Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
www.cbsua.edu.ph

Module 2
Topic
Reviewing the Literature

Week 4-5 INTRODUCTION

One of the preliminary steps that a researcher has to go through before

undertaking a study is the review of literature and studies. In this module it will focus on
the mechanics of conducting the review of literature and the procedures in writing and
presenting reviewed literature and studies.

PRE-COMPETENCY
CHECKLIST
PRE-TEST
Answer the following questions:
To what does each of the following refer?
1. Results of empirical studies done by professional and individual researchers
2. Critiquing of literature and studies that are related to a proposed study
3. Presenting literature and studies according to the place where they originated
from
4. Presenting reviewed literature according to themes or variables
5. Presenting literature and studies based on year of publication

LEARNING
RESOURCES

1. https://www.google.com/
2. Power-point Presentation (CBSUA VLP)

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 EXPLORE (TASK/
ACTIVITIES)
Discussions:
Purposes of the Review

The review of literature and studies involves the critiquing or looking over again what
other researchers have done in relation to the problem to be studied. Conducting the
review serves the following purposes: To broaden the researcher's knowledge base in the
research area or topic;

 To ensure originality in the conduct of one's study;

 To help the researcher in designing his proposed study;

 To provide the researcher insights on the strengths and weaknesses of previous

studies;

 To provide findings and conclusions of past studies which can be used in

supporting the results of one's research; and

 To serve as basis for the researcher's formulation of the theoretical and conceptual
framework of his study.

Requisites for Doing the Review

Reviewing the literature is not an easy task. It involves a systematic identification,

search, and critical analysis of existing conceptual and research literature related to the
researcher's topic or problem. Conceptual literature refers to ideas, concepts and theories
propounded by experts as contained in books, periodicals and other standard references.
On the other hand, research literature consists of empirical studies conducted by
individuals and professionals on a given research problem or topic.

There are three basic requirements for doing the review (Ardales, 1992): patience,
persistence and industry; a good knowledge of library techniques, tools and skills; pen

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and 3 x 5 index cards; and a knowledge of the internet.

Patience, persistence, and industry are essential qualities a researcher must

possess when doing the review. This is because he has to spend time spotting books,
journals, theses, dissertations, and research projects needed in completing the review of
literature. A good knowledge of library techniques, tools, and skills is also one of the
requirements for doing the review. A researcher has to be skillful in locating references in
the library. So as to maximize his time, he has to acquaint himself with the use of the
author, title, and subject cards in the library's catalogue box. This will definitely enable him
to identify library resources that can be used in the actual review of literature.

The researcher, likewise, needs a pen and 3 x 5 index cards. He has to bring these
things whenever visiting the library and other research centers for recording important
details related to his proposed topic or problem. In this era of computer technology, big
libraries already use the Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC). The use of the internet
is also one of the requisite skills that a researcher has to equip himself with. Through the
internet, he can readily locate materials which cannot be found in the library.

Guidelines in Doing the Review

There are some guidelines that a researcher has to consider when doing the review of
related literature and studies. Notable among these guidelines are the following:

 Go over the materials you have at home or in your own library

 Search for existing literature in your college library or learning resource center.

 Prepare a working bibliography. Record all vital details concerning the books and
researches you are to include in the working bibliography. like author, copyright
date, title, publisher, place of publication, and the like.

 Examine each material listed in your working bibliography. Decide which of those
included in it shall be considered in the actual review of literature and studies.

 Record important details of what you have reviewed on a 3 x5 index card.

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Presenting the Review

After completing the processes cited above, you are now ready to write the review. In
this regard, consider the following guidelines as identified by Leedy (2005).

a) The text of the review should be brief and to the point. To ensure brevity and
conciseness, you have to summarize or paraphrase important points. Avoid direct
quotation of the author's ideas or the results of the studies you reviewed.

b) Have a plan on how you are to present the review. Prepare and outline before
finally writing the review. This will ensure coherence and unity of ideas to be
presented. The problem you are going to work on can serve as your outline for
discussion of related literature and studies that are relevant to your research
objectives.

c) Emphasize the relatedness of literature and studies reviewed. Keep the reader
aware of the manner in which the literature you are discussing is related to your
problem. Try to point out precisely what the relationship is.

d) Review the literature; don't reproduce it. Refrain from copying verbatim: what the
authors or researchers say. Critically review and discuss the literature in relation to
your research work.

There are three ways of presenting the review, namely: chronological approach; thematic
or variable/factor approach; and country of origin approach.

1. In the chronological approach, literature and studies are presented according to

the year when they were written. When using this approach, the review can be
presented following the outline below

 Introduction

 Recent Literatures and Studies

 Least Recent Literature and Studies

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  Synthesis of the Review

2. In the thematic or variable approach, literature and studies with the same
findings or themes are grouped together. When using this approach, research and
conceptual literature can be presented following the outline below.(new format to
follow)

 Introduction

 Literature and Studies on Variable 1

 Literature and Studies on Variable 2

 Synthesis of the Review

3. In the country of origın approach, literature and studies are categorized by the
country where they came from. In most colleges and universities in the Philippines,
this scheme is popularly used. When using this model, literature and studies can
be presented based on the following outline.

 Introduction

 Foreign Literature and Studies

 Local Literature and Studies

 Synthesis of the Review

A close examination of the above suggested guidelines reveals that the three
approaches share something in common. Whether the approach is chronological,
thematic or country of origin, an introduction and a synthesis are needed. It is in the
introduction, where you have to make your reader aware of how you are going to present
the reviewed literature and studies. On the other hand, it is in the synthesis of the review
where you have to stress the uniqueness of your study vis-à-vis the literature and studies
you included in the review.

A sample review of literature presented by Basuel and Mendoza (2013) in their senior

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thesis at Jose Rizal University is shown bełow.

CHAPTER 2

Review of Literature

This chapter covers the related studies and literatures which were taken from both foreign
and local sources. An analysis of the criminality and unemployment in the two barangays of
Mandaluyong City requires careful consideration. Previous studies have scrutinized the connection
of unemployment on crime and drawn their conclusion based on the data collected.

Foreign Literature and Studies

The police statistics out today show the crime rate continues to follow the unemployment
rate. With unemployment on the rise, so is crime. Recorded crimes per person leaped to 2.8% in
the June year, as unemployment climbed from 4% to 6%. It is obviously not a coincidence.

Crime is a symptom of a society in distress: the root cause is unemployment -causing

poverty, disconnection from society, and a lack of positive ways to spend one's time. When one
examines which offences are increasing. a number of crimes can be identified, namely: burglary,
car conversion, drug offenses, and violence (although hopefully that's still due to higher reporting,
nearly all the increase is recorded violence in homes). What should be clear is that getting tough on
crime isn't working: crime is going up and will keep on going up as long as unemployment does.
("Crime Leaps Along with Unemployment, Campbell, 2009, the Standard Organization). A forty
one-year old Jiverly Wong fired 98 shots, killing 13 people and then himself after he was fired.
People initially attributed the murder and other crimes at that time for the record high
unemployment rate. The empirical evidence seems to suggest it, but according to the article, the
argument was "murky, at best as it only showed an increase in theft or property crimes and not
heinous crimes. (Forelle, 2009 April Wall Street Journal)

The cities with the highest crime rates tend to have particularly high poverty rates, high
unemployment and low median income, On the top of their list is Flint, Michigan with violent
crimes per 1,000 people pegged at 23.4% and an unemployment rate of 18.9%. The 24/7 Wall
Street calculated the incidence of the four types of violent crime per 1,000 persons for that year:
murder, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault Unemployment and Crime, 2012 June, The

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Bottom Line on NBC News) The US Federal Reserve tried to see if there was a relationship
between changes in the economic landscape with the crime rate. In the article "Federal Studies on
How Unemployment Affects Crime Rate" by WMCTV Tennessee (2008), Federal Reserve Vice
President Tom Garrett stated that there was "Generally... little evidence of a relationship between
economic conditions and crime in the short run... (p. 1) But was quick to add that it showed a
relationship between unemployed and property crime. He meant that as economic conditions
worsen, there is a significant spike in burglaries, larceny, and car theft - crimes that can erase
business profits. Gill, Gillani and Rehman (2009), in Unemployment, Poverty, inflation, and Crime
Nexus: Co-integration and causality Analysis of Pakistan, stated, in their study of crime rate in
Pakistan that poverty, unemployment, Inflation, and volatile policies may contribute to the rise of
crime rate.

Local Literature and Studies

Aldaba and Hermoso (2009) from the Ateneo de Manila University, in their paper,
"Sustainable Employment Creation: A Strategic Concern and For the Philippine Economy
postulate that unemployment and For underemployment have negative spillover effects not only on
individuals but for society at large. Aside from the mere loss of income associated with
unemployment and underemployment. There are other consequences not economic but social such
as the weakening of social values. The continued unemployment and underemployment cycle
breed cynicism about fairness of social arrangements and a perception of dependence on others;
this can also lead to increases in alcohol and drug use and increased crime rates.

Angga and Tanyag (2010) said that despite some improvements in the law and order, crime
remained to be a major problem in the Philippines. Police attributed the country's chronic crime
problems to a variety of social and cultural factors. The widespread poverty and increasing
population growth were frequently cited. Population pressures and a shortage of land and jobs in
rural areas had produced a steady internal migration to the cities and this was commonly
mentioned as the cause for increased crime rates.

According to the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), crime is more a function
of income inequality. In a report, NSCB secretary- general Jose Ramon Albert said crime thrives in
areas with high disparities in income. He said the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

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(ARMM), which has the lowest income inequality of 0.2948 and the lowest crime rate of 54 per
100,000 people. In contrast, Northern Mindanao, which has an income inequality of 0.4737,
recorded the highest crime rate of 1,069 per 100,000 people. ("Income inequality, not poverty,
responsible for crime - NSCB, 2013 February, The Online News Portal of TV5)

Gillado and Tan-Cruz (2008), constructed a regression model for three different
Classifications of crime against person and rape. They analyzed the relationship between crime
rates (crime against property) on per capita gross regional domestic product, consumer price index
(1985=100). Income inequality, cohort survival rate, average income of people in rural and urban,
population density, unemployment rate and corruption index. The study shows that per capita gross
domestic product, income inequality, unemployment rate and cohort survival rate are significant,
since variables react in the same direction along with the crime rate.

Patalinghug (2009), in his paper, "Identifying the link between unemployment and crime in
the Philippines" concluded that there is weak support for the negative relationship between
unemployment and crime. The use of national level time series data is probably an inappropriate
way to test the unemployment crime relationship because unemployment and crime variables have
been demonstrated to exhibit a tremendous degree of variability at the local level.

Sanidad-Leones (2008), mentions unemployment in her paper the Current Situation of

Crime Associated with Urbanization: Problems Experienced and Counter measures Initiated by the
Philippines," as leading factor of poverty in the Philippines and is thus one of the causes of crime.
Economically, underemployment, a decrease in real wages due to persistent inflation, and
uncontrolled migration. The lack of job opportunities has forced many to work abroad, leaving any
children and youth under the care of a single parent or relative. She concluded that with good
governance, job generation and industry protection as well as socioeconomic responsibility can the
problem of crime can be alleviated.

Synthesis of the Review

The proposed study deals with the case of the probability of the possible linked between
crime and unemployment in the two barangay's in Mandaluyong City. This study is similar in form
to Gill, Gilliani, and Rehman, (2009), which asserted that employment is an important element that
influences crime rate. It is also similar with the study also conducted by Klassen (2012), in the

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state of Illinois, which examined the relationship between unemployment and crime from 1991 to
2005. This study clearly revealed a significant impact of unemployment rate on crime.

DISCUSSION BOARD

Answer the following questions:

1. Basic Requirements for Reviewing the Literature
2. Why is there a need fora researcher to conduct the review of literature?
3. What are the basic requirements for doing the review of literature? Explain each
briefly.
4. Explain and illustrate how the review of literature is presented using each of the
following approaches:
a) country of origin approach;
b) chronological approach; and
c) thematic approach.

POST-COMPETENCY
CHECKLIST

Do the following activity:

Search for at least 5 literature and studies that have a bearing on your propose
research topic. Include bibliographic information for each material you will be able to
find. Use APA format. (Google the APA format)

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