violation of intellectual property rights.
Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words.
Sem 2 Quarter III – Week 2: Qualitative and Quantitative Research and the
Kinds of Research Across Fields
Lesson 1: Qualitative and Quantitative Research
MELC: The learner differentiates quantitative from qualitative research CS_RS11-IIIa-4
Objectives:
1. Define qualitative and quantitative research
2. Differentiate quantitative from qualitative research according to their characteristics,
strengths, weaknesses, and kinds
3. Distinguish qualitative and quantitative researches
Unlocking of Difficulties:
Types of Research According to Data Qualitative Data are non-numerical
data (e.g., text, video, or audio)used to
Research can be divided into several understand concepts, opinions, or
approaches (case study, ethnographic study, experiences.
experimental research, action research, and
Quantitative Data are numerical
participatory research) and broad categories (types of
data (e.g., measurements, graphs, statistics,
research according to data, purpose, and application). or just numbers) used to find patterns and
In this module, our focus will be on the types of averages, make predictions, test causal
research according to data, which are qualitative and relationships, and generalize results to
quantitative research. wider populations.
Both are branched out from different
philosophical assumptions that make researchers look
at problems differently and adapt a better analyzation of the gathered data.
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Qualitative research is based on an approach in which researchers see the world around them as an
interconnected network that highlights social reality as what people EXPERIENCE, how they do, and
perform as well as think and feel. On the other hand, Quantitative research is directly connected with
research in the field of mathematics, natural and physical science, and other numerical data-based fields.
These days, new methodologies are arising that result in the combination of both quantitative and
qualitative methods in the same study that provide a more complete explanation of research results and
findings compared to methodologies using one method alone. Page |
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Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is mainly an exploratory research that is used to give an in-depth understanding
to underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations such as in ethnography, phenomenology, narrative,
grounded theory, historical researches, and case study. The sample size of this type is typically small and
more flexible because it allows more naturalness and adjustment on the interaction between the researcher
and participant. It deals with techniques, designs, and measures that do not result to discrete numerical data
and involves extensive narrative data to gain insights into phenomena.
Note that a qualitative research seeks out to gather, integrate, and present data from a variety of
sources of evidence.
Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is more often related with hard data and includes designs, techniques, and
measures that produce numerical data where analysis of it, is mostly STATISTICAL. Remember that this
type of research is not limited to mathematics and commonly used to quantify the results or to put numerical
equivalents. Studies of this kind of research include experimental and non-experimental/descriptive
researches (correlation, survey, normative, causal-comparative, evaluative, and methodological).
It is frequently used to quantify the problem by generating numerical data that can be transformed into
usable statistics. It can quantify attitudes, behaviors, opinions, and other defined variable that can be
generalized, and results from a large sample of populations.
Characteristics, Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
Characteristics
• Non-numerical data • Systematic
• Deals with experiences, • Numerical Data
cultures, and attributes • Empirical
Strengths • Data is more refined

• Detailed information • More accurate than qualitative
• Multiple selection of methods in • Easy to be generalized
gathering data • Data is precise, consistent and
• Usually cost efficient reliable
• More complex aspects of a
person’s experience to be studied
• Participants are able to provide
data on their own words and
ways
Weaknesses • Misinterpreted conclusions • Related secondary data are

• Time consuming sometimes not available
• Difficult to analyze • Difficult to understand
• Limited resources background of a phenomenon
• A large number of samples are
needed
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Qualitative Research vs. Quantitative Research
The table below shows the similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research
according to the different criteria.
Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research
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Purpose To understand and interpret To test hypotheses, look at cause
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social interactions and effect, and make predictions
Most Common Research Explore, discover, and construct Describe, explain, and predict
Objectives
Group Studied Smaller and not randomly Larger and randomly selected
selected
Sampling technique More inclined to purposive Random sampling
sampling or use of chosen (most preferred)
samples based on some criteria
Variables Study of the whole, not variables Specific variables studied
Research plan Gradually proceeds while the Plans for all research aspects is
research is being conducted expected before collecting data
Type of Data Collected words, images, or Numbers and statistics
objects
Form of Data Collected Qualitative data such as Quantitative data based on
open-ended responses, precise measurements using
interviews, structured and validated data-
participant observations, field collection instruments
notes, and reflections
Type of Data Analysis Identify patterns, features, themes Identify statistical relationships
Objectivity and Subjectivity Subjectivity is expected (can be Objectivity is critical (must have
personally engaged) least involvement of the
researcher)
Role of Researcher Researcher and their biases may Researcher and their biases are
be known to participants in the not known to participants in the
study, and participant study, and participant
characteristics may be known to characteristics are deliberately
the researcher hidden from the researcher
(double blind studies)
Results Particular or specialized findings Generalizable findings that can
that is less generalizable be applied to other populations
Focus Wide-angle lens; examines the Narrow-angle lens; tests specific
breadth and depth of phenomena hypotheses
Obtaining Knowledge/ Method Multiple Methods (Exploratory Scientific Method (Confirmatory
or bottom—up: the researcher or top-down: the researcher tests
generates a new hypothesis and the hypothesis and theory with
theory from the data collected) the data)
View of Human Behavior Dynamic, situational, social, and Regular and predictable
personal (Wants to preserve the (Manipulation of research
natural setting of research conditions by the researcher)
features)
Nature of Observation Study behavior in a natural Study behavior under controlled
environment conditions; isolate causal effects
Nature of Reality Multiple realities; subjective Single reality; objective
Final Report Narrative report with Statistical report with
contextual description and correlations, comparisons of
direct quotations from means, and statistical
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research participants significance of findings
Week 2 Lesson 2: The Kinds of Research Across Fields

MELC: The learner provides examples of research in areas of interest (arts, humanities, sports, science,
business, agriculture and fisheries, information and communication technology, and social inquiry) CS_RS11- Page |
IIIa-5 12
Objectives:
1. Identify the kinds of research across fields
2. Describe the types of research according to application
3. Classify examples of research studies according to its area of interest
4. Identify field applications of research based on career path
5. Provide examples of research in areas of interest and their contribution
Types of Research according to Application Unlocking of Difficulties:

In the previous lesson, you have learned the types of
research according to data, namely Qualitative and Quantitative Field of Interest -a special
Research. In this module, we will explore the application of subject of study, line of work,
skill, or the like on which one
research in various field of interests in which researches are
concentrates.
inspired by their quest for understanding and consideration of use.
1. Pure or Basic Research. It aimed at gaining a better understanding of a subject, phenomenon, or basic
law of nature. This type of research is primarily focused on the advancement of knowledge rather than
solving a specific problem. Typically, basic research can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory.
Examples of basic research can be seen in medicine, education, psychology, technology, to mention but a
few:
Example:
• How do teaching methods affect student's concentration in class?
• A research to determine the chemical composition of organic molecules.
• To what extent do gender stereotypes trigger depression?
• An investigation into the symptoms of Coronavirus.
2. Applied Research. It is concerned with solving practical problems using scientific methods. It is typically
a follow-up research design that further investigates the findings of pure or basic research to validate these
findings and apply them to create innovative solutions. Examples of applied research can be seen in
medicine, education, business, engineering, psychology, and health.
Example:
• Applied research to improve workplace efficiency and organizational policies.
• A study into the way to improve a school's readiness for its students.
• Applied research to improve agricultural crop production.
• Investigating factors that improve worker's productivity.
• An investigation to identify the side effects of using a particular drug.
There are 3 types of applied research: Evaluation research, Research and Development, and Action
Research.
➢ Evaluation Research analyses existing information about a research subject to arrive at
objective research outcomes or reach informed decisions. This type of applied research is mostly applied in
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business contexts, for example, an organization may adopt evaluation research to determine how to cut
down overhead costs.
➢Research and Development is focused on developing new products and services based on the
needs of target markets. It focuses on gathering information about marketing needs and finding ways to
improve on an existing product or create new products that satisfy the identified needs.
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➢Action Research is set on providing practical solutions to specific business problems by 13
pointing the business in the right directions. Typically, action research is a process of reflective inquiry that
is limited to specific contexts and situational in nature.
Kinds of Research across Fields

Research has brought various fields and industries to improve communities and economic status such
as in Business. An entrepreneur - researcher who conducts research with return on investment (ROI) will
find ways to make his research profitable. For instance, the owners of Palaweño Brewery conducted a
preliminary experimental research on craft beers and its marketing. The Palaweño Brewery started small
scale in Puerto Princesa City and has now grown and expanded through concessionaires in various cities in
the Philippines and abroad. From the humble beginnings the owner-researchers rose to success through
acceptable, salable, and profitable research output.
Just as how useful research is in the business industry, research has contributed big in other fields:
Areas of Interest Example of Studies
Agri-fishery Research
Agriculture is the backbone of the economic system 1. Green Space in School: Social and Environment
providing food, raw materials, and employment Perspective
opportunities. It improves productivity and quality 2. Urban Gardening as a Source of Well-Being
of crops irrigation, storage methods, effective farm
management and marketing of agricultural 3. Finding a Future: Sustaining Inland Fishery
resources. 4. Fishing for Change: Fishery Policy in the
On the other hand, Fisheries dealt with resources to Philippines
provide food, protection, and maintenance of
different bodies of water for sustainable supply of
aquatic resources.
Arts-Based Research
It uses artistic forms and expressions such as in 1. Babaylan Dance Ethnochoreology: The Dance,
visual arts, sound arts, literary arts, performing arts Movement, and Culture of a Batak Tribal Dance
and new media to explore, understand, represent, 2. Weaving patterns and techniques of the weavers
and even challenge human experiences. in Binuatan Creations
Business Research
Acquires information in business to maximize the 1. Developing a Framework for Small Scale
sales and profit. It aids business companies to Business in the Pandemic
regulate which product or service is most profitable 2. Business Practices and Strategies of Small
or in demand. Enterprises at Banua Mall
Educational Research
Deals with a variety of methods and various aspects 1. Values Education in the Public Schools:
of education including student learning, teaching Practices and Challenges
methods, teacher training, & classroom dynamics. 2. Palawan Indigenous Dances: Bases for
Integration of Teaching Materials for K to 12
Curriculum (Perez and Dela Rosa, 2015)
Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) Research 1. The Role of ICT in the New Normal Education
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Aims to adapt the current technology advancement 2. Khan Academy app as supplemental instruction:
that enhances development of resources. A controlled study of a computer-based
mathematics intervention
Mathematics Research
Provides mathematics mastery topics and helps 1. Student Difficulties in General Mathematics:
develops confidence and interest to solve more Remediation and Interventions Page |
mathematical problems. 2. A Systemic Approach to Changing Classroom 14
It may also assist to find new methods to simplify Practices for Enhancing Mathematics Outcomes
calculations.
Research in Home Economics
deals with technologies, practices and methods in 1. Culinary Practices of Homegrown Cooks and
home economics, food studies, health and human Chefs in Contemporary Philippine Cuisine of
development, product design and technology and Heirloom Recipes of Palawan
hospitality. 2. Local people's perception on the impacts and
importance of ecotourism in Sabang, Palawan,
Philippines (Jalani, 2012)
Research in Humanities
Deals with human culture such as philosophy, 1. Children In-Conflict with the Law: A Resolution
religion, literature, linguistics, and history and Intervention
It includes ancient and modern languages, human 2. The Cause of Extinction of Tagbanwa Writing in
geography, laws, politics, and other social sciences. Bgy. Cabigaan, Aborlan, Palawan (Gonzales, 2015)
1. Developing a technical and maintenance plan for 1. Developing a technical and maintenance plan for
fire alarms in Malls fire alarms in Malls
2. Requirements gathering and acceptability of 2. Requirements gathering and acceptability of
materials in fabrication of devices 1. Qualitative materials in fabrication of devices 1. Qualitative
Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Leaf Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Leaf
Extracts of ‘Marang’ Artocarpus odoratissimus Extracts of ‘Marang’ Artocarpus odoratissimus
Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837) Blanco, Fl. Filip. (1837)
2. Physical and Chemical Water Quality 2. Physical and Chemical Water Quality
Assessment of Samples from selected water sources Assessment of Samples from selected water sources
in Sitio Unang Lahi, Sta. Lourdes, Puerto Princesa in Sitio Unang Lahi, Sta. Lourdes, Puerto Princesa
City City
Research in Industrial Arts Research in Industrial Arts

Deals with development and fabrication of objects Deals with development and fabrication of objects
in wood or metal using a variety of hand, power, or in wood or metal using a variety of hand, power, or
machine tools. machine tools.
It may also include engine repair and automobile It may also include engine repair and automobile
maintenance. maintenance.
Social Science Research

Finds solutions for human behavior and 1. Implementation of Enhanced Community
gathering information about people and Quarantine in Low Risk Areas of Puerto
societies. Princesa City
2. The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on
Employment Opportunities
Sports Research
Intended for athletes to endure their health 1. Engagement in sports activities after
and wellness goals through proven high-
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quality products. school: Quality of experience from the
It helps the coaches and athletes to access perspective of athletes
information and apply it to develop programs 2. Sports and Fitness Support on Students in
and techniques in sports. Public Schools
Page |
Practical Research 1 15
Sem 2 Quarter III – Week 3: Qualitative Research and Its Importance in

Daily Life
Lesson 1: The Characteristics, Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative
Research
MELC: The learner describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of qualitative research
CS_RS11-IIIb-1
Objectives:
1. Enumerate the characteristics of qualitative research; and
2. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research.
Qualitative Research Unlocking of Difficulties:

Qualitative Research promotes a deep, holistic
understanding of a particular phenomenon. It involves reporting
Naturalistic inquiry is an
how people talk about things, how they describe things, and approach to understanding the
how they see the world to the extent that researchers go out to social world in which the
the setting (or context) to collect data. This often studies the researcher observes, describes, and
processes or what unfolds over time to provide a complex interprets the experiences and
understanding of a problem or situation. actions of specific people and
groups in societal and cultural
context.
The beauty of qualitative research is that it provides a
complex understanding of a problem or situation. The more aspects the researcher uncovers, the better, the
more unpredictable aspects that surface, the better.
Qualitative research has characteristics, strengths, and limitations that best complement researchers
aiming to explore or describe experiences of a life event to interpret what has been said to explain why it has
been said.
The following are the features of qualitative research:
1. Researching the meaning of people's lives and not limiting the response of the participants by the
limits of a laboratory.
Example: Public Health Nurses-researchers immersed at the Batak tribe community in Sitio
Manggapin, Barangay Langogan to conduct interviews and observations on the mother and
newborn care management and practices of the tribe
2. Representation of the views and perspective of the participants of the study and mirror the values
and meanings of the results proper.
Example: A psychologist studies the influence of religious beliefs on parenting, from the
perspectives of both adolescents and parents
3. Considering the related condition and their influence on human events.
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Example: A business researcher studied the impacts of consumers' internet and store-based
grocery shopping practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4. Adding insights into existing or developing concepts that may help human social behavior.
Example: Social workers conducted an in-depth study on the factors that contribute to the
trauma of locally stranded individuals being isolated during the community quarantine, leading
them to close family ties and mental and emotional health support Page |
16
5. Uses multiple sources of evidence than relying on a single source alone.
Example: Research Institute for Tropical Medicine scientists finds records and related
studies to support their review of health care interventions for COVID-19.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research

The Qualitative Research process’s emphasis is on discovery rather than proof and requires non-
numerical data. However, the process needs to have certain characteristics to qualify as qualitative research:
Naturalistic, Inductive, Holistic, Qualitative, Personal, Dynamic, Unique case orientation, Contextualized,
Emphatic, and with Flexible design.
Naturalistic
Qualitative research is known for its naturalistic inquiry. Studying real-world situations as they unfold
naturally; non-manipulative, understated, and non-controlling; openness to whatever emerges—lack of
predetermined constraints on outcomes.
Inductive
Qualitative Research uses inductive analysis. It aimed at specific details of data to get important
categories, extents, and interrelationships. It begins by exploring genuinely open questions to get into the
general idea than testing theoretically derived (deductive) hypotheses.
Holistic
Qualitative Research has a holistic perspective. The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a
complex system that is more than the sum of its parts; It uses multiple voices from many participants,
gathers multiple perspectives, and develop multiple themes.
Qualitative data
Detailed and personal, thick description; inquiry in depth; direct quotations capturing people‘s
perspectives and experiences.
Personal
Qualitative Research uses personal contact and insight. The researcher has direct contact with and gets
close to the people, situation, and phenomenon under study; the researcher‘s personal experiences and
insights are an important part of the inquiry and critical to understanding the phenomenon.
Dynamic
Qualitative Research focuses on dynamic systems. The researcher keeps attention to process; records
change as constant and ongoing whether the focus is on an individual or an entire culture.
Unique case orientation
The researcher assumes each case is special and unique; the first level of inquiry is being true to,
respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases being studied; cross-case analysis follows
from and depends on the quality of individual case studies.
Contextualized
Qualitative research has context sensitivity. Places findings in a social, historical, and chronological
context; doubtful of the possibility or meaningfulness of generalization across time and space.
Emphatic
Qualitative research considers emphatic neutrality. Complete objectivity is impossible; pure subjectivity
undermines credibility; the researcher’s passion is understanding the world in all its complexity – not
proving something, not advocating, not advancing personal agenda, but understanding; the researcher
includes personal experience and empathic insight as part of the relevant data while taking a neutral
nonjudgmental stance toward whatever content may emerge.
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Flexible Design
Qualitative Research is open to adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations change;
avoids getting locked into rigid designs that eliminate responsiveness; pursues new paths of discovery as
they emerge.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research Page |

Qualitative Research has its strengths and limitations to which you as a researcher must consider in 17
designing your study.
Strengths of Qualitative Research Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
1. It adopts a naturalistic approach to its subject 1. It involves a lot of researcher’s subjectivity in
matter. data analysis.
2. Promotes a full understanding of human 2. It is hard to know the validity/reliability of the
behavior/personality traits in their natural setting. data.
3. It is instrumental for positive societal changes. 3. Open-ended questions yield “data overload” that
4. It engenders respect for people’s individuality. requires long-time analysis.
5. It’s a way of understanding and interpreting 4. It is time-consuming.
social interactions. 5. It involves several processes whose results
6. Increases the researcher’s interest in the study. greatly depend on the researcher’s views or
7. Offers multiple ways of acquiring and examining interpretations.
knowledge about something.
8. Lift the silent voices of marginalized groups or
populations.
Week 3 Lesson 2: The Kinds of Qualitative Research

CS_RS11-IIIb-1
Objectives:
3. Differentiate the kinds of qualitative research; and
4. Explain the use of qualitative research in real-life situations.
Types of Qualitative Research
Research design is the overall strategy that you choose Blueprint is a guide for
to integrate the different components of the study coherently and making something —it's a design
logically, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the or pattern that can be followed
research problem. Furthermore, a research design constitutes the
blueprint for the selection, measurement, and analysis of data. Axial codingis the breaking
down of core themes during
qualitative data analysis.
The research problem determines the kind of research
you should follow. Criterion –is a standard by
which something may be judged
Qualitative research has a broad inquiry method that uses
unstructured data-collection methods, such as focus groups, observations, interviews, surveys, or content
analysis (collecting existing data in the form of texts, documents, images, audio or video recordings, etc.).
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The kind of research is dependent on the researcher’s aim in conducting the study and the extent to
which the findings will be used. The following are the various kinds of qualitative research design that a
researcher may employ:
1. Action Research
This is a participatory, democratic process concerned with developing practical knowing in the
pursuit of worthwhile human purposes, grounded in a participatory worldview which we believe is emerging Page |
at this historical moment. It seeks to bring together action and reflection, theory and practice, in participation 18
with others, in the pursuit of practical solutions of pressing concern to people and more generally the
flourishing of individual persons and their communities.
Example: Public Health Nurses conducts Community Organizing Participatory Action Research
(COPAR) that aims to empower marginalized communities by allowing them to engage in the research
process (community organizing) where they play an active role as participants
2. Case Study
A case study is used when we analyze and describe; each person individually for his/her activity,
special needs, life situation, life history, etc.; a group of people, such as a school department, teaching staff,
etc., a problem or several problems, process, phenomenon or event in a particular institution, etc., in detail.
Example: A Mobile case study on Neutrogena’s new sun activated advertising. Researchers studied
all aspects of the advertising techniques by Neutrogena on its weather- and location-based technology to
create a relevant, engaging campaign that drove awareness and sales.
3. Ethnography
It represents an approach in which the researcher engages in prolonged observations from the
group’s everyday life. In this type of research behaviors, values, and interactions among the members of the
group are deeply studied, described, and interpreted by the researcher.
Example: In human service and education programs that serve children, the researcher can't
become a student and therefore experience the setting as a child; it may be possible, however, for the
research observer to participate as a volunteer, parent, or staff person in such a setting, and thereby
develop the perspective of an insider in one of these adult roles.
4. Grounded Theory
This is an approach to the development of a theory that is grounded/rooted in the data rather than
empirical testing of the theory. It is where data are collected and analyzed, and then a theory is developed
which is grounded in the data. The researcher attempts to derive a general, abstract theory of a process,
action, or interaction grounded in the views of participants in a study.
Example: A researcher collects data from parents who have pulled their children out of public
schools and develop a theory to explain how and why this phenomenon occurs, ultimately developing a
‘theory of school supplement’.
5. Historical Research
It is the systematic collection of data that happened in the past, and subsequently to identify, classify,
arrange, clarify, evaluate, synthesize, elaborate, develop, and publish them employing scientific methods. It
also helps both researchers and readers to analyze the present events and realize future ones.
Example: A researcher studied an event in 1609, where he clarified that Galileo trained his
telescope for the first time on the moon, and observed previously unsuspected features, ones that he believed
were not very different from those on the earth.
6. Narrative Research
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It is a method that includes the analysis of the characteristics of the narrative text, and recently of the
meaning of inter-human relations in social, historical, and cultural contexts. It focuses on people’s narratives
either about themselves or a set of events. Instead of looking for themes that emerge from an account, it
concentrates on the sequential unfolding of someone’s story so there is an emphasis on characters. It is time-
consuming, and usually includes a very small number of cases.
Example: A doctor takes interviews from a limited number of patients, and the patients narrate the Page |
pros and cons of the diseases; and pains and sufferings of the diseases 19
7. Phenomenology
It is an approach to explore people’s everyday life experiences. It is used when the study is about the
life experiences of a concept or phenomenon experienced by one or more individuals. This type of research
is used to study areas in which there is little knowledge.
Example: A researcher takes an interview of 20 widows and asks them to describe their experiences
of the deaths of their husbands.
Week 3 Lesson 3: The Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields of

Inquiry
CS_RS11-IIIb-1
Objectives:
1. Explain the importance of qualitative research across fields
2. Identify field applications of research based on career path.
Unlocking of Difficulties: Qualitative research has been found to be effective method in

finding answers to phenomena in the context of different
Research Across Fields of
disciplines like education, technical communication, business,
Inquiry includes field in education,
technical communication, social and behavioral sciences, advertising, and social work. It
business, social and behavioral can be viewed that schools, hospitals, businesses, social media,
sciences, advertising, and social media (radio and television), and the marginalized communities
work. are among the beneficiaries of qualitative research.
As a researcher, realizing the importance of qualitative research
in daily life necessary as you get nearer to choosing the field of research you will focus on.
Importance of Qualitative Research across Different Fields

Field Example
Advertising An advertising artist conducted a
Researchers in advertising comes along from an understanding of survey with open-ended responses to
consumer’s preferred styles and techniques, wants and needs. It is the executives in his company on
conducted to know how customers respond to a particular ad or their insights of using 3D integrated
advertising campaign. holographic system.
Qualitative Research in International Business A group of businessmen studied the
Methods such as participant observation, content analysis, focus international business strategies by its
groups, narrative interviews and "hidden" methods such as institution-based view of the
archival study are used by business establishments. In this way, emerging economies
business establishments are able to obtain reliable data and decide
to develop their strategies and processes.
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Qualitative Research in Marketing Researchers in a US automobile
It is influenced by social research and has embedded projective manufacturing explored the
devices within the approach of in-depth interview. The more customers' desired value change in a
modern qualitative marketing studies use the grounded theory Business-to-Business Context at
approach. By thorough investigation through research, marketing different levels
strategies are improved for better return of investment.
Page |
Qualitative Research in Education Matching teaching styles and the 20
Ethnography being used in education seeks to understand social learning styles of students.
and cultural dynamics of a school or classroom and understand Student reaction to the evaluation of
what counts as education for members of a particular group. their academic performance.
Researchers pursue following agenda: research, educational
agenda and social, cultural and instructional change. Qualitative
research is important as it navigates towards improvement of
performance in education.
Qualitative Research in Psychology Psychologists seek to understand why

It seeks to understand and determine an observable, objective some students lack motivation to go
psychological reality. Understanding the psychological processes to school and why some students
and how they affect the society is the contribution of qualitative resort to bullying and the like.
research.
Qualitative Research in Social Work group of social workers studied the

Conducting a research under social work means studying about court room professionals which
people’s experiences especially what they found traumatic and focuses on parental alienation (when
painful. This can be done by analyzing interview data and one parent discredits the other parent
narratives which has four broad categories: to a child or children the two share)
and explores women’s experiences as
1. Knowledge-direct remembering and reliving, with complete well as legal and social services’
details of the events
2. Awareness of mental process: awareness of emotions and of
cognitive processes
3. Awareness of identity- awareness of values and the
construction of personal characteristics of each partner and of the
couple as a unit
4. Alienation-refusal to observe, reflect or remember
Qualitative Research in the Natural Sciences The Palawan Council for Sustainable
Scientists use qualitative research as a foundation study such as in Development (PCSD) gathered data
environmental sciences. Qualitative research responded to many on the statement and
questions in environmental investigations and professional recommendations of experts and
reports. Qualitative research approaches may be used to respond community leaders on the issues on
to the questions arisen in preparation of professional reports such edible bird’s nest harvesting
as Environmental Impact Statements, Strategic Environmental
Assessment reports and Protected Area Management Plan.
Qualitative Research in Technical Communication A student conducted a case study of
Qualitative research can also be used in studying the effective use Engineering Professionals reading
of technology in the workplace to ensure smooth flow of White Papers
communication. This can be conducted using focus groups. A researcher studied lessons learned
Technical communications under study can be in the forms of e- from Museum Exhibit Design:
mail, fax messaging, video and voice conferencing, intranet and Modeling Information for Three-
extranet, jargons and graphics. The advancement in technical dimensional Space
communication is a product of exploration using qualitative
research.
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Sem 2 Quarter III – Week 4: Identifying the Inquiry and Stating the Page |
Problem 21
Lesson 1: The Range of Research in the Area of Inquiry
MELC: Designs a research project related to daily life (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-1)

Writes a research title (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-2)
Provides the justifications/reasons for conducting the research (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-3)
Objectives:
1. Identify a research topic related to daily life.
2. Follow the standards in writing a research title.
3. Present justifications/reasons in the background of the study.
Research Topic
Selecting a research topic is the most difficult step in the
research process. The first step is to identify a general problem that
is related to your area of study and of particular interest to you. A research topicis a broad
Various sources of ideas could help you identify a research topic. subject from where a researcher
For instance, your experience and issues shown by the media are chooses a specific problem to work
good sources of a research topic. on.
A research title expands

Everyday experience and observations of what goes around
on the research topic. It contains
us or social media may lead us to identify a problem for which we key words which present the
would like a solution. You could first conduct an ocular survey in nature of the study.
your community and do some preliminary interviews to help
identify an existing problem. For example, you have observed that
during the rainy season, your community experiences flood and it takes several days before it dries out. In
this scenario, you could investigate the factors that cause this event or the behavior of the people that
contribute to this problem. It is only a starting point. You can still transform your casual observations into a
form that can be tested or observed empirically.
Other sources of the topic may include existing theories, a gap in kinds of literature, previous studies,
folklore, consumer feedback, and social issues.
Research Title
The title is the introduction or “face” of the paper that is read. It should give the summary of the
main ideas of your study to catch the interest and curiosity of the reader so that the reader can study the full
paper.
A good title contains 10 – 15 words that adequately describe the content of your research
paper. A working title is usually developed in the early part of the research process and is
finalized after the study has been completed.
The following example will help you understand how to write a good title for your research
paper in 5 simple steps:
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STEP 1-Ask yourself these questions and make note of the answers:
Questions Example Answers

What is my paper about? My paper studiedthe motivation and attitude of an average
student towards self-learning modules in science.
Page |
What techniques/ designs were used? It was a case study.
22
Who/what is studied? I studied 30 average students from Senior High School in
Palawan National School.
What were the results? There was an impact in the motivation and attitude of an
average student towards the self-learning modules in
science.
STEP 2-Use your answers to list key words.

Motivation and attitude
Average type of students
Self learning modules in Science
Case Study
30 average students from Senior High School
Palawan National School
There was an impact in the motivation and attitude
STEP 3-Create a sentence that includes the key words you listed.
This is a case study about the motivation and attitude of the 30 average students from
Senior High School in Palawan National School towards self-learning modules in science;
the results showed that there is an impact to their motivation and attitude towards self-
learning modules in Science.
STEP 4-Delete all unnecessary/ repetitive words and link the remaining.
This is a case study about the motivation and attitude of the 30average type students
from Senior High School in Palawan National School towards self-learning modules in
science; the results showed thatthere is an impact to their motivation and attitude
towards self learning modules in Science.
STEP 5 - Delete non-essential information and reword the title.

The motivation and attitude of the average type of senior high students from Palawan
National School towards the self learning modules in science there is an impact
The motivation and attitude of the selected average type of senior high students towards
self learning modules in science
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✓Motivation and Attitude of Selected Average Students Towards the Self Learning Modules in
Science
Following the steps outlined above will help you arrive at an effective title for your research paper.
Background of the Study

Justifying the research problem means giving your reasons why your study is important. This
justification is included in the introduction in which you give the background of your study and provide
evidence to discuss why your study matters. Page |
23
The background of the study is the section in a research report where you present the reasons for
conducting the study as well as the need to find a solution for the identified problem. This is also the part
where you summarize the goals of your study by providing information that explains the history and nature
of the problem about existing literature.
Guidelines in Writing the Background of the Study

1. Give a brief overview of the research topic by discussing the meaning, nature, dynamics, or/and
historical development.
Example:
“Mathematical anxiety refers to an individual’s unpleasant emotional mood responses when
confronted with a mathematical situation (Eliot, 2020). Lou (2019) specifically identified some of the
manifestations of this type of anxiety, which include but not limited to, depression, helplessness,
nervousness and fearfulness in doing mathematical and numerical tasks.”
2. Present the problem or the research gap. You may include scenarios of what might happen if the
problem will be left unsolved supported with kinds of literature.
Example:
“Mathematical anxiety can negatively affect not just the academic achievement of the
students but also their future career plans and total well-being. Also, there are no known studies that
deal with the mathematical anxiety of senior high school students in Palawan. If left unchecked, as
Shapiro (2019) claims, this problem will expand and create a total avoidance pattern on the part of
the students, which can be expressed most visibly in the form of cutting classes and habitual
absenteeism. As we can see, this will negatively affect the performance of the students in
mathematics.”
3. State the main goal of your study by explaining what would you like to do or achieve at the end of
your study.
Example:
“Hence, it is precisely in this context that the researcher aims to determine the lived experiences of
those students with mathematical anxiety. In particular, this proposed study aims to determine the lived
experiences of the senior highschool students in Palawan and identify the factors that caused them to
become disinterested in mathematics.”
4. State the main argument or your claim of the paper
Example:
“The researcher argues that there is a need to determine the lived experiences of these students with
mathematical anxiety because knowing and understanding the difficulties and challenges that they have
encountered will put the researcher in the best position to offer some alternatives to the problem.”
5. Discuss the major significance of the contribution of the study.
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Example:
“Indeed, it is only when we have performed some kind of a diagnosis that we can offer practicable
solutions to the problem. And in the case of the senior high school in Palawan who are having mathematical
anxiety, determining their lived experiences as well as identifying the factors that caused them to become
disinterested in mathematics are the very first steps in addressing the problem.”
6. Provide evidence to your statement or claim by giving your observations or citing kinds of literature. Page |
24
Example:
“According to records and based on the researcher’s firsthand experience with the students in some
senior high schools in Palawan, indeed there are students who lost interest in mathematics. For one, while
checking the daily attendance and monitoring of the students, it was observed that some of them are not
always attending classes in mathematics but are regularly attending the rest of the required subjects.”
*After this statement, you may insert some works of literature and initial interviews that will support this
position.
7. Give your conclusion by restating the gap and main goal of the study to emphasize why is it important to
solve or give a solution to the problem identified.
Example:
“Given the above discussion, it is evident that there are indeed senior high students in Palawan who
are experiencing mathematical anxiety. And as we can see, mathematical anxiety can negatively affect not
just the academic achievement of the students but also their future career plans and total well-being. Again
it is for this reason that the researcher attempts to determine the lived experiences of those senior high
school students in Palawan who are experiencing mathematical anxiety.”
Week 4 Lesson 2: The Specificity and Feasibility of Problem Posed

MELC: Designs a research project related to daily life (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-1)
Writes a research title (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-2)
Provides the justifications/reasons for conducting the research (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-3)
Objectives:
1. Identify the research problem and research questions.
2. Explain the scope and delimitation of a research study.
Research Problem and Research Question
3. Cite the benefits and beneficiaries of the research study.
In developing a research study, one important task of the researcher is to identify and describe the
4. Develop a written statement of the problem.
problem (Bwisa, 2018). This includes specifying the issue to study by dividing the broad topic into different
aspects and selecting a specific area that you wish to pursue.
Suppose you consider “Domestic Violence” as your research topic. As you know more about this
issue, you then realize that it has many aspects such as “Profiles of the Victims of Domestic Violence,
Causes of Domestic Violence, Impact of Domestic Violence to Family, Services Available to Victims of
Domestic Violence, etc”.
1. What are the types of domestic violence experienced by families with low socioeconomic status?
2. What is the behavior of the offender in their family?
3. What triggers the act of abuse to the spouse or their children?
4. How does the behavior of the offender contribute to the occurrence of domestic violence in their
family?
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Select a specific aspect and work on the main problem that you want to answer. This main problem
will be the research problem of your study. This holds the major focus of the study, the participants, and the
locality or area of the investigation.
A topic about “Causes of domestic violence” may have a research problem of “To explore the causes
of domestic violence in families with low socioeconomic status” The major focus in this problem is the
reasons for domestic violence, the participants are the families with an existing case of domestic violence, Page |
and the area of investigation will involve the families with low socioeconomic status. 25
Hence, this research problem will prompt you to formulate research questions or sub-problems that
you plan to answer to achieve your main objective. An example of a research question to the above problem
statement may include the following:
Guidelines in Formulating Research Questions

Qualitative type of research involves the presentation of the result about people’s perceptions,
attitudes, and experiences about the subject being studied. Hence, it will require questions that elicit the
perspectives of an individual or group of people to explain why or how a particular situation occurs.
Types of questions good for the qualitative type of research

✓Exploratory Questions – these are questions that are intended to understand or increase knowledge
about the topic such as how a particular social situation occurred or changed. ✓Interpretative Questions –
the purpose of these types of questions is to understand an individual or group of people’s perceptions,
experiences, or behavior in connection with a particular situation, event, or phenomena.
Read the example below

Research Problem (Main Problem) – Explore the Experiences of Health-Care Providers in Puerto
Princesa City during the COVID 19 Pandemic
Research Questions (Sub-Problem)

1. What are the perceptions of health care providers in Puerto Princesa City regarding the COVID 19
outbreak?
2. What are the first-hand experiences of health care providers during the early stage of the
pandemic?
3. What are the challenges faced by health-care providers in responding to the COVID-19 crisis?
Notice that the sub-problems above were open-ended types of questions, thus elicit information that
describes people’s perspective towards a particular event. Also, when formulating your research problem
and questions, be SMART - Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-Bound.
A definite research problem will give you direction and will guide you in your research journey. This
could also be a basis in choosing the right methodologies and a basis in writing the other parts of your
research study.
Remember: As easy as it may seem, developing research questions will never be easy if you don’t
have a rich background of knowledge about your topic. Therefore, you must do extensive reading of
literature related to your area of concern.
Scope and Delimitation of Research

This is another important aspect when writing a research paper as it also guides the researcher in the
research process.
Scope – this contains the factors or variables that are included in your study. It gives the readers an
idea of the content and coverage of your research such as the following:
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✓ What is your study?
✓ When will you conduct the study?
✓ Where is the area of investigation?
✓ Who are the participants?
Delimitation – this presents the definite boundaries and parameters of your investigation. It describes Page |
the variables included and excluded as well as the procedural limits such as data gathering tools, 26
geographical setting, and the period covered.
Read the example below
Research Problem: “Exploring the Experiences of Health-Care Providers in Puerto

Princesa City during the COVID 19 Pandemic”
This research study will contain information about the experiences of health care providers
during the COVID 19 Pandemic since the outbreak started. This will cover areas such as their
perception about COVID-19, the experiences they had during the early stages of the pandemic,
and the challenges they face in response to the COVID 19 crisis. This study will be done on
November 2020 to February 2021.
This study will delimit the investigation to health care providers working in a health-care facility
within the City of Puerto Princesa. Health workers in other public and private sectors are
excluded in this study due to differences in work-setting which may give a wide range of
experiences. Data collection will not include face to face interaction. Instead, online platforms
and electronic devices for communication will be utilized for precautionary measures.
The example above presented what, when, where, and who is included in the research study.
Likewise, definite parameters were also presented as well as the aspect that was excluded.
Significance of the Study

A research study will only be significant if its importance will be recognized. This section of the
research study explains the relevance of addressing a particular issue to improve the quality of life of a
person or the community as a whole.
This should include the precise description of the following:

1. Who are the beneficiaries of the study?
2. How the research findings would benefit the beneficiaries
3. The relevance of results to identified problem or needs
4. The potential contribution to new knowledge and policies
How to organize the content of the Significance of the Study?

1. Refer to the problem statement - write the significance of your study in congruence with your
research problem and questions.
2. Use the deductive approach – Identify the general benefit of your study to the whole community,
then down to specific agencies, units of people, individuals, and researchers.
Read the example below:
Research Problem: “Explore the Experiences of Health-Care Providers in Puerto Princesa

City during the COVID-19 Pandemic”
The findings of this study will give awareness about the experiences of health-care providers as
26they
| P arespond
ge to the COVID-19 crisis. Their perceptions, challenges, and experiences will
provide us with useful insights into controlling the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Moreover, the findings of this study will greatly benefit the following beneficiaries:
Sem 2 Quarter III – Week 5: Learning from Others and Reviewing the
Literature
Lesson 1: The Criteria is Selecting, Citing and Synthesizing Related Page |
Literature 27
MELC: Selects relevant literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-1

Cites related literature using standard style CS_RS11-IIIf-j-2
Synthesizes information from relevant literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-3
Writes coherent review of literature CS_RS11-IIIf-j-4
Objectives:
1. Identify the ways of finding relevant materials.
2. Differentiate the citation format of each standard style.
LITERATURE AND ITS PURPOSE Unlocking of Difficulties:

Literature is a piece of information about a certain
subject matter which is usually written by experts. Related Literature contains a
comprehensive overview of the
In research, literature that is relevant to the researcher's research findings and other
topic is analyzed and interpreted, hence called literature review. relevant knowledge related to a
particular topic.
This is done to give good background knowledge about the
problem being investigated. Moreover, the purpose of the
Citation is a means of
literature review as follows: recognizing the researchers or
writers of the articles and studies
1. Define and Limit a Problem – the literature review cited in your own paper.
helps the researchers to identify parameters and boundaries of a
study allowing identification of key issues within a broad Synthesis is the combination of
subject area. often various concepts, ideas, or
information from different types
2. Place the Study in a Perspective – Academic of sources to form a coherent
researches either disprove previous studies or add up to an whole.
existing body of knowledge in a particular subject. Through
literature review, comparing the previous researches and
identifying the gaps in which your study will address shows the significance of your study to the field.
3. Avoid Unintentional Replication of Previous Studies – A research study should be novel. A

literature review helps you to decide on the context of your investigation thus avoiding repetition. Studies
that were intentionally replicated were usually done to validate the result.
4. Select Methods and Measures – Literature review allows you to decide which methods are
appropriate for your study. Likewise, this may also lead you to try different tests, use new technologies, and
utilize other types of measures for you to achieve a better result.
5. Relate Findings to Previous Knowledge and Suggest Areas for Further Research – A coherent
research contains discussions connecting or contrasting previous studies with own study. Through this
literature review, you can find areas that need further investigation.
SELECTING A RELEVANT LITERATURE
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Types of Sources
The first step in the process of reviewing the literature is to search for sources of information and
select materials relevant to your topic. There are different types of sources where you could select your
materials for literature review. These are classified into the following:
1. Primary Sources – are published studies of researchers where findings are reported by the author
directly to their readers. They may be letters, speeches, works of art, diaries, direct personal observations of Page |
current events, survey responses, and interviews. 28
2. Secondary Sources – these are published materials that describe the work of another person.
Usually, these contain a comprehensive overview of a particular subject. The author may be summarizing,
interpreting, or analyzing information from the research work of others. Examples of secondary sources are
books, textbooks, movie or art reviews, research reviews, histories or biographies, or political commentaries.
3. Tertiary Sources – these are syntheses of primary and secondary sources. The author usually
summarizes, compile, paraphrase, or repackage information from the work of others. Examples of tertiary
sources are an encyclopedia, fact books, dictionaries, guides, and handbooks.
Guidelines in Selecting a Relevant Literature

➢Search for related literature - Kinds of literature must be related to your research problem.
1. Make a list of keywords to search based on your research questions.
2. Search for relevant sources using the keywords you’ve 5listed.
3. Use credible sources by selecting an article with a high citation count. In a google scholar
database, for instance, a high citation count means it is an important publication.
➢ Read and evaluate the materials – Read the abstract of the article to evaluate its relevance to your
study. Take note of the following to identify the most relevant.
1. What is the main problem presented?
2. What are the key theories, models, or methods used in the study?
3. What are the findings and conclusion?
4. What are the key insights and arguments?
5. What are the strengths and weaknesses?
While taking notes, it will be ideal to paraphrase your answers or write using your own words based
on how you understand the text. Quoting is done if there is a need to copy an exact phrase from the source.
This is only done when the thought of an important statement will be lost if paraphrased. A quotation mark
should be used to identify the borrowed material and proper citation should be followed.
➢Check the references/bibliography to look for other relevant sources.
CITATION
Types of Citation
Ideas are considered intellectual property. Citing the writers properly shows respect towards their
contribution to a particular field of study. Proper citation allows readers to locate the materials you used and
thus allows checking the accuracy of your work. Also, citation suggests that you have conducted extensive
readings about your topic thus increases your credibility as a researcher.
There are two types of citation. These are In-text citations and References or Bibliography.
In-text Citations are brief reference that appears throughout your paper. It tells your reader who or
where that particular idea came from.
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Reference or Bibliography is located at the end part of your paper that contains the complete list of
reading materials used to accomplish your research study.
Standard Styles of Citation

The information included in your literature review should be properly cited using standard styles.
These standard styles are a set of rules on how to cite sources in academic writing. There are three major Page |
standard styles commonly used in the citation: MLA Style, APA Style, and CMOS. 29
• MLA Style or the Modern Language Association – is commonly used by writers in the field of
humanities such as literature, language, and philosophy.
• APA Style or the American Psychological Association – this style is commonly used by writers in
the fields of education, psychology, and sciences.
• CMOS or the Chicago Manual of Style that supports two formats: a. Notes and Bibliography; b.
Author-Date – is commonly used in academic writing of business, history, and fine arts discipline.
In this CLAS, let us tackle the type of citation that is included within the body of the literature
review. Below is a table that summarizes the basic format of each style.
MLA Style (8th edition)

Format: Author’s last name and page number.
Author Citation example
One Author (Cruz 11-12)
Two Author (Cruz and Carlos 11-12)
Three or More Author (Cruz et al. 11-12)
Examples:
o MLA is the second most popular citation style (Smith and Morrison 17–19).
o According to Smith and Morrison, MLA is the second most popular citation style (17–19).
APA Style (7th edition)

Format: Author’s last name and the year of publication
Author Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation
One Author (Cruz, 2020) Juan (2020)
Two Author (Cruz & Carlos, 2020) Juan and Pedro (2020)
Three or More Author (Cruz et al., 2020) Juan et al. (2020)
Examples:
• o Research shows that there is a great need for … (Reynolds & Thomas, 2014).
• o Reynolds and Thomas (2014) write that there is a great need for …
*Page numbers are required when quoting
Chicago Manual of Style (17th edition)

A. Notes and Bibliography Style
A superscript number is placed within or after the text, which matches to a footnote* or endnote**
that contains full*** or short **** details of the source.
*Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page

**Endnotes appear on a separate page at the end of the text
***Full Note Format: Author first name last name, Book Title, edition. (Place of publication:
Publisher, year), page number(s)
29 | P a g e
****Short Note Format: Author last name, Shortened Book Title, page number(s).
Example:
This is an example of a full note,1 and this is an example of a shortened note.2
1. Albert Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity (Princeton: Princeton University, 1923), 44-45.
2. Einstein, The Meaning of Relativity, 89.
Page |
B. Author-Date Style 30
Uses parenthetical in-text citations
Format: (Author last name year, page number - if relevant)
Author Citation example

One Author (Cananea 2020, 10)
Two Author (Cananea and Limbagan 2019)
Three Author (Alipaspas, Cabanillas, Hachero 2018)
Four or more authors (Cabiguen et al. 2017, 23-35)
*If the researcher’s name is already mentioned in the text, the date should appear straight after it inside a
parenthesis. A page number is added in quoting, directly after the quoted words or phrase.
Example:
• o One researcher argues that “the data is unconvincing” (Johnson 2016, 138).
• o Nevertheless, Smith (2017) contends that the study makes “a compelling case” (121) for this
plan of action.
SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT LITERATURE

A literature review is an important aspect of the research process. A rational literature review is not
just a collection or summary of academic writing from various sources rather, it is a synthesis of all the
information significant to one’s study.
In research, synthesis is a discussion containing your inference to different sources and how these
ideas, theories, or findings relate to your study. This bringing of materials together leads you to formulate an
argument that would emphasize the importance and purpose of your study.
Example:
Topic/ Research Question: Women in WWII
Cornelsen Stewart Bruley Scott
Alteration of - Women’s success - WAAC - Women joined -Even women not
women’s roles at flying aircrafts (Women’s Army the workforce as a directly involved
because of WWII “marked a pivotal Auxiliary Corps) break from the in the war were
step towards was 1st chance for ordinary to help changing mentally
breaking the women to serve in the war (p. 220) by being
existing gender the army, given challenged to
barrier” (p. 112) full army status in expand their
1943 as WAC (p. horizons because
28) of the changing
world around them
(p. 562)
Hardships and - “The WASP were - Women in the - Women are given
oppositions women routinely assigned military given unskilled labor
faced inferior planes that extensive physical positions by the
were later found to and mental tests, government
have been but still because only seen
30 | P a g e
improperly discriminated as temporary
maintained” (p. against, ridiculed, workers, therefore
114) and considered no reason to train
- discrimination inferior to men (p. them (p. 221-2)
against WASP at 29) - Women are given
every level of less significant
military service, work and viewed Page |
women were only as less intelligent 31
paid 2/3 of what and physically able
men were for (p. 224)
doing identical - Equal pay rarely
tasks (p. 114) given to women,
even though
women did the
same work (p. 221)
Read and understand the connection between these sources. Look for the similarities, differences,
relationships, or opposing ideas. Write a statement or paragraph that contains your interpretation - not just a
summary - of the facts presented by each of your sources discussing how the author's ideas connect or
contradict each other.
Let us read the sample synthesis below which synthesize the sources provided above about the
“Women in WWII”
While the articles used in this research agree that women made many advances during the Word War
II period, it is crucial to realize that not all these changes were welcomed. In most cases, women faced
discrimination from just about everyone around them. Women in the workplace were often placed in
positions of inferiority or treated as being less physically able to do the same work the men did. Many
women were often not trained because they were viewed as temporary employees who were only there for
the duration of the war (Bruley, 2003, pp.221-222). Women were very rarely given equal pay as men, even
though some of them did the same work. Women in the military faced not only mental abuse but also
physical harm from their male counterparts. According to Cornelsen (2005), there were many instances
where female aviators were injured or killed due to being made to fly ill-maintained aircraft or aircraft that
had been sabotaged. (p.114)
(Source: Laura Ingram, Hussey J., Tigani M., and Hemmelgarn M. “Writing
A Literature Review and Using a Synthesis Matrix”. NC State University Writing and
Speaking Tutorial Service Tutors. 2006.
http://www.ncsu.edu/tutorial_center/writespeak)
Week 5 Lesson 2: The Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature
MELC: The learner follows ethical standards in writing related literature. (CS_RS11- IIIf-j-5)
The learner presents written review of literature. (CS_RS11- IIIf-j-6)
Objectives:
1. Give the importance of ethics in research.
2. Explain the ethical standards in writing related literature.
3. Presents written review of literature.
31 | P a g e
Why do you need to review literature? Unlocking of Difficulties:
a. To avoid academic dishonesty-
Academic dishonesty “the theft or stealing Ethical standards are essential to all
of ideas and other forms of intellectual researches as it provides systematic rules that
property” (Sandy, 1999, p. 75). guide researchers in conducting any study.
Page |
Examples of Academic Dishonesty: Related Literature consists of a written
32
1. Plagiarism - is an act of claiming discussion of the facts and principles related to the
another’s work or copying a portion of present study.
someone else’s writing. If copying another
researcher’s ideas cannot be avoided, Norms –refer to the persons’ behaviour and
proper citation must be done. attitude within the normal condition.
2. Self-plagiarism - is defined when

the researchers reuse their own work or data in a ‘new’ written product without letting the
readers know that the manuscript already appeared in another literature.
3. Fabrication- The falsification of data, information, or citations (Simmons, 1999).

Creating false facts or citations to create “artificial acknowledgement”.
4. Cheating - Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise such
as exam or “hiring” others to complete your assignments (Simmons, 1999).
b. To see what has and has not been investigated.

c. To identify data sources that other researchers have used.
d. To learn how others have defined and measured key concepts.
e. To develop alternative research projects.
f. To put your work in perspective.
g. To contribute to the field by moving research forward. Reviewing the literature lets you see
what came before, and what did and didn't work for other researchers.
h. To demonstrate your understanding, and your ability to critically evaluate research in the
field.
i. To provide evidence that may be used to support your own findings.
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research

1. Honesty. This must be maintained in all communications (e.g., when reporting data, results, and
procedures). Data should never be fabricated, falsified, or misrepresented.
2. Integrity. Consistency of thought and action is the foundation of the credibility of any research
work. Promises and agreements should be kept and all actions should be made with a sincere purpose.
3. Care. Careless errors and negligence should be avoided. Your work and the works of your peers
should be critically examined. Records of research activities should be kept in good order and condition.
4. Openness. The researcher should be open to criticisms and new ideas. Research data, results,
ideas, and resources should also be shared with the public.
5. Respect for intellectual property. Proper acknowledgement should be given to all authors cited
and sources used in your research. Patents and copyrights should be recognized. Any unpublished data,
methods, or results should not be used without permission. Credit should be given to where it is due.
6. Confidentiality. Confidential communications or documents should be protected.
32 | P a g e
7. Responsible publication. The study should be done with the purpose of advancing research and
scholarship. Wasteful and duplicate publication should be avoided.
8. Legality. A researcher should know and obey relevant laws, and institutional and government
policies.
9. Human subject protection. Harms and risks to human lives should be minimized. Human Page |
dignity, privacy, and autonomy should be among the primary considerations of the research. 33
How to come up with effective research review?

A good research review must have the following characteristics:
1. Focus—concentrate on four foci: research theories, methods, outcomes, and practices and
applications -- theories helps in looking at the relationships between the variables and concepts being
studied with than of the present ones -- methods help in finding the best methodology and the variables
looked into -- outcomes help in identifying the gaps of information -- application and practices is more on
the implication of the findings to policy, people, knowledge, education, etc.
2. Goal-useful in integrating, resolving, bridging, and generalizing the theories and concepts under
study. Explicate the arguments
3. Coverage—looks on how wide the study must be by looking at sample /population (central and
representative), how exhaustive the sampling was and how they were selected
4. Organization or format—helps in designing the presentation of the literature review, which this
can be historical in format (development of related concepts, theories or findings), conceptual in format—
that is about the relationship about the concepts that the researcher is looking into, and methodological in
format—that is the presentation more focus on the research methods applied
5. Audience—always consider that your research work is intended to fellow researchers,

academicians and professionals, thus avoid writing it for general public or for laymen.
The 5C’s in reviewing and writing related literatures

1.CITE by keeping on the primary focus on the literature
2.COMPARE the various arguments, theories, methodologies, approaches and or findings expressed
in the literature. What the authors agree on? Who employ similar approaches? What are their findings?
3.CONTRAST the various arguments, themes, methodologies, approaches and controversies

expressed in the literature. What are the areas of major disagreement, controversy or debate?
4.CRITIQUE the literature. Which argument is more persuasive and why? Which approach, finding
or methodology seem the most reliable, valid or appropriate and why? Pay attention to the verbs you use to
describe on what the author says or does?
5.CONNECT the literature to your own research area. How does your own work draw on or depart
from the reviewed literature?
BOTTOM LINE: Review of related literature is a discursive prose and not simply describing and
summarizing what has been read and written. Look at the example below:
Example:
This part of Literature Review was lifted from:
33 | P a g e
Labay, P.M. (2005). The social history of a hobby that turned into a livelihood strategy: The case of
butterfly livelihood in rural Philippines (Master’s thesis: Wageningen University & Research Centrum, The
Netherlands).
3.1 The rural livelihood approach
Since the main theme of my research is on the workings of agency, specifically on INTRODUCTION Page |
actors involved in the development of butterfly livelihood in rural Philippines, it is 34
worth mentioning the principles and frameworks of rural livelihood from where I
derived some concepts and ideas in drawing up the theoretical framework.
A lot of discussions on issues of livelihoods, e.g. approaches, have been discussed in

various texts, especially on the issues of sustainable development (Chambers &
BODY
Conway, 1992).
Cite the concept
Drawing on Chambers’ & Conway’s (1992) definition and as cited by Carney or theory
(1998) and Scoones (1998): “A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets [both
material and social resources] and activities required for a means of living. A
livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks
maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, while not undermining the natural
resource base.”
The IDS sustainable rural livelihoods’ framework cited in the paper of Scoones Cite other
(1998) and Carney (1998), they mention the following key terms: … “Given with concepts
particular context [e.g. policy setting, politics, history, agro ecology and socio-
economic conditions], what combination of livelihood resources result in the ability
to follow what combination of livelihood strategies [e.g. agricultural intensification /
extensification and livelihood diversification] with what outcomes [e.g. income, Critique the
security, well-being, sustainable use of resources and other productive and concepts
reproductive goals].? Of particular interest in this framework are the institutional
processes [embedded in a matrix of formal and informal institutions and
organizations] which mediate the ability to carry out such strategies and achieve (or
not) such outcomes.”
Therefore, it can be noted that the context, which includes the structures and
Critique the
processes (laws, policies, institutions, norms and values) constitute also the trends, Contrast
concepts.the
shocks and stresses that affect individuals’ decisions and actions, positively and concepts
negatively.
In addition, Ellis (1998) says that, “A livelihood encompasses the income generating
activities pursued by individuals and their households, and the social institutions,
intra-household relations, and mechanisms of access to resources through the
livelihood’s life cycle.”
In contrast, the Wageningen approach to rural development focuses on the actors’

ability and skills as important dimensions for livelihood development—the human Contrast the
ingenuity to adapt to stress and shock refers to his ‘agency’. concepts
This approach is known as the actor-oriented approach of Norman Long. Central to
this approach is ‘agency’, which refers to “attributes of individual actor, his capacity
to process social experiences and to devise ways of coping with life, even under the
most extreme forms of coercion” (Long & Long (1992).
Furthermore, Long (2002) states that, “values and meanings are culturally
Contrast the
constructed by actors as they follow and practice their individual choices [vis-a-vis
concepts
chosen livelihood activities], thereby generating ‘new cultural standards’.
34 | P a g e
It is emphasized therefore that whatever the case is, it is the ‘agency’ that serves as
Come-up with
the hinge between actors, within a group, household, community, market and
your stand
structure. Contrast the
concepts
Haan (2000) further defines structure as “the shell in which the five capitals (human,
social, natural, physical and financial capital) are embedded. The structure has three Page |
parts: A social that consists of the rules that govern common norms and values, an Cite further in 35
economic that is defined by the forces of supply and demand, and a political part support to
that is expressed by power relations.” He further states that “though structure often your stand
Cite further
determines the direction of the outcome, structure may also change through
in support to
agency.”
your stand
As such, Long’s actor-oriented approach for rural livelihood development is more Connect the
useful in the analysis of this study. Based from previous information, though
concepts to
optimistic, the butterfly livelihood in Marinduque was told as an outcome of actors’
your research
interests and ingenuity [e.g. Romeo Lumawig’s interest to discover new specimens
work.
named after him, Angelito and Grelando’s perseverance to improve the breeding
techniques introduced to them by Nishiyama], despite the limits of capital assets CONCLUSION
[e.g. financial, physical, human (preferably education), etc.], uncertainty [e.g.
market, social relations, etc.] and other constraints [e.g. village people’s pressure,
state intervention, etc.]. The actors, like the Layron brothers are not stopped by these
limitations, they are continuously strategizing to solve problems, intervene in social
events and observe how others react to their actions.
Congratulations for finishing the modules for Practical Research 1

Semester 2 Quarter 3!!!!
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36 | P a g e

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Inquiry has an exploratory nature where it allows Unlocking of Difficulties:

Example: Preference of Cosmetic Use among adolescents, young adult,

2. Exploration. Research seeks to explore the unknown or phenomenon. It lays

Example: Parenting children with down syndrome: Exploring stress and

Example: The effect of rebranding on customer loyalty.

The Importance of Research

1. To gather necessary and important information

2. To make changes in our communities

3. To improve everybody’s standard of living

4. For a safer life condition

5. To reveal scientific and social truth

6. To explore the past

7. To understand arts deeply and adequately

It is essential for you, as learner-researcher, to have a deep understanding of the characteristics of

Empirical. Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. It

Methodical. Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using

Plan the design and Analyze and present

Interpret the findings and

Consider the following in selecting your research problem:

Step 2: Review the literature of the problem

Step 4: Plan the design and methodology

II. Research Implementation

Publication of Technology Research

The researchers The researchers transfer the This step allows

3. Copyright Infringement. It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission

4. Voluntary Participation. People must not be pressured participating in research process.

Three different acts are considered plagiarism:

Strengths • Data is more refined

Weaknesses • Misinterpreted conclusions • Related secondary data are

Week 2 Lesson 2: The Kinds of Research Across Fields

Types of Research according to Application Unlocking of Difficulties:

Kinds of Research across Fields

Research in Industrial Arts Research in Industrial Arts

Social Science Research

Sem 2 Quarter III – Week 3: Qualitative Research and Its Importance in

Qualitative Research Unlocking of Difficulties:

3. Considering the related condition and their influence on human events.

Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research Page |

Week 3 Lesson 2: The Kinds of Qualitative Research

Week 3 Lesson 3: The Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields of

Unlocking of Difficulties: Qualitative research has been found to be effective method in

Importance of Qualitative Research across Different Fields

Qualitative Research in Psychology Psychologists seek to understand why

Qualitative Research in Social Work group of social workers studied the

Lesson 1: The Range of Research in the Area of Inquiry

MELC: Designs a research project related to daily life (CS_RS11-IIIc-e-1)

A research title expands

Questions Example Answers

STEP 2-Use your answers to list key words.

STEP 5 - Delete non-essential information and reword the title.

Background of the Study

Guidelines in Writing the Background of the Study

4. State the main argument or your claim of the paper

5. Discuss the major significance of the contribution of the study.

Week 4 Lesson 2: The Specificity and Feasibility of Problem Posed

Guidelines in Formulating Research Questions

Types of questions good for the qualitative type of research

Read the example below

Research Questions (Sub-Problem)

Scope and Delimitation of Research

Research Problem: “Exploring the Experiences of Health-Care Providers in Puerto