Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CITATION- APA STYLE

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CITATION- APA STYLE

At the end of the topic, you will be able to:

1. identify the sub-parts of Chapter II;
2. apply appropriate citation format in research skills; and
3. effectively cite literature and studies that is relevant to the
chosen
field of study.

Chapter II
Review of Related Literature and Study (RRL)

As soon as the research problem has been chosen and approved by your teacher; you
can now start looking for references to determine what materials are available on your topic.
This will comprise your working bibliography, a list of possible sources of data. Aside from the
library, websites are also a rich source of this list of references. Prepare the list and decide
which ones you will include in your review. Make sure you have enough potential sources. A
good number to start with would be 10 to 15 references.

1.1 The Introductory Paragraph

1.2 Foreign Literature
1.3 Local Literature
1.4 Foreign Studies
1.5 Local Studies

Example of the Introductory Paragraph

This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies which the researchers
have to shed light on the topic under study, furthermore it is composed of discussions of facts
and principles to which the present study is related.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CITATION- APA STYLE
Reviewing Related Literature and Studies

From your working bibliography and stored copies of materials, choose which ones are
closely related to your study and read them for your review of related literature and studies.

A review of related literature and studies is helpful in knowing the ideas of others
interested in the research question, similar or related, to the study you are undertaking in order
to find out if it is an original work or merely an extension of work done a long time ago. This will
enable you to narrow down your study to a specific well-defined manageable problem.

Related Literature
Related literature consists of discussions of facts and principles to which your study is
related. These materials are usually found in books, encyclopedias, journals, magazines, and
newspapers from printed or online sources. If printed in the Philippines, they are local; if
printed outside of the country, they are foreign regardless of the citizenship of the author.

Related Studies
Related studies are inquiries, investigations, researches already conducted to which
your proposed study is related or has some bearing. They are usually unpublished materials
such as manuscripts, theses, and dissertations. They are local if the inquiry was done in the
Philippines; foreign, if done outside of the country.

Three things must be done in the review.

1. It should make a critical evaluation of the studies and examine the appropriateness of their
research designs to the present study.

2. It should show how the methodology of the previous study is replicated, modified, or
improved in the present study.
3. It should show how the present study will contribute to existing literature and studies.

In writing Chapter 2, you need to classify your presentation first into literature and
studies and sub-classify each into foreign and local. Foreign literature is first discussed,
followed by local literature, and then foreign studies followed by local studies.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CITATION- APA STYLE
Note:
At the end of each section, do not forget to show how the materials relate to your
study, the differences as well as the similarities between their work and yours.
At the end of the chapter, state how the materials reviewed contributed to the
preparation of your research. Minimum of 10 and maximum of 15 pages are required in
undergraduate theses and maximum of 20 pages for graduate studies.

Sources you can consider in preparing the Related Literature and Studies:
1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs and other similar references.
2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals, newspapers and other
publications.
3. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
4. Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities.
5. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.

You can locate those sources on the following:

1. Libraries, either government, school, or other private libraries
2. Government and private offices.
3. The national library.

How to Organize the Review?

There are numerous ways to organize the material in a literature review. For example,
one might organize the selected readings by:
1. Different theoretical approaches
2. Specific concepts or issues
3. Different methodologies employed
4. Level of support or otherwise that they lend to one’s own hypothesis/theory.

Such methods are generally better than organizing chronologically or by author. The
latter often result in a boring review or one lacking clarity or direction.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CITATION- APA STYLE
SAMPLE CHAPTER II
”A Tracer Study of the Bachelor in Secondary Education Graduates of PUP-Taguig Batch 2011-
2015”
Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Foreign Literature

ILO Thesaurus (2005) defines a tracer study as an impact assessment tool where the “impact on the

target groups is traced back to specific elements of a project or program so that effective and ineffective

project components may be identified.” In educational research the tracer study is sometimes referred to as a

graduate or alumni survey since its target group is former students. They provide quantitative- structural data

on employment and career, the character of work and related competencies, and information on the

professional orientation and experiences of their graduates. Biographical data on “Where are our graduates

now?” may supply information on income, job title, nature of employment, and years of employment.

Mass Education has been directed, managed and controlled through politically mandated policies and

procedures for over a century (Cranston, Kimber, Mulford, Reid, & Keating, 2010). These mandates relate to

such things as the nature and extent of professional preparation teachers undertake, the age of compulsory

schooling for children, student-teacher ratios in schools, and the scope and sequence of year-level-based

curricula. Not surprisingly, these broad educational policies have a direct impact on early career teachers. For

example, recruitment and deployment policies and processes determine where graduate teachers are

employed (metropolitan, rural, remote and/or low SES schools), and under what terms and conditions they

are employed (relief, short-term contract, long-term contract, permanent employment). Written in an

Australian setting, Johnson, et al. (2014) wrote that the graduate teachers they were able to interview ranked

uncertainties over continued employment opportunities as one of the main stresses they face.
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CITATION- APA STYLE

They were clear that more respectful, transparent, fairer, and responsive employment processes were

needed to improve the way they were treated in their early careers. In their study, some teachers welcomed

reforms in the area by applauding new policies and practices that clearly support early career teachers through

internships, induction programs and mentor schemes. They also mentioned early career teachers with their

Styles of Citations and Documentations

This module presents the styles of documentation and citation systems, differentiates
the MLA and APA format, and demonstrates the two most widely used styles on referencing.
Academic writing especially in the field of research constitutes rules. These rules require proper
citation. Familiarity of these rules is critically important to safeguard against plagiarism, also
refers to as an academic offense. It is an act of taking either intentionally or unintentionally
other’s words as one’s own. On the other hand, proper citation gives integrity to one’s work.

Documentation provides a list of relevant materials gleaned from other sources in

writing a research paper or other writings done in academic or professional contexts. The value
of a paper is seen in the documentation. Whether primary or secondary sources, they should be
cited to reflect accuracy of information.

Reasons for Citation:

1. Defense against plagiarism
2. To acknowledge indebtedness
3. To establish validity of evidence
Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE CITATION- APA STYLE
4. To provide cross –references
5. To establish an “intellectual network”
6. To establish authority of work

Distinguishing Between MLA and APA Format

Inqueries, Investigations and Immersion
INTRODUCTION TO THE NATURE AND INQUIRY OF RESEARCH

Reference/s:

University, C. E. (2012), Writing Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature. Retrieved September

17, 2019, from SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/arlene5162/chapter-2-15397993
Baraceros, Esther L. (2017), Practical Research 2, Rex Book Store, Inc., First Edition Baraceros,
Esther L. (2017), Practical Research 1, Rex Book Store, Inc., First Edition Sarno,
Emerlita G. (2010), Tips and Techniques in Writing Research, Rex Book Store, Inc.

Herrera, J. B., Teus, J. I. & Vicente, M. T. (2014). A Tracer Study of the Bachelor in Secondary
Education Graduates of PUP-Taguig Batch 2011-2015. Taguig City